川南玄武岩气孔中硅铁灰石杏仁体的特征与研究

川南普格杏仁状玄武岩气孔中产出硅铁灰石、绿泥石、石英、方解石、沥青等5种不同成分类型的杏仁体。硅铁灰石杏仁体呈圆形或椭圆形,其直径多为5～8 mm,由杏仁体壁至中心,依次分别产出石英→铁镁绿泥石→硅铁灰石。硅铁灰石晶体呈铁黑色、薄板状,由5个平行双面单形组成。微区X射线衍射分析结果显示,硅铁灰石属三斜晶系,空间群为P1 。化学成分分析表明,硅铁灰石氧化物含量(ω_B/%)为SiO₂ 53.55%、CaO 18.84%、Fe₂O₃ 13.65%、FeO 9.68%、MgO 1.44%、H₂O⁺1.74%,FeO/Fe₂O₃=0.71;铁镁绿泥石氧化物含量(ω_B/%)为SiO₂ 33.17%、Al₂O₃ 13.03%、Fe₂O₃ 8.45%、FeO 13.06%、MgO 18.82%、H₂O⁺12.12%、CaO 0.87%,FeO/Fe₂O₃=1.55。硅铁灰石杏仁体的矿物组合变化表明,玄武岩晚期的成矿热液由富Mg、Fe向富Si、Ca演化,硅铁灰石是由偏酸性、弱还原环境向偏碱性、弱氧化环境转化时所形成的过渡性产物。     

河北省含铁岩系的地球化学特征

依据河北省区域岩石地球化学调查成果,讨论了区内不同成因类型含铁岩系的地球化学特征。其中重要的沉积变质铁矿地层中Al₂O₃、Ti、P、V、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn的质量分数和w(Fe₂O₃)/w(FeO)、w(Sr)/w(Ba)、w(La)/w(Y)较高,Rb、Li、Cs、Sc的质量分数及w(K₂O)/w(Na₂O)较低;海相沉积型铁矿地层中强烈富集Sb、Li、B、Hg、Sr和K₂O,同时贫化FeO、Na₂O、CaO、Mn、Rb等元素;主要接触交代型铁矿围岩中CaO、MgO的质量分数较高,SiO₂、Al₂O₃、K₂O、Mn、Ti、P、V、Cr、Zr、Ba、REE的质量分数及w(Fe₂O₃)/w(FeO)较低。这些地球化学特征反映其特定的地质构造环境。     

钾玄岩系斑岩成因与成矿——以玉龙铜矿带为例

西藏东部新生代玉龙铜矿带有玉龙、扎拉尕、莽总、多霞松多和马拉松多等斑岩型铜（钼）等多金属矿床,寄主岩石具交代地幔源锶、钕、铅同位素组成特征,岩石化学成分均富碱、高钾和K₂O/Na₂O比值远大于1,而且从早期到晚期的斑岩中SiO₂和K₂O含量增加,TiO₂、Al₂O₃、FeO (Fe₂O₃+ FeO)、MgO、CaO和Na₂O含量减少,以及Cu等矿化多伴随晚期斑岩地质体的内外接触带产出。     

南海与台湾岛东部海域浅地层碳酸盐旋回

前人提出南海晚第四纪碳酸钙含量变化存在“大西洋型”和“太平洋型”两种基本类型,本文利用δ¹⁸O、CaCO₃含量、Al₂O₃含量、SiO₂含量、浮游有孔虫丰度及钙质超微化石丰度,来表征南海与台湾东部海域13个柱状样的碳酸盐旋回特征。CaCO₃含量和SiO₂含量通常是表征碳酸盐旋回的良好指标,二者的变化常呈相互消长关系。研究区碳酸盐旋回包括“大西洋型”和“太平洋型”两种标准型式,但也存在不规则形态。“大西洋型”碳酸盐旋回与海平面冰期-间冰期升降旋回密切相关,本文研究的具有该旋回特征的柱状样主要分布在南海水深3000 m以浅区域,其中南海北部碳酸盐旋回很可能伴随着海平面下降（上升）期间富集陆源较粗（细）颗粒物的过程。“太平洋型”碳酸盐旋回在南海现今碳酸钙溶跃面上下很大水深范围都有分布,碳酸钙溶解作用旋回不是“太平洋型”碳酸盐旋回的根本原因。本文研究的台湾东部海域柱状样碳酸盐旋回既不属于大西洋型,也不属于太平洋型。研究区浅地层沉积速率变化与碳酸盐旋回的型式关系不大,主要受控于水深和冰期旋回中海平面变化。随着水深增大,沉积速率趋于增加。MIS2期平均沉积速率大约是MIS1期平均沉积速率的2倍多。     

