西藏岗巴察且拉剖面阿普特阶-阿尔布阶界线附近的菊石生物地层

全球性的下白垩统阿普特阶-阿尔布阶界线或阿尔布阶的底界迄今尚未得到统一。我国藏南岗巴盆地发育有包括阿普特阶和阿尔布阶在内的良好的海相白垩纪地层,并产有菊石和双壳类等宏体化石。因此,此区是研究阿普特阶-阿尔布阶界线的重要地区。经鉴定,岗巴察且拉剖面阿普特阶-阿尔布阶界线附近的菊石包括了2科5属4种和4未定种:Hypacanthoplites xizangensis Chao,Acanthohoplites aschiltaensis(Anthula),Douvilleiceras mammillatum(Schlotheim),Cheloniceras seminodosum,Cheloniceras sp.,Acanthohoplites sp.,Hypacanthoplites sp.和?Pseudosonneratiasp.。此菊石动物群自下而上可以划分出3个组合/层:阿普特期晚期Hypacanthoplites组合,阿普特期末期Hypacanthoplites-Acanthohoplites组合和阿尔布期早期Douvilleiceras-?Pseudosonneratia组合。菊石的组合及其层序表明岗巴察且拉剖面中Hypacanthoplites-Acanthohoplites与Douvilleiceras-?Pseudosonneratia之间可能存有潜在的阿普特阶-阿尔布阶的生物地层界线。     

云南江城勐野井组钾盐成矿时代及其古环境研究

研究云南江城勐野井组的成钾时代, 对于分析兰坪—思茅盆地与老挝沙空那空、呵叻盆地含盐系地层对应关系, 以及在云南开展钾盐找矿工作具有重要意义, 但勐野井组的地层学年代至今仍存在较大分歧。本文通过对江城宝藏乡泰裕矿区含盐系地层的孢粉分析, 得到孢粉组合: Psophophaera-Exesipollenites- Classopollis, 且发现单沟类Monocolpopollenites和三沟类Tricopite等被子植物花粉, 此被子植物花粉时代分别为晚巴列姆期—阿普第期和早、中阿尔必期。因此, 笔者将江城勐野井组钾盐成矿时代确定为阿普第期—阿尔必期; 同时, 孢粉反映矿区成盐期气候呈炎热干旱的热带-亚热带特征。     

中国东北、韩国东南和日本西南部早白垩世非海相与海相地层对比,非海相软体动物的生物年代学和古地理意义

根据非海相与海相,特别是共同的海相和非海相软体动物化石的对比,并结合放射性同位素测年,中国东北黑龙江东部和辽宁西部,韩国东南部庆尚盆地,日本西南部内带岐阜县北部牧户/庄川地区和外带四国德岛和物部地区早白垩世地层得到了对比,产自这些地层的非海相软体动物的时代也因此受到了约束。著名的中国东北含煤地层龙爪沟和鸡西群,盛产热河生物群/动物群的热河群的时代均为欧特里沃期/巴列姆期阿普特期,它们的上覆地层桦山群和孙家湾组为阿尔必期。韩国西南部新洞群和除金洞组以外的河阳群为阿普特期阿尔必期,不整合于新洞群之下的卯谷组主要为欧特里沃期。日本西南部内带的牧户/庄川地区的手取群和外带德岛和物部地区的物部川群均为欧特里沃期阿尔必期。Cuniopsis kihongi,Nakamuranaia leei,Koreanaia cheongi和Trigonioides(Wakinoa)tetoriensis的时代为欧特里沃期早巴列姆期。Viviparus onogoensis,Unio ogamigoensis,Myrene(Mesocorbicular)tetoriensis及Tetoria(Tetoria)yokoyami为欧特里沃期阿普特期。Arguniella cf.quadrata,A.cf.ventricosa,Sphaerium(Sphaerium)anderssoni,Probaicalia vitimensis和Pr.gerassimovi为欧特里沃期/巴列姆期阿普特期。Nakamuranaia chingshanensis,Plicatounio(Plicatounio)multiplicatus,Sphaerium(Sphaerium)coreanicum和Micromelania?katoensis为阿普特期阿尔必期。Nippononaia sinensis,Nip.tetoriensis,Nip.ryosekiana和Trigo-nioides(Wakinoa)wakinoensis是阿普特期的标志。Trigonioides(Trigonioides)quadratus,T.(T.)heilongjiangensis,Plicatounio(Plicatounio)naktongensis,Unio longus与Sphaerium(Sphaerium)chintaoense为晚阿普特期阿尔必期或阿尔必期的标志化石。我国东北、韩国东南和日本西南部非海相,特别是淡水软体动物接近的相似性表明这三地区在早白垩世时相连,并处于同一水系。但是,在欧特里沃期阿尔必期期间,这一陆块的东部,即频临古太平洋的日本西南部的外带因地势低而多被海水覆盖,在牧户/庄川和黑龙江东部存有遭受海侵的浅而窄的海湾,凡兰吟期,特别是欧特里沃期/巴列姆期之前,中国东北韩国东南部日本西南部陆块为受造山运动引起的隆起和沉降活动影响的高低不平的高原,经受了广泛而长期的剥蚀。多数含有包括熔岩和凝灰岩在内的火山岩,并与北东北北东方向的断裂带近于平行分布的非海相白垩纪盆地直至欧特里沃期/早巴列期(有些地区可能稍早(凡兰吟期))(134～126Ma),即华北克拉通破坏的高峰期(130～120Ma)才形成。这一现象表明,这些盆地受断裂,特别是伴随有强烈火山喷发和时而局部海侵的沿着古太平洋西北缘和郯庐断裂带的构造运动的控制。     

