我国海洋渔业资源保护制度的生态贡献分析

为保护渔业资源以及遏制渔业资源衰退,我国实施了一系列保护行动,海洋渔业资源保护制度化、机制化的局面逐步形成。文章从国家级水产种质资源保护区建设、海洋牧场创建、增殖放流行动、伏季休渔以及遏制过度捕捞5个方面阐述我国海洋渔业资源保护制度建设现状,从海洋渔业资源发展现状、发展模式、生态环境3个方面解析我国海洋渔业资源保护制度的生态贡献,并从海洋渔业资源调查监测、评估评价、制度优化3个方面对我国海洋渔业资源保护制度建设提出建议,以期更好地助力我国海洋渔业可持续健康发展。     

可持续发展视阈下我国海洋伏季休渔制度研究

海洋伏季休渔制度是一项重要的渔业资源养护管理制度。该制度自1995年实施以来取得了良好的效果,同时在国际上也产生了积极的影响。作为渔业管理领域中最为重要的制度之一,海洋伏季休渔制度目前只是一项渔业政策和措施,并没有上升到国家的法律和法规层面,该制度的效力远不能从根本上解决我国海洋渔业资源养护和可持续发展的问题。因此,文章对海洋伏季休渔制度的具体内容进行了深度分析,从法律与政策的关系出发,通过探讨国家立法、执法以及渔民守法等方面存在的问题,指出海洋伏季休渔制度作为一项渔业政策向法律和法规转变的必要性和条件,建议推动伏休政策的立法转变、加强渔业执法监督体制和加强政府对渔民的扶持政策。旨在进一步促进实施该制度,为海洋渔业资源的可持续发展服务。     

山东海洋渔业资源问题分析及其可持续发展策略

着重分析了山东海洋渔业资源状况及其存在的问题,提出了未来海洋渔业资源的发展对策。渔业生态环境恶化,过度捕捞,养殖种质退化,使渔业资源严重衰退;海产品加工技术落后,缺乏高附加值产品,渔业资源利用率低。开展海洋渔业资源相关基础研究,运用海洋生物技术等高新技术,重点进行海洋环境与渔业资源保护,发展生态渔业,科学、合理地开发利用渔业资源,是实现渔业资源可持续利用和长久发展的可行策略。     

自然资源价值核算理论在海洋渔业资源中的应用

海洋渔业资源作为当今地球上最大的野生食物资源,一直以来为人类提供着食物、经济收入和社会就业等,而且对海洋生态系统的平衡也起着重要的作用。海洋渔业资源价值核算是实现海洋渔业资源资产化管理的前提,是实行资源有偿使用制度以实现海洋渔业经济的可持续发展的保障。但是,由于渔业资源具有种类多、洄游性及共享性等特性,致使进行海洋渔业资源核算非常困难。通过对自然资源核算等理论和方法学习与分析,结合渔业资源特性,提出了开展海洋渔业资源核算的方法和步骤,这对渔业资源可持续发展具有一定的指导意义。论文以对虾为例,对其价值进行了初步核算,全国对虾的资产性价值为132.51亿元,非资产性价值为10.22亿元,合计为142.73亿元。     

浅析山东省海洋渔业可持续发展

针对当前山东省海洋渔业资源现状与人口、环境、技术之间的矛盾以及渔业经济发展现状，探讨山东省海洋渔业可持续发展之路。重点分析加快近海渔业资源增殖和远洋渔业体系建设步伐；减少捕捞能力、促进渔区人力资源整合；改善海洋渔业环境；加快技术转化，立足于循环经济标准，提高资源的利用率；完善海域管理，加强渔业资源的保护；推进海洋与经济、社会全面协调发展。实施山东省生态的、永续的、丰富的海洋渔业资源开发与保护，促进渔业经济的可持续发展就成为必然。     