苏北平原2.58Ma以来的海陆环境演变历史* ——宝应钻孔沉积物的常量元素记录

苏北盆地是一个以箕状断陷为特点的复合型沉积盆地。文章根据2004年夏采集的苏北盆地宝应钻孔(BY1)97m沉积物的124个样品11种常量元素SiO₂,Al₂O₃,TiO₂,Fe₂O₃,MgO,MnO,CaO,K₂O,Na₂O,P₂O₅和SO₂的地球化学特征分析,探讨了海相沉积环境与陆相沉积环境的元素分布特点、成因、相互之间的联系和物质来源。根据沉积物常量元素含量的垂向变化,结合沉积相、岩性特征、有孔虫分析、古地磁及¹⁴ C定年,分析了苏北盆地2.58Ma以来不同阶段海陆交互作用下的常量元素变化特点,反映了苏北平原在第四纪曾经历了4次海水淹覆, 海-陆交互堆积作用明显, 经滨浅海→泻湖→湖泊→洼地,最后由河流冲积物覆盖成陆。     

赣南银坑山铀矿点地球化学特征及其找矿意义

银坑山铀矿点位于赣南九龙嶂火山盆地南东边缘,矿体呈脉状,水云母化、赤铁矿化明显。与围岩相比,矿石的Al₂O₃、SiO₂含量降低,Fe₂O₃(FeO)、MnO、CaO、S、Cl呈富集趋势,Mo、Ag、Th为主要伴生组分。从矿化蚀变组合特征看,银坑山矿点属岩浆热液型,且位于岩浆热液成矿系统的上部,深部具成矿前景。     

鲁东昌邑古元古代BIF铁矿矿床地球化学特征及矿床成因讨论

昌邑铁矿位于华北克拉通东部的胶北地体,为赋存于古元古代粉子山群变质岩中的条带状铁建造(BIF)铁矿。矿体主要呈透镜状、似层状,以(含)角闪石英磁铁岩为主要矿石,经历了温度高达636℃的角闪岩相变质作用。铁矿石富SiO₂和Fe₂O₃^T(SiO₂+Fe₂O₃^T=82.5%~97.7%),含少量Al₂O₃、MgO和CaO等,显示主要为化学沉积但有少量碎屑或泥质加入的特征。与PAAS相比轻稀土元素亏损、高的Y/Ho比值以及La和Y正异常表明铁矿沉淀于海相环境,而高的Ti/V比值、高Cr、Co和Ni含量以及Eu的正异常表明火山热液的参与,成矿物质来源于火山活动。无明显的Ce负异常表明当时可能存在一个缺氧的大气环境。昌邑铁矿与华北克拉通太古宙BIF相比,总体上没有显著差别,但Al₂O₃、CaO、MgO和K₂O含量相对较高,Eu正异常相对较弱,表明其可能形成于具有更多碎屑物质和更少热液参与的浅水环境。     

新疆罗北洼地湖相沉积物有机碳同位素的变化序列及其古环境意义

测定了新疆罗布泊地区湖相沉积物CK-2钻孔样品的总有机碳含量（TOC）及其同位素组成、碳酸盐含量和C/N比值等环境代用指标,以及石膏矿物的质谱-铀系年龄。测试结果表明,20～9kaB.P.期间沉积物δ¹³C_org.在-23.4‰～-16.1‰之间波动且阶段性明显,与TOC呈现良好的相关关系,整体变化趋势同南极Dome C冰芯中记录的全球大气CO₂浓度一致;C/N比值表明有机碳来源主要是陆生高等植物。因此大气CO₂浓度变化是影响20～9kaB.P.期间罗布泊湖相沉积物δ¹³C_org.值变化的主导因素,周围山体上C₃/C₄植物相对生物量的变化则是另一重要因素。依据δ¹³C_org.的变化序列将此时间段湖区古环境的演化分成6个阶段:20.0～14.1kaB.P.期间受到末次盛冰期的影响,气温偏低,湖水丰沛;14.1～13.3kaB.P.是一个气候不稳定期,冷暖波动较频繁,但以暖为趋势;13.3～12.8kaB.P.期间经历了一段冷期,于12.8kaB.P.结束了末次冰期,随后气候开始转暖至11.8kaB.P.;其后气温再次变冷并维持到10kaB.P.;最后从10kaB.P.进入全新世暖期。δ¹³C_org.序列明显向偏负方向变化,表明该地区变暖的趋势相当明显。罗布泊地区日益干旱化是全球气候变化的结果,尤其是受到全球CO₂浓度的不断升高所制约。     

