基于多片空间后方交会的CCD相机检校

近年来,CCD相机逐步应用于近景摄影测量、低空摄影测量。影响摄影测量成果精度的重要因素之一是相机的技术参数,因此相机技术参数的检校是保证成果质量能否满足精度要求的关键问题之一。文中通过单片空间后方交会和多片空间后方交会的比较试验,分别对两种方法实施了精度分析和可靠性分析,总结得出多片空间后方交会是一种更为可靠的CCD相机检校方法,且运用多片空间前方交会方法进一步验证了多片空间后方交会检校成果的可靠性。     

基于相对定向-空间前方交会的数码相机检校模型研究

相对于普通摄影拍摄,摄影测量所用的数码相机必须精确测定相机内方位元素和相机畸变参数。但传统的基于空间后方交会的检校方法需要进行大量的外业量测工作,效率低下。本文提出一种基于"相对定向--空间后方交会"的数码相机检校方法可以有效的优化物方点三维坐标解算模型,实现控制点空间三维坐标的快速获取,减少大量外业量测工作,实现数码相机的快速校验。     

基于多片空间后方交会的4波段CCD相机检校

航空摄影测量以及无人机摄影等高空摄影作业对CCD相机的各种几何光学参数有很高的要求,参数的一个毫米或者一个像元的误差往往会导致地面数米甚至数十米的误差,因此相机参数的高精度检校是航空摄影测量数据几何处理的关键步骤.使用直接线性变换(DLT)、单片空间后方交会以及多片空间后方交会的方法对成像仪进行检校,并进行比较分析得出...     

沿主光轴影像的单像空间后方交会方法研究

提出了一种沿主光轴方向影像的单像空间后方交会方法，实现了相机检校和空间后方交会的同时进行。实验证明，该方法达到了比较理想的精度。     

基于单位四元数的数码相机检校

相机检校是航测工作中的基本组成部分,尤其在使用普通数码相机进行测量工作时,检校工作更为重要。本文将单位四元数引入共线方程进行空间后方交会,用单位四元数替代欧拉角,避免了三角函数运算的复杂性,也避免了三角函数存在奇异性的问题,同时也使得相机检校功能得到了扩展,在地面坐标与像空间坐标存在大旋转角的情况下,亦能正确地解决出相机内方位和畸变参数。     

非量测数码相机单像空间后方交会的辅助分步像主距与像主点的简单测定

近年来,非量测的中、高端普通数码相机越来越多的应用到航空、近景等摄影测量领域[3]。影响摄影测量成果精度的重要因素之一是相机的技术参数,因此相机技术参数的检校是保证成果质量能否满足精度要求的关键问题之一。本文着重讲述了在以单像空间后方交会为基础的相机检校中,受制于实践环境,当控制场各控制点的几何分布通常被布置离一个平面不大的范围内,则会使未知数的解极不稳定,甚至有不定解得可能。为防止出现错解以及不定解,先通过试验场检校给出像主距f和像主点(x0,y0)初始值,从而避免上述情况发生,文中给出了方法、原理及实践数据、结果。     

轻小型组合宽角低空相机检校技术研究

轻小型组合宽角低空相机由四个非量测的CCD面阵相机组合而成,其内方位元素未知,并且相机畸变差较大.而无人机航空摄影测量作业对CCD相机的光学畸变参数有较高的要求,因为参数的一个像素的误差常常会导致地面几米甚至数十米的误差,因此对组合相机进行高精度检校是无人机航空摄影测量作业的关键步骤.本文采用多片空间后方交会方法在室外...     