海洋渔业对海洋生态系统的影响及其管理的探讨

海洋渔业对海洋生态系统的影响越来越受到人们的重视,考虑生态系统的管理已经成为海洋渔业管理的发展趋势.作者分析了海洋渔业对海洋生态系统产生的影响,包括捕捞活动对目标和非目标种产生的危害、渔业资源栖息地和环境破坏、生物多样性降低等;分析了国际上考虑生态系统的海洋渔业管理的法律框架、国际组织和有关国家的实践及其具体措施,指出了中国在此方面存在的问题:海洋生态系统的基础科学研究缺乏系统性和全面性;基于生态系统的海洋渔业管理的理论研究比较缺乏;相关的法律框架不够完善等.讨论了应用生态系统方法的海洋渔业管理与传统的海洋渔业管理间的关系,指出生态系统方法在其实践中将存在各种问题,认为生态系统方法应有选择地应用.对中国海洋渔业管理如何应用生态系统方法,建议:(1)加强海洋生态系统的基础科学研究;(2)开展基于生态系统的海洋渔业管理理论和方法研究;(3)逐步建立相关的法律和制度框架;(4)开展广泛的多部门合作和国际合作.     

韩国海洋渔业TAC制度安排及其启示

总可捕量(Total Allowable Catch,TAC)制度是海洋渔业产出控制管理的一种有效措施,是与投入控制管理措施的耦合,对海洋渔业资源管理具有推进作用。韩国成功地导入并摸索出独自的TAC制度,其对象鱼种由1999年的5个品种演进并增至2009年的11个品种,海洋渔业资源管理已取得显著性成效。韩国在渔业科学数据收集、奠定TAC制度法律基础、培育和发展渔民协会组织、探讨TAC制度基本架构等方面的制度安排及其经验和做法,对中国具有借鉴与参考价值。     

基于绿色发展的我国近海渔业资源开发利用

为保护我国近海渔业资源,实现海洋渔业的绿色发展,文章梳理我国近海渔业资源开发利用状况,结合存在的问题及其对海洋生态环境的影响,提出对策建议。研究结果表明:2017年我国近海海水养殖产量同比略有提高,海洋捕捞产量同比略有降低;2008—2017年养殖空间有所优化,以筏式养殖和底播养殖为主,深水网箱养殖和工厂化养殖的产量显著提高,海洋捕捞以拖网捕捞为主;我国近海渔业资源开发利用存在海水养殖能力与养殖面积不相称、养殖空间日趋萎缩和超负荷、养殖低效以及海洋捕捞能力不均和强度较高等问题,给海洋生态环境带来污染海水环境、占用生态空间和破坏渔业资源等不利影响,亟须完善海洋生态补偿制度、促进渔业资源恢复和合理开发利用渔业资源。     

预警原则在中国海洋渔业资源管理中的适用

实现海洋渔业资源的可持续开发和利用已成为全球海洋渔业资源管理的重心。预警原则作为一种新颖的环境资源管理手段,其对海洋渔业资源养护的有效性已为一些国际协定和一些国家的国内立法所确认。目前中国海洋渔业资源管理实践和相关法规并没有明确采用预警原则。因而,针对中国近海渔业资源养护不利的现状,中国有必要增订相关立法,将预警原则规定为中国海洋渔业资源管理的基本原则,并根据中国各海域的具体情况,有针对性的适用预警原则,以顺应全球海洋渔业资源养护的大趋势。     

