广东三水Ⅱ级河流阶地的孢粉与环境初探

据广东三水左田村Ⅱ级河流阶地的样品分析，发现孢子花粉５７种（科、属），其中蕨类植物孢子占孢粉总数的５７．５％，木本植物花粉占３５．４％，草本植物花粉占７．１％。样品中还含沟鞭藻和疑源类化石。Ⅱ级河流阶地形成于中更新世，是河流作用的结果，但受到海水的影响。大约在距今３０—４０×１０４ａ时，该区植物群以热带、亚热带植物为主，属亚热带常绿季雨林。可能因间冰期全球气候转暖，海平面上升导致海水沿珠江上溯而使该区受到影响。     

广东三水Ⅱ级河流阶地的孢粉与环境初探

据广东三水左田村Ⅱ级河流阶地的样品分析，发现孢子花粉５７种（科、属），其中蕨类植物孢子占孢粉总数的５７．５％，木本植物花粉占３５．４％，草本植物花粉占７．１％。样品中还含沟鞭藻和疑源类化石。Ⅱ级河流阶地形成于中更新世，是河流作用的结果，但受互海水的影响。大约在距今－３０－４０×１０＾４ａ时，该区植物群以热带，亚热带植物为主，属亚热带常绿季雨林，可能因间冰期全球气候转暖，海平面上升导致海水沿珠江上溯     

福建琅岐岛表土孢粉与植硅体组合对农业活动的指示

孢粉和植硅体是重建古人类农业景观及环境变化的重要指标,明确它们在表土中的分布规律及其与现代植被组成之间的关系对于精确解释化石孢粉和植硅体数据具有重要的意义。本研究对福建琅岐岛3种土地利用类型的22个表土样品进行了孢粉与植硅体分析,基于地理信息系统和遥感技术,展示了不同类型孢粉百分比的空间分布及其与植被覆盖度间的数量对应关系。孢粉分析表明,以松属（Pinus）为代表的外来花粉普遍存在于表土样品中,这削弱了采样点周围植物的孢粉表现力,导致了果园和农田植被组成与表土孢粉组合间的巨大差异。与此同时,农业收割活动进一步降低了农田植物的花粉表现力。从遥感影像中提取的植被覆盖度数据仅与荒地上的木本植物花粉含量存在较强的相关性（R2=0.776 4）,这显示茂密的草本植物降低了外来木本花粉的相对含量,证明了该植被类型具有良好的孢粉表现力。植硅体分析表明,表土样品含有丰富的竹亚科（Bambusoideae）、水稻（Oryza sativa）和杂草的植硅体。与孢粉指标相比,植硅体提供了更丰富的草本植物信息。     

云南滇池表层沉积物中花粉和藻类的分布规律及数量特征

作者对滇池及草海水下表层沉积物中采集的59块样品进行孢粉分析,共鉴定72种陆生植物花粉和蕨类孢子,7种水生植物花粉和一些淡水藻类,用微型电子计算机进行了数据处理,计算花粉浓度及百分含量,并作多项式拟合,表示某些类型花粉和藻类与水深的关系.在此基础上对湖盆中心、边缘及河口等不同部位花粉总浓度、木本草本植物花粉及蕨类孢子分布的规律及数量特征等进行了讨论.     

广东沿海及海南岛东南部海底表层孢粉分布及其环境意义

为了探讨海洋表层沉积物的孢粉分布与可能陆源地区植被、气候以及孢粉传播机制的关系,为南海古环境研究提供可靠的基础,采用野外取样、室内实验、计算孢粉百分比和孢粉浓度等方法,对广东沿海及海南岛东南部(108°34′12″—120°E,17°—23°43′12″N,水深为37—3370m)40个表层沉积物样品进行孢粉分析,揭示表层孢粉在整个广东沿海及海南岛东南部的分布和传播规律,尤其关注以往未涉及的广东沿岸海域的孢粉分布情况。研究发现草本花粉如禾本科Poaceae、蒿属Artemisia、藜科Chenopodiaceae、十字花科Brassiceae除在广东沿海近岸带含量较高外,一般都低,可能与沿岸热带亚热带草地分布以及水稻、甘蔗、蔬菜种植有关,推测是以冬季表层环流为动力由北向南传播的。松属Pinus花粉百分比高(20%)且传播较远,以珠江口和东沙群岛附近的样点最高,向西南逐渐降低,说明松属花粉是以冬季风为主要动力传播的。近海区域表层沉积的芒箕孢子含量很高(60%),可能与剧烈的人类活动干扰有关。而热带、亚热带阔叶林花粉(如栲属和栎属)的数量却远远低于其在陆地植被中的数量。广东沿岸的栲属Castanopsis、栎属Quercus、三缝孢Trilete-spore等花粉主要来源于海南岛和广东沿岸,可能是随河流及南海北部表层环流输送的。单缝孢及水生植物莎草科Cyperaceae的百分含量以靠近珠江口的样点较高,可能与河流的注入有关。     