基于大倾角的角锥体空间后方交会研究

在摄影测量中,当倾角变大时,由于三角函数的多值性和奇异性导致传统的共线条件方程线性化的空间后方交会方法已经不能稳定地求解出摄影瞬间影像的外方位元素。文中通过对传统空间后方交会、基于单位四元素的空间后方交会和文中所用到的基于简化的DLT线性方程求解线元素初值的角锥体法比较发现,在像片倾角逐渐变大,传统方法和四元素法不能正确求解出外方位元素的情况下,基于角锥体法的空间后方交会仍能稳定、准确地求解出像片的外方位元素。     

利用四元数描述线阵CCD影像的空间后方交会

将四元数理论引入高分辨率线阵CCD影像的空间后方交会解算中,提出了一种利用四元数描述线阵CCD影像的单片空间后方交会方法。该方法利用四元数描述角度旋转矩阵,对严格的共线条件方程进行线性化,并采用正则化的数学方法克服线阵CCD影像外方位元素的相关性。试验证明了本算法的正确性和可靠性。     

利用GA求解卫星影像的空间后方交会

克服经典平差线性化的不足,将遗传算法理论引入卫星影像的空间后方交会解算中,利用遗传算法全局和局部搜索力强的优势,求解IKONOS影像和模拟影像的单片空间后方交会病态问题。实验结果表明,遗传算法可以有效求得精度较高的最优解;同时,相比最小二乘、岭估计等方法,其运行效率也较高。     

DLT方法在遥感相机几何定标中的应用

为建立适用于遥感相机定标的实验室,需要有几何标定的算法和软件对摄影图像进行计算.使用近景摄影测量中基于3维控制场的定标方法,对单CCD四波段遥感相机进行了几何定标,研究并自主编程实现了直接线性变换DLT(Direct Linear Transformation)算法,与基于空间后方交会算法的定标结果进行了精度对比.结论...     

Evaluation of the geometric stability and the accuracy potential of digital cameras — Comparing mechanical stabilisation versus parameterisation

Recent tests on the geometric stability of several digital cameras that were not designed for photogrammetric applications have shown that the accomplished accuracies in object space are either limited or that the accuracy potential is not exploited to the fullest extent. A total of 72 calibrations were calculated with four different software products for eleven digital camera models with different hardware setups, some with mechanical fixation of one or more parts. The calibration procedure was chosen in accord to a German guideline for evaluation of optical 3D measuring systems [VDI/VDE, VDI/VDE 2634 Part 1, 2002. Optical 3D Measuring Systems–Imaging Systems with Point-by-point Probing. Beuth Verlag, Berlin]. All images were taken with ringflashes which was considered a standard method for close-range photogrammetry. In cases where the flash was mounted to the lens, the force exerted on the lens tube and the camera mount greatly reduced the accomplished accuracy. Mounting the ringflash to the camera instead resulted in a large improvement of accuracy in object space. For standard calibration best accuracies in object space were accomplished with a Canon EOS 5D and a 35 mm Canon lens where the focusing tube was fixed with epoxy (47  μm maximum absolute length measurement error in object space). The fixation of the Canon lens was fairly easy and inexpensive resulting in a sevenfold increase in accuracy compared with the same lens type without modification. A similar accuracy was accomplished with a Nikon D3 when mounting the ringflash to the camera instead of the lens (52  μm maximum absolute length measurement error in object space). Parameterisation of geometric instabilities by introduction of an image variant interior orientation in the calibration process improved results for most cameras. In this case, a modified Alpa 12 WA yielded the best results (29  μm maximum absolute length measurement error in object space). Extending the parameter model with FiBun software to model not only an image variant interior orientation, but also deformations in the sensor domain of the cameras, showed significant improvements only for a small group of cameras. The Nikon D3 camera yielded the best overall accuracy (25  μm maximum absolute length measurement error in object space) with this calibration procedure indicating at the same time the presence of image invariant error in the sensor domain. Overall, calibration results showed that digital cameras can be applied for an accurate photogrammetric survey and that only a little effort was sufficient to greatly improve the accuracy potential of digital cameras.     