海南海洋渔业生态经济系统发展效率评价

在建设海洋强国和发展海南自贸区（港）等的战略背景下,海南省海洋渔业发展迅速,但诸如生态环境破坏,资源过度消耗等问题也随之发生,因此开展海南省海洋渔业生态经济发展效率研究对海南省渔业可持续发展具有重要意义。文章以海水养殖排污总量作为非期望产出,采用超效率SBM模型、标准差和变异系数,分析1998—2019年海南省海洋渔业生态效率的时空演变特征,并对海南省沿海市县的海洋渔业生态效率水平进行分类。研究结果表明：1998—2019年海南省各沿海市县海洋渔业生态经济效率整体处于中等水平,且呈波动下降趋势;各沿海市县海洋渔业生态经济效率有明显的区域差异,且呈波动增大趋势;各沿海市县海洋渔业生态经济效率可分为高效型、中效型和低效型3个类型,受边际效益递减和生态修复滞后性的影响,不同时期各市县效率类型不同。针对各市县不同生态效率类型,提出海洋渔业差异化发展策略,实现海南海洋渔业生态经济系统高质量发展。     

海岛立法 功在当代 利在千秋

<正>我国是海洋大国,海岛众多。海岛是壮大海洋经济、拓展发展空间的重要依托,是保护海洋环境、维护生态平衡的重要平台,是捍卫国家权益、保障国防安全的战略前沿。2009年12月26     

An improved technique for preparing eel otoliths for aging

The New Zealand Waters Pollution Regulations 1963, referring to recreational water to which the public can gain access, states that the “coliform bacteria content shall not consistently exceed 1,000/100 ml”. This standard is now under revision, and the suggested new standard is a median faecal coliform index of 200/100 ml with a maximum value not exceeding 400/100 ml.

Recent literature supports the use of faecal coliform sub‐group bacteria as the best indicator of faecal pollution and reference is made to the membership of this sub‐group. Inherent inaccuracies of the Most Probable Number (MPN) method of assessing bacterial populations are pointed out, such as experimental variations with different cultural media, and possible errors in interpretation of results. In North America, there is evidence that an MPN for the total coliform group of 1000/100 ml indicates a faecal coliform sub‐group MPN of 200/100 ml, and epidemiological experience supports these values as standards.

We tabulate and discuss evidence that the usual ratio of faecal coliforms : coliform group bacteria is typically 1 : 1 in fresh and marine waters of the Wellington region, and that a more attainable standard would be 500 faecal coliforms/100 ml. In ratios quoted in this paper, ‘coliform group’ means the remainder of the coliform group excluding faecal coliforms. The World Health Organisation (1963) definition, of the entire group of coliforms, is not intended. The ratio is different in other parts of New Zealand; in Auckland, for example, the ratio is close to that found in the United States.     

Simple expressions for correcting wind speed data for elevation

Using the logarithmic wind profile and typical values of dimensionless sea roughness for different sea states, simple power expressions are derived for the wind profile over water. The power expressions are useful for correcting measured wind speed data at a given elevation (up to an elevation of 60 m) to the standard elevation of 10 m commonly used in coastal engineering studies. The analysis shows that the 1/7 power expression (suggested in [U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1984. Shore Protection Manual, Vol. 1. Coastal Engineering Research Center, Vicksburg, USA.] and commonly used today) is a good approximation (<3% error) of the logarithmic profile for various sea states up to an elevation of 20 m. Above this elevation, the 1/7 power expression underestimates the wind speed for moderate to fully developed sea states.     

Ecosystem-based adaptation for improving coastal planning for sea-level rise: A systematic review for mangrove coasts

This paper systematically reviews and synthesizes peer-reviewed, English-language scientific publications (n=212) to identify relevant research about how Ecosystem-Based Adaptation (EBA) is integrated with coastal planning. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) methodology is applied in this study. Attention was given to studies concerning human-environment interactions as opposed to physical or biological climate change issues alone because the coastal planning and EBA approach addresses the management of human actions in nature. The literature references include the issue of climate change (77%); however, limited evidence of EBA in coastal areas are reported (18%), and it is evident that the issues have become relevant in the scientific literature published in recent years. Broad texts demonstrate that SLR is one of the major long-term impacts (68%), and all of these papers recognize the most affected ecosystems in the tropics would be mangroves. EBA is an emerging option that can offset anticipated ecosystem losses and improve coastal planning to cope with SLR because it provides benefits beyond climate change stressors. There is a need to synthesize a road map for incorporation of mangrove regulations into local planning instruments and for building capacity for their implementation. Application of PRISMA in marine science will enhance future reviews, facilitate the systematic search and adequately document any theme, and also be useful in determining research gaps or information needs.     