台湾海峡西北部表层沉积孢粉分布规律及其地质意义

通过对台湾海峡西北部莆田海域沿海338个表层沉积物样品中孢粉的分析,探讨其分布规律及影响因素、孢粉源区、传播机制和沉积环境。研究区内孢粉的分布可划分为沿北西—南东方向展布的4个孢粉区,呈现出高值低值交替分布的状态。孢粉丰度变化受水深和沉积物粒度影响较大。各类孢粉分布的控制因素有所不同。松属花粉的分布受到东北季风和海湾地形的综合影响;栎属等热带亚热带花粉则以河流和沿岸流为主要传播动力;蕨类孢子普遍的高丰度可能是由于其本身易于被海流携带传播,以及人类活动的影响导致沿岸地区蕨类植物广布,从而为其提供了丰富来源,沿岸流可能也为蕨类孢子带来了新来源;以禾本科为主的草本花粉由于不易传播,主要来自于沿岸地区的草本植被。河口或环岸带发生的絮凝作用有利于孢粉的沉积。近海带由于水动力条件减弱,孢粉随着悬浮物的沉积而大量沉积下来。     

香港-大亚湾近岸海域表层沉积物的孢粉分布规律

对香港大亚湾近岸海域表层沉积物的孢粉分析结果表明．蕨类孢子占绝对优势，其次是木本植物花粉，而草本植物花粉含量较少，这一结果总体上与岸区丘陵低地植被受人为干扰破坏后的表土孢粉组合特征一致。大亚湾和大鹏湾的孢子沉积离岸越近含量越高，湾内的沉积规律与海流和沉积粒度的分布有关。香港海域则在靠伶仃洋一侧孢子含量较高，反映了蕨类孢子以径流搬运为主。此外，木本植物和草本植物花粉总量离岸越远含量越低，松属在木本植物中占优势．其相对含量向外海增加。     

南海北部周边地区倒数第二次冰期—末次间冰植被演化

为了研究倒数第二次冰期旋回(氧同位素6/5期)中的环境变迁,对南海北部大洋钻探(ODP)1144站(20°3.18′N、 17°25.14′E, 水深2 037 m)总共385个孢粉样品进行了分析研究,时间分辨率为530 a/样.孢粉谱的主要特征是松属花粉和草本植物花粉百分含量交替占优势,并且大致和冰期旋回对应间冰期时松属花粉占优势,冰期时草本植物花粉占优势.详细的对比表明,在氧同位素6/5期的冰期-间冰期过渡阶段,孢粉组合的变化要早于氧同位素记录指示的冰盖体积的变化,表明中低纬度地区气候变暖早于冰盖后退.还讨论了孢粉组合变化对轨道和亚轨道旋回以及季风变化的响应.     

全新世以来福建宁德地区环境演变及人类活动的孢粉记录

分析了福建省宁德市东部海岸带地区NDQK2钻孔的42个孢粉样品。3个光释光和9个14C测年结果显示,钻孔沉积物年代跨越了末次冰消期晚期和全新世阶段。本文试图通过孢粉分析来重建宁德地区全新世以来的古环境演化,探讨古人类活动对天然植被演替的可能影响。本钻孔与该区域已发表的NDGK2和NDQK5孔的孢粉组合共同显示,深海氧同位素(MIS)5a阶段(约85 kaBP)至早全新世,周边陆地一直被亚热带常绿阔叶林和松林所覆盖,然而,约7 770～4 970 aBP期间以禾本科(Poaceae)为主的草本植物花粉和以芒萁属(Dicranopteris)为主的蕨类孢子含量剧增,孢粉组合与MIS5a以来的其他时段明显不同,类似于现代山地和海域表土孢粉组合。考虑到当地亚热带阔叶林被破坏后可形成以芒萁和禾本科为主的植被群落,我们认为宁德地区在7 770～4 970 aBP前就存在人类活动,并开始强烈影响森林组成,古人类砍伐树木导致分布于林缘与荒地的芒萁和禾本科等次生植被迅速扩张。基于东南沿海考古证据的时空分布对比,认为中、晚全新世本研究区周边古人类活动的出现可能与长江中下游古文明的迁移存在某种关联。     

海南岛福山福一井晚始新世—早渐新世微植物群的初步研究

本文根据在海南岛福山福一井,井深2,903.58—3,024.39米(即流沙港组)中找到丰富的孢子花粉及一定数量的藻类进行研究。讨论了该段地层的地质时代属晚始新世—早渐新世,并对其植物群及古气候、古环境进行初步探讨。初步研究鉴定的孢粉有50科,130属,200多个孢粉类型,其中2个新种。藻类约有9属,十几个类型。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.