用于普通相机标定的三维控制架测量方法

普通相机标定的三维控制架降低了控制场的建设成本,使用户自主进行相机标定成为可能。针对如何快速准确进行三维控制架测量,获得高精度控制点坐标问题,该文分别采用两测站空间前方交会法和单测站空间极坐标法对三维控制架进行测量,分析对比两种方法的测量精度,并总结出提高测量精度的方法。实验表明,两测站空间前方交会法测量精度高,测量方法简便易行,精度稳定可靠。     

基于多像对的近景摄影测量相机对标定

本文利用共线方程进行线性变换与非线性变换的方法实现非量测型相机标定,分三步求解相机内方位元素、透镜畸变参数、外方位元素,再利用解析相对定向方法进行固定相机对的相对模型参数的标定。利用多像对相对定向得到与绝对模型大小一致的立体模型,在求解地物尺寸大小这类不需要坐标数据的应用上非常有效。     

A comparison of dense matching algorithms for scaled surface reconstruction using stereo camera rigs

Photogrammetric methods for dense 3D surface reconstruction are increasingly available to both professional and amateur users who have requirements that span a wide variety of applications. One of the key concerns in choosing an appropriate method is to understand the achievable accuracy and how choices made within the workflow can alter that outcome. In this paper we consider accuracy in two components: the ability to generate a correctly scaled 3D model; and the ability to automatically deliver a high quality data set that provides good agreement to a reference surface. The determination of scale information is particularly important, since a network of images usually only provides angle measurements and thus leads to unscaled geometry. A solution is the introduction of known distances in object space, such as base lines between camera stations or distances between control points. In order to avoid using known object distances, the method presented in this paper exploits a calibrated stereo camera utilizing the calibrated base line information from the camera pair as an observational based geometric constraint. The method provides distance information throughout the object volume by orbiting the object.In order to test the performance of this approach, four topical surface matching methods have been investigated to determine their ability to produce accurate, dense point clouds. The methods include two versions of Semi-Global Matching as well as MicMac and Patch-based Multi-View Stereo (PMVS). These methods are implemented on a set of stereo images captured from four carefully selected objects by using (1) an off-the-shelf low cost 3D camera and (2) a pair of Nikon D700 DSLR cameras rigidly mounted in close proximity to each other. Inter-comparisons demonstrate the subtle differences between each of these permutations. The point clouds are also compared to a dataset obtained with a Nikon MMD laser scanner. Finally, the established process of achieving accurate point clouds from images and known object space distances are compared with the presented strategies.Results from the matching demonstrate that if a good imaging network is provided, using a stereo camera and bundle adjustment with geometric constraints can effectively resolve the scale. Among the strategies for dense 3D reconstruction, using the presented method for solving the scale problem and PMVS on the images captured with two DSLR cameras resulted in a dense point cloud as accurate as the Nikon laser scanner dataset.     

多影像空三平差辅助下的车载全景相机严密标定方法

针对目前全景相机标定方法的研究现状,提出了一种多影像光束法空三平差辅助下的全景相机内参数严密标定方法。首先建立全景相机标定场,对组成全景相机的每台单相机的内参数进行标定;然后按照预先设计好的摄影参数,旋转摄影获取全景相机在标定场中多个不同摄影方向的影像,利用其中一个摄站的标定影像和物方控制点通过空间后方交会的方法解算单相机之间的初始相对方位元素,即粗标定;最后将所有摄站的标定影像构建区域网并进行光束法空三平差,获取精确的全景相机参数,即严密标定。试验表明,文中提出的全景相机标定方法可以提高标定结果的精度和可靠性,为全景影像的拼接、量测及真彩点云的生成等后续研究和应用奠定可靠的基础。     

引入灭点约束的TSAI两步法相机标定改进研究

针对TASI两步法相机标定过程无法求解相机主点位置的问题,引入灭点几何约束进行改进,推导并建立了平面格网上两组正交直线透视投影形成的双灭点与相机内参数以及TASI两步法相机标定过程参数间的严格数学关系,详细阐述了综合运用双灭点与径向准直约束计算相机内参数的迭代过程,并以此为基础,给出了相机外方位参数以及径向畸变参数的求解步骤。实验结果验证了该改进方法的有效性。