《同一个地质计划》的进展与对策

《同一个地质计划（OneGeology）》最初由英国地质调查局于2006年2月提出,已得到全球地学组织的支持。到2007年底,国际地球科学联合会等10个全球学术团体与国际地学组织、2个跨国公司、2位知名人士和67个国家的地质调查局参加了该计划。《同一个地质计划》是各个国家的地质调查局贡献给国际行星地球年的、约1：100万比例尺的、可在网络上很容易取得最好世界地质图数据的计划。该计划的目标是：使可用的地质图数据能被更多的人使用,使需要的人受益,促进互操作能力的增强。《同一个地质计划》的实施,可以提升全球、大陆、行星、海洋地球科学图的编制和出版的合作能力。深化对一些地区地质问题的研究,并可作为国际地球行星年一个切实可用的成果,提升国家地质调查局的形象;运用管理地学知识的领导能力和经验,通过教育、科学、文化和交流。能够处理全球污染对社会、经济和环境的影响问题。促进全球环境保护公约的执行,减缓自然灾害,使全球经济可持续发展,人们的居住环境更安全、更繁荣。精神生活更丰富、更快乐。因此,实施该计划不仅有现实意义,更有重要而深远的政治意义。     

创意成就梦想科技铸就辉煌——记现代设计集团十年新历程暨成立五十六周年

建筑是华美的乐章,是凝固的艺术,是历史的见证,是文化的载体,世界各地的建筑以其宽厚的胸怀,开放的姿态吸引五湖四海的友人前来观赏,分享城市的深厚内涵和设计者的匠心独运,而众多优秀建筑的创造者之一——上海现代建筑设计集团一贯秉承"传承历史、设计现代、创造未来"的使命,     

某地核废物填埋区土壤的表面电荷及矿物组成对核素锶吸附的影响

为了降低放射性废物的危害,一般采取就地填埋的处置技术.影响核素锶吸附的因素针对吸附的基础物料土壤来说,主要有表面电荷、矿物组成;而外界环境因素如添加剂,对核素的吸附比也有很大影响.实验采用静态吸附的方法,通过测定核素锶的浓度,求得不同土壤对核素锶的吸附比,进而判断出应选用哪种物料吸附核素.实验结果表明,该地核废物填埋区的不同土壤,表面电荷中的正、负电荷均发育,但负电荷相对于发育的土壤而言对锶的吸附比偏大.矿物组成中以石英为主,但也含有一些吸附性强的粘土矿物(如蒙脱石、伊利石等 ).实验最后选定的棕黑色砂质粉土TY29,在加入适量的添加剂碳酸钠后,吸附系数可达103数量级,满足工程屏蔽的要求.     

山西临汾-运城盆地土壤中As含量的变化规律

通过对临汾-运城盆地表层和深层土壤中As含量变化规律的研究,发现表层土壤的As含量稍高于全国土壤的背景值,不同相态的含量差异较大。土壤pH、磁化率、有机质、粘粒含量等理化性质对不同形态的As有着不同程度的影响：研究区水溶态的As受土壤pH值的控制,腐殖质结合态的As与有机质呈明显的正相关关系,磁化率、粘粒含量与土壤As的含量都有明显的正相关关系。研究结果表明,As与Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Mg、K、F等元素的相关性非常显著,说明研究区表层土壤中的As主要是自然成因的。进一步的回归分析表明,土壤的As含量随着铁氧化物、氢氧化物和硫化物含量的增加而增加。研究区土壤As的纵向分布特点是中层多、上下层少,这可能与研究区As的污染状况、土壤的碱性环境、植物的吸收作用、磷肥的施用等因素有关。     

雅鲁藏布江大峡谷的形成

通过时雅鲁藏布大峡谷流域地貌形成响应时间域的定量估算,大峡谷与上游河道特征的时比,以及大峡谷入口处河湖阶地的沉积分析和定年研究．结合构造研究的新进展和数值地貌分析成果,系统论证了雅鲁藏布大峡谷的形成。研究结果表明,现今的雅鲁藏布大峡谷与大峡谷上游的河道在大峡谷形成之前分属不同的河流体系,大约在距今30kaBP前后,原属于帕隆藏布江水系支流的扎曲一直白河段因溯源侵蚀,袭夺了位于现今直白河段上游的古雅鲁藏布江水系,使得此前向南经南伊沟（纳伊普曲）流出高原的古雅鲁藏布江与帕隆藏布江合二为一,雅鲁藏布大峡谷得以贯通和强烈的侵蚀下切,形成现今著名的大峡谷和大拐弯式样的流域结构。     

利用Grapher绘制彩色渐变剖面平面图

在物探扫面工作中,有大量的剖面数据需要绘制成剖面平面图,要求寻找一个高效快速的制图方法.通过对Grapher 自动化功能的分析和实践,编制程序实现了快速绘制彩色渐变剖面平面图的需求,说明利用自动化脚本能够在获得精美图件的同时,可以极大地提高作图效率.     