渔港避风锚地面积计算的随机模拟

计算避风锚地的面积是渔港规划设计的重要内容之一.<渔港总体设计规范>(SC/T 9010-2000)推荐采用确定性方法计算避风锚地面积.由于没有规定输入参数代表值的确定方法,实际应用时参数取值带有很大的随意性和经验性,从而导致计算结果的不确定性.引入Monte Carle方法建立了渔港避风锚地面积计算的随机模拟模型,采用不同的概率分布刻划各相关参数,从而获得避风锚地面积的概率分布.实例计算表明,无论采用何种概率分布假定,得到的避风锚地面积均近似地服从正态分布,且不同概率分布假定对95%保证率的避风锚地面积值影响不大;当船长、船宽均取各分组船型的最大值,水深取相应区域水深的平均值,每组渔船之间安全距离及每组渔船数量取规范给定的平均值时,规范方法计算的避风锚地面积保证率在95%左右,从而为规范方法输入参数的确定提供了依据.     

An appeal for a code of conduct for marine conservation

Marine conservation actions are promoted to conserve natural values and support human wellbeing. Yet the quality of governance processes and the social consequences of some marine conservation initiatives have been the subject of critique and even human rights complaints. These types of governance and social issues may jeopardize the legitimacy of, support for and long-term effectiveness of marine conservation. Thus, we argue that a clearly articulated and comprehensive set of social standards - a code of conduct - is needed to guide marine conservation. In this paper, we draw on the results of an expert meeting and scoping review to present key principles that might be taken into account in a code of conduct, to propose a draft set of foundational elements for inclusion in a code of conduct, to discuss the benefits and challenges of such a document, and to propose next steps to develop and facilitate the uptake of a broadly applicable code of conduct within the marine conservation community. The objectives of developing such a code of conduct are to promote fair conservation governance and decision-making, socially just conservation actions and outcomes, and accountable conservation practitioners and organizations. The uptake and implementation of a code of conduct would enable marine conservation to be both socially acceptable and ecologically effective, thereby contributing to a truly sustainable ocean.     

A review of sustainable sea-transport for Oceania: Providing context for renewable energy shipping for the Pacific

This paper summarises research and options for sustainable sea transport in Oceania with a focus on domestic shipping. This debate is situated initially within the context of the current Pacific domestic shipping scenario, a region of minute economies connected by some of the longest sea transport routes in the world. All current options are fossil fuel powered and increasingly uneconomic and unsustainable. Many routes are marginal or unviable and a vicious cycle of old ships replaced with old ships prevails. Although a central and essential issue of many Pacific communities, the option of pursuing sustainable sea transport is currently invisible within the policy space at all levels. Various renewable energy options are possible and increasingly available. Recent research finds that these have strong potential for providing benefits across multiple wellbeings. The barriers to pursing this agenda are complex and poorly understood but are perceptual and institutional more than technological. A small number of critical experiments during the last oil crisis provide critical lessons and direction.     

Information for Contributors

正Aims and Scope Being an international journal, China Ocean Engineering (COE) takes its prime function as the integration of new research concepts, equipment, technology, materials and structures and other scientific advances within the field of estuarial, coastal,offshore, and deepwater engineering with particular reference to developments. The Journal is concerned with all engineering aspects involved in the exploration and utilization of ocean resources. Topics regularly covered include research, design and construction of structures (including wharfs, dikes, breakwaters,platforms,mooring systems,etc.),instrumentation/testing (physical model and numerical model), wave dynamics, sedimentation,structural/stress analysis, soil mechanics, and material research.