桂西念寅铝土矿稀土元素地球化学特征及物质来源分析

[摘要]桂西靖西念寅铝土矿不整合于早二叠茅口灰岩之上,分析其稀土元素地球化学特征对研究其物质来源具有重要意义。对念寅原生铝土矿、堆积型铝土矿及其围岩的11个样品进行稀土元素含量测试,并同靖西、平果等地各类铝土矿、茅口灰岩等样品对比分析,结果表明: （1）念寅铝土矿主量元素主要SiO₂、Fe₂O₃、Al₂O₃、TiO₂组成,Al₂O₃与Fe₂O₃和SiO₂呈负相关;（2）念寅铝土矿球粒陨石标准化曲线与茅口灰岩配分曲线趋势一致,具有ΣREE富集、LREE与HREE分异且LREE相对富集、Eu负异常等显著特征;（3）念寅铝土矿显示出被动大陆边缘地带海相沉积的典型特征,原生铝土矿成矿物质来源主要为下伏的茅口灰岩。     

华北克拉通南部元古代熊耳群硅质岩地球化学及形成机制研究

熊耳群是华北地台南缘古元古代末伸展-裂解作用的产物,它以偏基性的中性火山岩为主,沉积岩主要位于其顶部和底部并常常以夹层的形式发育于火山岩中。地球化学及SEM-EDS分析结果表明,熊耳群顶部马家河组火山岩中夹层硅质岩的特征为:SiO₂含量65.55%~80.33%,平均73.41%;结晶程度偏低, Ba、U和ΣREE含量、Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值、Fe/Ti值、(Fe+Mn)/Ti值、Ba/Sr值等地球化学特征指示硅质岩为热水沉积成因;硅质岩Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值、MnO/TiO₂值、Al/(Al+Fe)值、Al₂O₃/(Al₂O₃+Fe₂O₃)值、Sc/Th值、U/Th值、(La/Yb)_N值、δCe值、(La/Ce)_N值指标指示其形成于大陆边缘环境;岩石K₂O/Na₂O值、SiO₂/(K₂O+Na₂O)值、SiO₂/Al₂O₃值显示其属于火山喷发作用相关的硅质岩, 而Al₂O₃/TiO₂值、V/Cr值、Ni/Co值则进一步反映了中基性岩浆作用对硅质岩的影响;硅质岩沉积体系受控于地球内动力,其原始热水沉积体系发育的能量来源于岩浆的加热作用,而相关热水流体的溶解、淋滤作用实现了热水体系内物质的富集并构成了硅质岩物质来源的主体 。     

Climate implications of major geochemical elements in the Holocene sediments of the North and East China monsoonal regions

Two Holocene sediment cores were retrieved respectively from the enclosed Lake Daihai in the monsoon/arid transition zone of North China and the Taihu Lake coast in the monsoonal area of the Yangtze delta, Eastern China. Distribution of major geochemical elements and their ratios were employed to reveal the characteristics of Holocene climate and associated environmental implications in the two regions. It is suggested that the temporal distribution of major elements serve as a useful indicator to denote the variations of monsoon effective precipitation for the enclosed lake area. High values of resistant elements such as Al₂O₃, SiO₂, TiO₂, (FeO + Fe₂O₃), MnO in the lake sediments correspond to the depressed chemical weathering and weakened mon-soon effective precipitation, while the highs of mobile and easy soluble elements such as MgO, CaO, Na₂O reflect the enhanced chemical weathering and increased monsoon effective precipitation in the lake basin. In comparison, the behaviors of the major elements in sediments of the Taihu Lake coast were largely controlled by the changes both in sea transgression in the different Holocene time periods and the monsoon precipitation. The relatively highs of Al₂O₃, TiO₂, (FeO + Fe₂O₃), in marine-influenced sediments suggest relatively strong coastal hydrodynamics and chemical weathering, and vice versa. Meanwhile, the lows of SiO₂, Na₂O and CaO in the non-marine-influenced sediments also denote relatively strong hydrodynamics and chemical weathering due to enhanced monsoon precipitation, and vice versa. Sedimentary environment should be taken into account when achieving a full understanding of their climate implications.     