基于方位角的多边形构建法在储量计算中的应用

在用容积法计算地质储量的过程中,含油面积的确定实际上是计算多边形的面积.在用坐标解析法计算多边形面积时,为保证多边形各顶点是有序排列的,提出了基于方位角的多边形构建算法.该算法原理是以主井为起点,向各副井作射线,求所有射线的坐标方位角,并把各个副井按照所对应的坐标方位角由小到大排序,从而得到有序的副井序列,将有序的副井依次连线,就构成了一个多边形.目前该方法已在生产中进行了推广应用.     

潮河流域TOPMODEL模型网格尺度研究

TOPMODEL模型首要也是关键的问题就是地形指数的计算问题.除计算方法外,地形指数的分布还与DEM网格尺度息息相关.较大的网格推出的地形指数不具有显示水流路径的物理含义,会丢失一些物理信息.太细的分辨率可能引起流向和坡度的混乱.导致水流路径不连续.对于流域尺度而言,合适的网格尺度在很大程度上影响模拟结果的精度,但目前关于这方面的研究却很少.本文在集水面积5 340km2的中尺度潮河流域上进行地形分析计算,深入的分析了从50 m～600 m以50 m为间隔的不同网格尺度对地形指数分布的影响.并以平水年为例,研究了这些地形指数对流域径流模拟的影响.得出的结论对于TOPMODEL模型在中尺度流域上的应用具有指导意义.     

再论广西第四纪冰流遗迹

我首先要说明我所以要讨论的目的,不是要整个否定孙徐两位的见解,而是希望多获资料以补充我广西冰流遗迹的知识。我想一个学问的讨论,应该受欢迎。而不应因为别人未见过伦敦就你见过伦敦别人就非承认为有不可。也不能说没有资格怀疑自己未见的事物。因为承认与否全视支持主张的理由如何     

人类进化的里程——从骨器到原子能

一绪言人类自开始有遗迹可考,进化到现在,是一段艰苦的过程。从人类自高等的猿类分化以来,到现在大约有一百万年的历史,而在这一百万年的百分九十五的时间,人类差不多完全在与自然界奋斗时期。     

A review of the synthesis and characterisation of pillared clays and related porous materials for cracking of vegetable oils to produce biofuels

This paper presents an overview of the modification of clay minerals by propping apart the clay layers with an inorganic complex. This expanded material is converted into a permanent two-dimensional structure, known as pillared clay or shortly PILC, by thermal treatment. The resulting material exhibits a two-dimensional porous structure with acidic properties comparable to that of zeolites. Synthetic as well as natural smectites serve as precursors for the synthesis of Al, Zr, Ti, Fe, Cr, Ga, V, Si and other pillared clays as well as mixed Fe/Al, Ga/Al, Si/Al, Zr/Al and other mixed metal pillared clays. Biofuels form an interesting renewable energy source, where these porous, catalytically active materials can play an important role in the conversion of vegetable oils, such as canola oil, into biodiesel. Transesterification of vegetable oil is currently the method of choice for conversion to biofuel. The second part of this review focuses on the catalysts and cracking reaction conditions used for the production of biofuel. A distinction has been made in three different vegetable oils as starting materials: canola oil, palm oil and sunflower oil.     

Determination of point of zero charge of PILCS with single and mixed oxide pillars prepared from Tunisian-smectite

Different pillared interlayer clays (PILCs) with single oxide pillars of Cr and Al and mixed oxide pillars of these metals have been prepared from a Tunisian purified smectite (Hp): Several Al/metal, OH/metal and metal/clay ratios were used in order to investigate the effect on the chemical and physical properties, specifically the point of zero charge of the synthesized pillared clays. These chromium pillared clays compounds at n meq (Nitrate) and at n meq (Chlorite) are noted pillared clay and pillared clays \(Hp(20,40,60)_{NO_3 } \) and Hp(20,40,60)_Cl. The structure of the pillared materials are studied by XRD and cationic exchange capacity, the textural property are investigated by the specific surface area S_BET. The acid-base chemistry “surface acidity” of these products was analysed by using acid-base potentiometric in order to determine the PZC of each sample. The resulting materials exhibited basal spacings in the range of 13.96–21.13 Å, with high surface areas (10.58–198 m² g^?1). Pillared clays prepared from Tunisian purified smectite showed an increase of basal spacings and surface areas. A relatively strong interaction between metal and aluminium in the pillars was observed. The samples are studied by acid-base potentiometric. This experimental method is used to determine the point of zero charge (PZC). The PZC values of the edge sites are 8.2 for Tunisian purified smectite and 6.8; 5.9; 5.19; 6.84; 5.86; 5.73; 6.78; 7.56 for the differents samples respectively: \(Hp(20,40,60meq)_{NO_3 } \) Hp(20,40,60meq)_Cl; Hp-Cr/Al; Hp-Al.     