白垩纪海水Ca异常与溢晶石形成的关系

在白垩纪出现了3个典型的缺硫酸盐型"异常"蒸发盐,巴西塞尔希培盆地、西非刚果盆地、泰国和老挝呵叻盆地,3个蒸发盐盆地中均出现了含钙的溢晶石矿物。尽管对这些盆地蒸发盐的成因存在争议,但目前认为形成溢晶石Ca的来源主要为非海相CaCl_2热液流体。利用前人初始沉积石盐包裹体卤水组分分析结果的相化学分析,在25℃NaCl-KCl-MgCl_2-CaCl_2-H_2O五元体系相图中讨论溢晶石形成的物理化学条件,认为白垩纪古海水Ca异常是溢晶石形成的物质条件,干燥、高温是溢晶石形成的外界因素。     

老挝万象地区白垩系

作者对老挝万象地区进行了1∶10万区域地质调查。该地区白垩系为一套红色陆源碎屑沉积,形成于河流-湖泊环境,由新到老可划分为班塔拉组、班纳德组及普帕纳帕陶山组。地层中上部的双壳类属Trigonioides(Trigonioides)sinensis Gu et Ma-Plicatounio(Plicatounio)naktongensis Kobayashi et Suzuki动物群,下部的双壳类属Kore-anaia-Eonippononaia-Plicatounio-Peregrinoconcha动物群,介形类属Monosulcocypris-Cypridea组合,轮藻为早白垩世的标准化石。这3个组的岩石地层、生物地层及年代地层特征可与我国滇西地区的景星组、南新组及虎头寺组相对比。     

西藏中部若干地层问题讨论

野外考察和有关的研究结果表明，白垩纪阿尔布—赛诺曼期，在西藏中部沉积了由海相灰岩组成的郎山组；白垩纪坎潘期，在班戈一带出现由磨拉石建造组成的竞柱山组；新近纪中—上新世，西藏中部沉积了湖相的丁青组。因此，前人关于该区一些地层归属的厘定值得商榷。     

敦化盆地上侏罗统—上新统地层划分对比讨论

利用野外资料、地震资料、煤田钻孔资料以及古生物资料,对松辽盆地外围探区敦化盆地的代表性地层划分方案进行了梳理,通过敦化盆地与周缘盆地之间的对比和分析,得出下列认识：（1）明确了珲春组的时代为始新世一渐新世;（2）指出白垩系上统龙井组地层在敦化盆地内可能是不存在的;（3）将原帽儿山组上段和下段分别划归泉水村组和长财组;（4）认为大砬子组、泉水村组、长财组和屯田营组在敦化盆地内是存在的,并通过盆间岩性地层和古生物地层对比指出大砬子组的时代可能为早白垩世阿普特期（Aptian）-阿尔布期（Albian）,长财组时代可能为早白垩世贝利阿斯期-阿普特期;（5）对敦化盆地内几个地方地层名称的使用进行了修正：（6）建立了敦化盆地内目前可供参考使用的地层序列。     