Clay mineralogy and geochemistry and their palaeoclimatic interpretation of the Pleistocene deposits in the Xuancheng section,southern China

A red soil profile in Xuancheng, Anhui province, southern China, in the middle to lower reaches of the Yangtze River, was investigated using X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray fluorescence spectrometer, and scanning electron microscopy. The mobile components K₂O and Na₂O and trace elements Ba and Sr of the Xuancheng section exhibit a general trend of decrease downward along the red soil profile, together with an increase downward of chemical index of alteration (CIA) values, suggesting more intense depletion in the lower portion than in the upper portion. The major components SiO₂, Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃, as well as SiO₂/Al₂O₃, SiO₂/Fe₂O₃ and Al₂O₃/Fe₂O₃ ratios, show notable fluctuations along the soil profile, indicating intense climatic oscillations in the area during the Pleistocene age. The clay mineral assemblage of the Xuancheng section can be generally subdivided into three groups, suggesting a general trend of three stages of climate changes. The lower portion of ～10.4–6.3 m depth has a lower illite content and higher abundance of kaolinite and illite–smectite (I/S) clays, indicating that a warm and wet climate prevailed over the episode of ca. 600–350 ka BP. A decrease in abundance of kaolinite and I/S clays and increase in illite content at a depth of ～6.3–2.2 m probably indicate a transition stage of climate change from warm/humid to cool/dry in the period ca. 350–80 ka BP. The higher illite content and lower abundance of kaolinite and I/S clays in the upper portion of ～2.2–0 m depth suggest that a relatively cool and dry climate dominated since ca. 80 ka BP. Based on changes in clay mineralogy and chemical indices of the sediments, seven warm/cold fluctuations were determined in the area since the Middle Pleistocene. Climate changes documented in the Xuancheng section are in agreement with the δ¹⁸O records of sediments from the equatorial Pacific Core V28‐238 and the loess–palaeosol sequences in the Loess Plateau of northwestern China. Correlated to the episode of S4 and S5 soil units in the Loess Plateau, the period of ca. 600–350 ka BP in the Xuancheng area was dominated by the particularly strong East Asia summer monsoon, as indicated by its most abundant kaolinite and I/S clays. Fluctuations in clay mineralogy along the Xuancheng soil profile were mainly controlled by both the East Asia summer and winter monsoons in response to the global changes in the Middle–Late Pleistocene. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The stability of sapphirine + quartz: calculated phase equilibria in FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–TiO2–O

The presence in rocks of coexisting sapphirine + quartz has been widely used to diagnose conditions of ultra‐high‐temperature (UHT) metamorphism (>900 °C), an inference based on the restriction of this assemblage to temperatures >980 °C in the conventionally considered FeO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂ (FMAS) chemical system. With a new thermodynamic model for sapphirine that includes Fe₂O₃, phase equilibra modelling using thermocalc software has been undertaken in the FeO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–O (FMASO) and FeO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂– TiO₂–O (FMASTO) chemical systems. Using a variety of calculated phase diagrams for quartz‐saturated systems, the effects of Fe₂O₃ and TiO₂ on FMAS phase relations are shown to be considerable. Importantly, the stability field of sapphirine + quartz assemblages extends down temperature to 850 °C in oxidized systems and thus out of the UHT range.     

Quantitative phase petrology of cordierite–orthoamphibole gneisses and related rocks

Cordierite–orthoamphibole gneisses and rocks of similar composition commonly contain low‐variance mineral assemblages that can provide useful information about the metamorphic evolution of a terrane. New calculated petrogenetic grids and pseudosections are presented in the FeO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O (FMASH), Na₂O–CaO–K₂O–FeO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O (NCKFMASH) and Na₂O–CaO–K₂O–FeO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O–TiO₂–Fe₂O₃ (NCKFMASHTO) chemical systems to investigate quantitatively the phase relations in these rocks. Although the bulk compositions of cordierite–orthoamphibole gneisses are close to FMASH, calculations in this system do not adequately account for the observed range of mineral assemblages. Calculations in NCKFMASH and NCKFMASHTO highlight the role of minor constituents such as Ca, Na and Fe³⁺ in the mineral assemblage evolution of such rocks and these systems are more appropriate for interpreting the evolution of natural examples.     