Microstructures and compositional variation in the intravolcanic bole clays from the eastern Deccan volcanic province: Palaeoenvironmental implications and duration of volcanism

Clay minerals associated with intra-volcanic bole horizons of varied colours and thicknesses contain montmorillonite, halloysite and kaolinite, show distinct microstructures and microaggregates. In kaolinite, Fe³⁺ ions substitute for Al³⁺ at octahedral sites. Most of these clays are dioctahedral type, show balance between net layer and interlayer charges. The interstratified illite — smectite (I/S) mixed layers containing variable proportions of montmorillonite. Illite contains sheet-like, well oriented microaggregates. The parallel stacks of chlorite sheets show chlorite/smectite (C/S) mixed layers. Progressive enrichment of Fe and depletion of Al ions with the advancement of kaolinization process is observed. High order of structural and compositional maturity observed in these bole clays, indicate long hiatus between the two volcanic episodes.     

Mössbauer and ELNES spectroscopy of (Mg,Fe)(Si,Al)O3 perovskite: a highly oxidised component of the lower mantle

(Mg,Fe)(Si,Al)O₃ perovskite samples with varying Fe and Al concentration were synthesised at high pressure and temperature at varying conditions of oxygen fugacity using a multianvil press, and were characterised using ex?situ X-ray diffraction, electron microprobe, Mössbauer spectroscopy and analytical transmission electron microscopy. The Fe³⁺/ΣFe ratio was determined from Mössbauer spectra recorded at 293 and 80?K, and shows a nearly linear dependence of Fe³⁺/ΣFe with Al composition of (Mg,Fe)(Si,Al)O₃ perovskite. The Fe³⁺/ΣFe values were obtained for selected samples of (Mg,Fe)(Si,Al)O₃ perovskite using electron energy-loss near-edge structure (ELNES) spectroscopy, and are in excellent agreement with Mössbauer data, demonstrating that Fe³⁺/ΣFe can be determined with a spatial resolution on the order of nm. Oxygen concentrations were determined by combining bulk chemical data with Fe³⁺/ΣFe data determined by Mössbauer spectroscopy, and show a significant concentration of oxygen vacancies in (Mg,Fe)(Si,Al)O₃ perovskite.     

Control of Melt Structures on Cu-Au Mineralization in Basic-Ultrabasic Complexes of Northern China

Based on systematic analyses of 72 samples of different basic-ultrabasic rocks, the present paper discusses the relationship between melt structure and Cu and Au mineralization. It is found that if the NBO/T, NBO, M2+, FeO and MgO values are relatively high and the T, M3+, Fe2O3 and CaO values are low the basic-ultrabasic melt will be favourable to Cu (Ni) mineralization, but if the former are low and the latter are high it is favourable to Au metallization. Cu ions occupy dominantly octahedra in basic-ultrabasic melt and the higher the NBO/T, NBO and M2+ values, the more the octahedra in the melt. Au element mainly takes the form of Au+ ions in basic-ultrabasic melt and the Au+ ions constitute tetrahedral sites together with Fe3+ ions. Therefore, low M2+ and high Fe3+, i.e. high oxygen fu-gacity, can promote the enrichment of Au+ ions and Au mineralization. Components NT (other than Au+), Al2O3 and SiO2 in basic-ultrabasic melt have no effect on metallogenetic species. As mentioned above, in relevant d     