兰坪-思茅盆地与泰国呵叻盆地含钾卤水同源性研究──兼论该区找钾有利层位和地区

我国兰坪 思茅盆地与泰国呵叻盆地同处在一个大地构造带，成矿时代和层位相同，析盐矿物组合类似，母液卤水组成具同源性，兰坪 思茅盆地卤水是自呵叻盆地向北迁移所致；析盐组合变化符合卤水从北向南逐渐浓缩的趋势。呵叻盆地下、中、上盐组所显示的三次成盐旋回中，中盐组在兰坪 思茅坳陷带均有沉积，下盐组在思茅盆地也有沉积，推断该组沉积期卤水浓缩程度低于呵叻盆地，矿石类型将优于呵叻盆地。我国境内找矿有利层位应为下泥砾盐层（相当呵叻下盐组）。     

论敦达古鲁巴哈里亚地区的陆相夹层及非洲其他地层中早白垩世恐龙化石的时代

列举并尝试对比了非洲早白垩世脊椎动物化石的主要产地。晚侏罗世(坦桑尼亚的敦达古鲁基默里奇期提塘期)至白垩纪最早期(南非的阿尔戈阿盆地凡兰吟期)的组合中含有剑龙、腕龙和梁龙,到前阿普特期(欧特里沃期巴列姆期?)被另一组合所取代。这一更年轻的组合中含有重爪龙亚科棘龙类、大头鳄类鳄鱼Sarcosuchus以及大型禽龙,它们主要来自尼日尔(ElRhaz组和喀麦隆(Koum组),部分来自利比亚(Cabao组)和突尼斯(Douiret组),后两组中还含有鲨鱼Priohybodus ar ambourgi。阿普特期(?)至早阿尔必期组合中仍含有禽龙,但是棘龙科棘龙类取代了重爪龙亚科。早塞诺曼期组合(Bahariya,Kem Kem)以恐龙Spinosaurus、Carcharodonto saurus,鲨鱼(Onchopris tisnumidus)和鳄鱼(利比亚鳄类、无棘腔鳄类)为特征。由此可知,中非的一些原先被认为是早白垩世的地层(坦桑尼亚的Galula组、马拉维的含恐龙层)为晚白垩世。脊椎动物化石在非洲陆相地层的对比中具有重要作用。     

中国非海相白垩纪介形类化石组合

我国非海相白垩纪介形类化石可以划分为7个组合:1)分布于我国西北和西南地区欧特里沃期巴列姆期的Jingguella-Minheella-Pinnocypridea组合;2)分布于我国西北和西南地区巴列姆期的Cypridea-Latonia-Darwinula组合;3)阿普特期阿尔必期的Cypridea(Morinina)-Bisulcocypridea-Mongolocypris组合;4)分布于我国东北、中部及东部地区欧特里沃期巴列姆期的Cypridea-Mongolianella-Darwinula组合;5)分布于我国东北、中部及东部地区巴列姆期阿普特期的Cypridea(Cypridea)-Cypridea(Ulwellia)-Limnocypridea组合;6)塞诺曼期塞农期的Cypridea-Triangulicypris-Sunliavia-Lycopterocypris组合;7)坎潘期马斯特里赫特期的Talicypridea-Cypridea-Quadracypris-Candona组合。依据以上7个介形类化石组合,我国22个地区含介形类的73个地层单元(群/组)得到了对比。     

Dinosaur footprint assemblage from the Lower Cretaceous Khok Kruat Formation,Khorat Group,northeastern Thailand

The Khok Kruat Formation is the upper part of the Khorat Group, which consists of upper Lower Cretaceous non-marine sedimentary rocks in northeastern Thailand. Many dinosaur footprints have been known from the upper Lower Cretaceous (Aptian–Albian) Khok Kruat Formation at the Huai Dam Chum (Tha Uthen) site, northeastern Thailand. Approximately 600 tracks occur in thin mudstone layer of the northern part of the outcrop at the Huai Dam Chum track site. Two types of footprints, small-sized theropod and crocodylomorph are imprinted with mud cracks and ripple marks on the thin mud layer. Most of footprints are referred to cf. Asianopodus, and are imprinted by small-sized theropoda, probably ornithomimosauria. Theropod tracks are mainly separated into two groups, Group A and Group B. From ichnological viewpoints, the small-sized theropod track assemblage indicates the herd behaviour and its idiosyncratic group composition. In particular, the histogram of size-frequency measurements of Group A shows the anomalous bimodal distribution. We consider that there are two hypotheses; the first one is due to the male-female difference, and the second is a result of the different growing stage.     