福建晋江科任剖面老红砂主元素反映的晚更新世以来气候变化*

以福建晋江科任剖面老红砂为研究对象,对剖面主元素地球化学特征及其指示的古环境意义进行初步研究。结果表明：（1）科任剖面以湿润型元素SiO₂、Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃为主,含量范围依次为68.88％～93.77％、9.03％～19.1％和2.14％～5.32％;干旱型元素CaO、Na₂O、MgO和K₂O的含量均小于0.5％,K₂O的含量略高于2％,表现为较强烈淋溶;主元素分布特征、风化特征值、CIA值等均表明,科任剖面老红砂总体上属于轻度富铝化。（2）对特征元素组合、元素比值和磁化率等古气候古环境代用指标进行分析,认为晚更新世中期以来,科任剖面记录了较干冷—暖湿—干冷—暖湿4个阶段的气候变化：55.9～43.9 ka BP和27.0～10.8 ka BP两个时期,气候干冷,冬季风强烈,为风沙堆积的两个主要阶段;43.9～27.0 ka和10.8 ka以来,气候温暖湿润,为风沙经历强烈风化和红化作用阶段。     

FeO*-Al2O3-TiO2-Rich Rocks of the Tertiary Bana Igneous Complex, West Cameroon

FeO*‐Al₂O₃‐TiO₂‐rich rocks are found associated with transitional tholeiitic lava flows in the Tertiary Bana plutono‐volcanic complex in the continental sector of the Cameroon Line. These peculiar rocks consist principally of iron‐titanium oxides, aluminosilicates and phosphates, and occur as layers 1–3 m thick occupying the upper part of lava flows on the southwest (site 1) and northwest (site 2) sites of the complex. Mineral constituents of the rocks include magnetite, ilmenite, hematite, rutile, corundum, andalusite, sillimanite, cordierite, quartz, plagioclase, alkali feldspar, apatite, Fe‐Mn phosphate, Al phosphate, micas and fine mixtures of sericite and silica. Texturally and compositionally, the rocks can be subdivided into globular type, banded type, and Al‐rich fine‐gained massive type. The first two types consist of dark globule or band enriched in Fe‐Ti oxides and apatite and lighter colored groundmass or bands enriched in aluminosilicates and quartz, respectively. The occurrence of andalusite and sillimanite and the compositional relations of magnetite and ilmenite in the FeO*‐Al₂O₃‐TiO₂‐rich rocks suggest temperatures of crystallization in a range of 690–830°C at low pressures. The Bana FeO*‐Al₂O₃‐TiO₂‐rich rocks are characterized by low concentrations of SiO₂ (25–54.2 wt%), Na₂O + K₂O (0–1%), CaO (0–2%) and MgO (0–0.5%), and high concentrations of FeO* (total iron as FeO, 20–42%), Al₂O₃ (20–42%), TiO₂ (3–9.2%), and P₂O₅ (0.26–1.30%). TiO₂ is positively correlated with Al₂O₃ and inversely correlated with FeO*. The bulk rock compositions cannot be derived from the associated basaltic magma by crystal fractionation or by partial melting of the mantle or lower crustal materials. In ternary diagrams of (Al₂O₃)?(CaO + Na₂O + K₂O)?(FeO*+ MnO + MgO) and (SiO₂)?(FeO*)?(Al₂O₃), the compositional field of the rocks is close to that of laterite and is distinct from the common volcanic rocks, suggesting that the rocks are derived from lateritic materials by recrystallization when the materials are heated by the basaltic magmas. A hydrothermal origin is discounted because the rocks contain high‐temperature mineral assemblages and lack sulfide minerals. It is proposed that the FeO*‐Al₂O₃‐TiO₂‐rich rocks of the Bana complex were formed by pyrometamorphism of laterite by the heat of basaltic magmas.     