Fe3+纳米胶体颗粒的光吸收边蓝移与溶液中Al/Fe比的关系

合成了n（Al）／n（Fe）和碱化度不同的45个聚合氯化铝铁（PAFC）样品,进行了光谱分析,结果显示光吸收边蓝移或红移以及Fe（Ⅲ）羟基氧化物和Al-Fe共聚体纳米胶体颗粒大小分布与溶液的Al／Fe比和碱化度（B=[OH]／[Al＋Fe]）密切相关。电镜观察和电子衍射分析表明：Al（Ⅲ）的加入使Fe（Ⅲ）羟基氧化物和Al-Fe共聚体纳米胶体颗粒变小、有序度降低是造成PAFE光吸收边蓝移和保持胶体颗粒在亚稳定状态下存在的重要原因。当n（Al）／n（Fe）〉8：2后,PAFC溶液中Fe（Ⅲ）羟基氧化物和Al-Fe共聚体胶体主要以〈10m的纳米颗粒形态存在,对应的光谱能级提高到26000cm^-1以上,且各种曰值下Fe^3＋的光谱能级趋于一致。这表明,在大量Al（Ⅲ）存在条件下,PAFE中Fe3^＋的所处的化学环境相似。点能谱分析显示,n（Al）／n（Fe）=4：6的样品中颗粒物的化学计量比最接近AlOOH,FeOOH,溶液的稳定性最差。     

柱撑粘土复合材料的研究进展及其在环境污染物治理方面的应用

以具有片状或层状结构以及较为规整的大孔结构的粘土材料为母体,在其层间引入不同阳离子化合物为柱化剂而合成出性能各异的新型柱撑粘土 (pillared clay)复合材料及其应用是目前环境地球化学研究中备受瞩目的研究前沿之一.对柱撑粘土复合材料的制备进展及其在环境污染治理中的应用进展进行了系统的综述,详细探讨了各种合成影响因素如有机阳离子、无机阳离子以及两者联用柱化剂的选择、复合材料热处理过程、表面酸化预处理等手段对合成柱撑粘土复合材料的制备及性能的影响,同时还对柱撑粘土复合材料在水体和大气环境中毒害有机污染物治理方面的应用进行了比较详细的综述.     

贵州水城二叠系茅口组含锰岩系地质地球化学特征与锰矿成因分析

贵州水城二叠系茅口组内发现新锰矿。通过对含锰岩系的地质地球化学研究,其富集Zn,Ni,As,Sb,Sr,Ba,Ga,Ag,V,U元素;锰含量较高层位,Th/U比值小于1,锰含量较低层位,Th/U比值往往高达4～5。Co/Ni比值小于1。含锰岩石的(Fe+Mn)/Ti均大于47,高于20,特别是含锰高的岩石,其(Fe+Mn)/Ti值在300以上。含锰岩石的Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)均远远低于0.35,一般为小于0.02。稀土配分模式与峨眉山玄武岩相似,∑REE较高,LREE/HREE值偏低等特征。根据锰岩系地球化学和区域构造特征分析,水城二叠系茅口组含锰岩系属于热水喷流沉积的产物。     

掺铂有机-钛柱撑膨润土复合材料的吸附和光催化性能研究

采用阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基二甲基溴化铵对临安膨润上进行改性修饰，以钛酸丁酯和K2P1Cl6为前驱体，利用掺有小同量铂的TiO2溶胶对改性膨润土进行反应，制得一系列掺铂有机-钛柱撑膨润土复合材料。测定了复合材料的BET比表面积，利用X射线粉末衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和能量分散光谱（EDS）等手段对其微观结构进行了表征。以甲基橙染料为目标污染物，考察了复合材料的吸附能力和光催化活性。实验结果表明，掺铂的有机-钛柱撑膨润土复合材料比未掺铂的复合材料具有较好的层状结构，且对甲基橙的吸附能力较佳。由于铂能够充当捕获载流子的陷阱，能够有效抑制TiO2光生电子-空穴的复合，所以掺铂有机-钛柱撑膨润土复合材料具有更好的光催化性能，其中掺铂量为0．2％的复合材料的光催化活性最佳，对甲基橙的降解效果最好。     

Compositional control on the polymorphism (2M1-3T) of phengitic white mica from high pressure parageneses of the Sesia Zone (lower Aosta valley,Western Alps; Italy)

The polymorphism (2M₁ or 3T modification) of phengites coexisting with Jadeite+quartz+K-feldspar in gneisses of granitic composition from the internal part of the Sesia Zone correlates with their Mg/(Al+Fe+Mg) ratio. For values 0.015 the 2M₁ modification, for values 0.025 the 3T modification is formed. For Mg/(Al+Fe+Mg) values between these limits both polymorphs coexist as distinct grains; less than 1% of a large number of separated grains show an intergrowth of both modifications. In these cases the predominant phase boundaries are (hkO) planes, rational at least with respect to the 2M₁ lattice; boundaries parallel (001) occur as subordinate steps in (hkO) boundaries. Extensive intergrowth parallel (001) is not observed. As far as revealed by optical microscopy, the stacking sequence once established in a nucleus is retained during growth of the crystal.