东特提斯域思茅盆地钾盐成矿研究进展

思茅盆地位于东特提斯域,其内的勐野井钾盐矿是我国唯一的前第四纪固体钾盐矿,长期以来对此钾盐矿与呵叻巨型钾盐盆地的资源量差异和成因存在着有较大争议。特别是如下几个问题:其钾盐成矿时代是晚白垩世和古新世,还是侏罗纪的争议;其物质来源还存在陆源,海源和多源的不同认识;矿床成因机理模式也悬而未决。本文在前人研究基础上,结合项目组的最新进展,对上述这些问题的进行梳理与评述认为:勐野井组地层为晚白垩世Albian-Cenomanian期,同沉积的原生钾盐也是在此时期富集成矿;钾盐成矿后期特别是约14Ma以来,受到多期次的热液流体作用,形成次生脉状钾盐:钾盐成矿物质可能以中特提斯洋侵入的海水为主,辅以陆源水体和深部流体。总结认为,思茅与呵叻等盆地在晚白垩世都是干旱沙漠环境中彼此隔绝的小湖盆,随着中特提斯洋海水自西向东的入侵,海水由思茅流向了呵叻,形成了统一的思茅-呵叻海,这个模型可以解释有关成钾物源及思茅与呵叻盆地的成钾关系。思茅盆地钾盐矿的形成和后期变化始终受到了构造活动的控制,经历了最初断陷阶段,到沉积后期受印度-欧亚大陆碰撞导致的挤压和走滑运动影响。     

Sedimentology of the Cretaceous Maha Sarakham evaporites in the Khorat Plateau of northeastern Thailand

Evaporites of the Cretaceous to early Tertiary Maha Sarakham Formation on the Khorat Plateau of southeast Asia (Thailand and Laos) are composed of three depositional members that each include evaporitic successions, each overlain by non-marine clastic red beds, and are present in both the Khorat and the Sakon Nakhon sub-basins. These two basins are presently separated by the northwest-trending Phu Phan anticline. The thickness of the formation averages 250 m but is up to 1.1 km thick in some areas. In both basins it thickens towards the basin centre suggesting differential basin subsidence preceding or during sedimentation. The stratigraphy, lithological character and mineralogy of the evaporites and clastics are identical in both basins suggesting that they were probably connected during deposition. Evaporites include thick successions of halite, anhydrite and a considerable accumulation of potassic minerals (sylvite and carnallite) but contain some tachyhydrite, and minor amounts of borates. During the deposition of halite the basin was subjected to repeated inflow of fresher marine water that resulted in the formation of anhydrite marker beds. Sedimentary facies and textures of both halite and anhydrite suggest deposition in a shallow saline-pan environment. Many halite beds, however, contain a curious `sieve-like' fabric marked by skeletal anhydrite outlines of gypsum precursor crystals and are the product of early diagenetic replacement by halite of primary shallow-water gypsum. The δ³⁴S isotopic values obtained from different types of anhydrite interbedded with halite range from 14.3‰ to 17.0‰ (CDT), suggesting a marine origin for this sulphate. Bromine concentration in the halite of the Lower Member begins around 70 ppm and systematically increases upward to 400 ppm below the potash-rich zone, also suggesting evaporation of largely marine waters. In the Middle Member the initial concentration of bromine in halite is 200 ppm, rising to 450 ppm in the upper part of this member. The bromine concentration in the Upper Member exhibits uniform upward increase and ranges from 200 to 300 ppm. The presence of tachyhydrite in association with the potassic salts was probably the result of: (1) the large volumes of halite replacement of gypsum, on a bed by bed basis, releasing calcium back into the restricted waters of the basin; and (2) early hydrothermal input of calcium chloride-rich waters. The borates associated with potash-rich beds likely resulted from erosion and influx of water from surrounding granitic terrains; however, hydrothermal influx is also possible. Interbedded with the evaporites are non-marine red beds that are also evaporative, with displacive anhydrite nodules and beds and considerable amounts of displacive halite. The δ³⁴S isotopic values of this anhydrite have non-marine values, ranging from 6.4‰ to 10.9‰ (CDT). These data indicate that the Khorat and Sakhon Nakhon basins underwent periods of marine influx due to relative world sea-level rise but were sporadically isolated from the world ocean.     

Notes on non-marine bivalve Trigonioides (Trigonioides?) from the mid-Cretaceous Goshoura Group, Kyushu, Japan

Trigonioides goshourensis n. sp. and Trigonioides amakusensis Kikuchi and Tashiro occur in the late Albian Eboshi Formation of the Goshoura Group in Kyushu, Japan. These Albian species are characterized by three radial pseudocardinal teeth on the thick and wide hinge plate, and are probably ancestors of Cenomanian species of Trigonioides (Kumamotoa) with four radial pseudocardinal teeth. This chronological relation may be important for the correlation of non-marine Cretaceous strata in East Asia. In addition, the habitat of T. amakusensis is interpreted as estuarine tidal flats under brackish water conditions, although Trigonioides is generally a freshwater bivalve genus.     