Stability of sapphirine + quartz in the oxidized rocks of the Wilson Lake terrane,Labrador: calculated equilibria in NCKFMASHTO

The equilibrium coexistence of sapphirine + quartz is inferred to record temperatures in excess of 980 °C, based on the stability of this assemblage in the simplified chemical system FeO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂ (FMAS) system. However, the potential for sapphirine to contain significant Fe³⁺ suggests that the stability of sapphirine + quartz could extend to lower temperatures than those constrained in this ideal system. The Wilson Lake terrane in the Grenville Province of central Labrador preserves sapphirine + quartz‐bearing assemblages in highly oxidized bulk compositions, and provides an opportunity to explore the stability of sapphirine + quartz in such rock compositions within the Na₂O–CaO–K₂O–FeO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O–TiO₂–O (NCKFMASHTO) chemical system. Starting with the phase equilibria in FeO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–TiO₂–O (FMASTO), expansion into K₂O–FeO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O–TiO₂–O (KFMASHTO) allows the effect of the stability of the additional phases, biotite, K‐feldspar and melt, on the stability of sapphirine + quartz to be assessed. These phase relations are evaluated generally using P–T projections, and the ultimate extension into NCKFMASHTO is done with pseudosections. Conditions of peak metamorphism in the Wilson Lake terrane are constrained using P–T pseudosections, and the appropriate H₂O and O contents to use in the modelled compositions are investigated using T–M_H2O and T–M_O pseudosections. The peak P–T estimates from a sapphirine + quartz‐bearing sample are ～960 to 935 °C at ～10 to 8.6 kbar, similar to estimates from orthopyroxene + sillimanite + quartz ± garnet‐bearing samples. Whereas the sapphirine + quartz‐bearing sample is more Fe‐rich than the orthopyroxene + sillimanite‐bearing sample on an all‐Fe‐as‐FeO basis, once the oxidation state is taken into account, the former is effectively more magnesian than the latter, accounting for the sapphirine occurrence.     

The interpretation of reaction textures in Fe‐rich metapelitic granulites of the Musgrave Block,central Australia: constraints from mineral equilibria calculations in the system K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O–TiO2–Fe2O3

Fe‐rich metapelitic granulites of the Musgrave Block, central Australia, contain several symplectic and coronal reaction textures that post‐date a peak S2 metamorphic assemblage involving garnet, sillimanite, spinel, ilmenite, K‐feldspar and quartz. The earliest reaction textures involve spinel‐ and quartz‐bearing symplectites that enclose garnet and to a lesser extent sillimanite. The symplectic spinel and quartz are in places separated by later garnet and/or sillimanite coronas. The metamorphic effects of a later, D3, event are restricted to zones of moderate to high strain where a metamorphic assemblage of garnet, sillimanite, K‐feldspar, magnetite, ilmenite, quartz and biotite is preserved. Quantitative mineral equilibria calculations in the system K₂O–FeO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O–TiO₂–Fe₂O₃ (KFMASHTO) using Thermocalc 3.0 and the accompanying internally consistent dataset provide important constraints on the influence of TiO₂ and Fe₂O₃ on biotite‐bearing and spinel‐bearing equilibria, respectively. Biotite‐bearing equilibria are shifted to higher temperatures and spinel‐bearing equilibria to higher pressures and lower temperatures in comparison to the equivalent equilibria in K₂O–FeO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O (KFMASH). The sequence of reaction textures involving spinel is consistent with a D2 P–T path that involved a small amount of decompression followed predominantly by cooling within a single mineral assemblage stability field. Thus, the reaction textures reflect changes in modal proportions within an equilibrium assemblage rather than the crossing of a univariant reaction. The D3 metamorphic assemblage is consistent with lower temperatures than those inferred for D2.     

Geochemical Constraints of Sediments on the Provenance, Depositional Environment and Tectonic Setting of the Songliao Prototype Basin

The geochemistry of sediments is primarily controlled by their provenances, and different tectonic settings have distinctive provenance characteristics and sedimentary processes. So, it is possible to discriminate provenances, depositional environments and tectonic settings in the development of a sedimentary basin with the geochemistry of the clastic rocks. The analytical results of the present paper demonstrate that sediments in the Songliao prototype basin are enriched in silica (SiO2=66.48-80.51 %), and their ΣREE are 30-130 dmes of that of chondrite with remarkable Eu anomalies. In discriminating diagrams of Eu/Eu vs eeeeeREE and (La/Yb)N vs ΣREE, most samples locate above the line Eu/ Eu=l, on the right of the line Eu/Eu/ΣREE=1 and under the line La/Yb)N/eeeeeREE=1/8, which indicates that the depositional environment of sediments in the basin was oxidizing. In addition, variations of MgO, TiO2, A12O3, FeO+Fe2O3, Na2O and CaO vs SiO2 reflect a tendency of increasing mineral maturity of sediments