Paleo-environments and tectonic setting of the Mesozoic Thung Yai Group in Peninsular Thailand,with a new record of Parvamussium donaiense Mansuy, 1914

The Thung Yai Group extends over a large area of peninsular Thailand, along the eastern margin of the Shan Thai block. Bound by angular unconformities 300 m thick dominantly detritic brackish to non-marine deposits with few intercalated limestone beds between Triassic marine and Tertiary non-marine sediments, represent the Thung Yai Group that comprises four formations: Khlong Min, Lam Thap, Sam Chom, and Phun Phin Formations. In the Ao Luk–Plai Phraya (ALPP) area, the Khlong Min and Lam Thap formations yield marine, brackish-water and non-marine fossil assemblages. These include trace fossils and for the first time in peninsular southern Thailand, the bivalve Parvamussium donaiense Mansuy, 1914. Based on fossil determinations, the Thung Yai Group has a late Early Jurassic to Early Cretaceous age.Our new observations help unravel the tectonic history of Mesozoic Peninsular Thailand. After the complete closure of the Paleotethys in the Late Triassic, renewed inundation, from the late Early Jurassic to the early Middle Jurassic, brought a regime of shallow to open marine and lagoon sedimentation over northwestern, western and southern peninsular Thailand, in the eastern part of Sundaland bordering the Mesotethys to the west.     

Occurrence of calcrete in the Phu Kradung Formation of the Mesozoic Khorat Group, NE Thailand

The Phu Kradung Formation of the Mesozoic Khorat Group is deposited by meandering river system. Floodplain deposits in the Nong Bua Lamphu section, northeastern Thailand contain paleosols with abundant calcretes. Calcretes occur within about 60 horizons in the studied section. Occurrences of calcretes are related with traces of life, such as roots and burrows. Microstructures of calcretes are mixture of biogenic and non-biogenic origin. It is suggested that the calcrete formation in the Phu Kradung Formation was affected by abundant biological activity.     

泰国—老挝呵叻高原钾盐矿床研究现状及展望

泰国—老挝境内的呵叻高原马哈萨拉堪组钾盐矿床是世界上最大的钾盐矿床之一。综合研究表明,马哈萨拉堪组赋钾蒸发岩形成于晚白垩世,其成盐物质来自海水。该含盐建造很可能形成于陆相环境中,为"海源陆相"沉积。在蒸发岩沉积过程中及沉积后,一直伴随着水—岩(盐)作用的发生,钾盐沉积之后往往受到该作用的改造。溢晶石的出现是该地区"异常"蒸发岩的表现特征之一,它的形成很可能与海水的变质作用有关,但其形成机制尚未得到合理解释。兰坪—思茅盆地勐野井组与呵叻高原马哈萨拉堪组联系密切且具有共同之处,但二者在时代、成盐期次对比等问题上存在较大争议。最后,针对今后该地区钾盐研究提出了一些新的研究思路与方法。     

Aptian-Albian coaliferous sediments of Kotel’nyi Island (New Siberian Islands): New data on the section structure and ignimbrite volcanism

The Aptian-Albian sediments of Kotel’nyi Island are represented by a terrigenous coaliferous complex with the apparent thickness of approximately 700 m. The upper two thirds of their section enclose ignimbrites and rhyolitic ash tuffs. The integral thickness of volcanics is 170 m. A new sequence composed largely of acidic volcanics and sedimentary rocks is defined in the upper part of the Cretaceous section. The K-Ar age estimated for ignimbrite glasses is 110–107 ± 2.5 Ma, which corresponds to the first half of the Albian. The fossil flora list is added by several previously unknown forms. The macroflora of Kotel’nyi Island is similar to its Albian counterpart from the Kolyma-Indigirka region and allows Cretaceous sediments from the lower part the Kotel’nyi Island section to be dated back to the Aptian (?)-Albian (except for the terminal Albian). The palynological characteristic of rocks immediately contacting the dated volcanics appeared to be untypical of Albian sediments of Siberia and similar to that of the Late Neocomian palynocomplexes. This is partly explained by erosion and reworking processes. The examined continental sediments accumulated in post-orogenic extension settings. They constitute the lower strata of the Aptian(?)-Tertiary post-orogenic complex filling riftogenic depressions in the New Siberian Islands and Laptev Sea.