常州地区土的塑性指数与渗透系数的经验关系研究

粉土、粘性土的渗透系数受土的结构构造、矿物成分、颗粒级配等因素影响,而这些影响因素可在土性指标(尤其是塑性指数IP)上得到集中体现。基于常州地区土的室内渗透系数K与塑性指数IP试验数据,初步建立了粘性土、粉土渗透系数K与塑性指数IP间的地区经验关系,对常州地区土的渗透系数的确定具有参考意义。     

测定原状粘性土渗透系数的渗透固结仪已投入使用

渗透系数(K)是一个重要的水文地质参数。近年来,随着科学的发展,对地面沉降、越流补给等问题的研究逐步深入,人们越来越感到了解原状粘性土渗透系数的重要性。以往求解越流系数(B=K/M),一般采用抽水试验方法,但误差往往较大。近两年来,我系“渗透固结实验室”采用了张人权、曹文炳等讨论设计的渗透固结仪,通过试验,能够较好地测定原状粘性土的渗透系数。我们利用这种仪器已为河北地质九队、山西水文一队等测试了一些原状粘性土的渗透系数,一般亚矿土、亚粘土渗透系数在10~(-6)~10~(-7)(cm/sec)之间,粘土可达10~(-9)(cm/sec)。     

红粘土在岩土工程应用中的若干问题

本文探讨红粘土在岩土工程应用中的一些代表性问题,如塑性图、红粘土分类、膨胀势与试验研究处理以及一些工程隐患的发生、发展。     

粘土的粘塑性特性试验与三要素本构模型

研究了3种粘土的未扰动试样和重塑试样在三轴排水固结试验条件下的粘塑性。在试验过程中,利用计算机控制应变控制式三轴仪的加载速度,实现了在不同加载阶段的不同恒应变率加载。依据应力对应变率改变的响应程度对粘土的粘塑性进行了评价。实验结果表明,粘土的粘塑性表现为等时特性,并且经过一定时间的蠕变后,粘土强度会有较大地提高。并指出粘土的粘塑性应力-应变特性可以较好地采用非线性三要素模型对它进行描述。     

考虑微观结构的非饱和渗透系数计算公式

分维理论是预测非饱和渗透系数的一种常用方法。在对有侧限条件下高庙子膨润土的非饱和渗透系数的试验结果分析后,发现分维理论并不适用,其缺陷在于不能够反映膨润土这种特殊粘土在水化过程中的微观结构变化。因为膨润土是一种纳米材料,其小孔隙和大孔隙分布在水化过程中都会发生变化,而一般性粘土和砂土没有这种特殊的物理化学特性。结合Kozeny—Carman关于多孔介质的半经验公式,提出了半经验一半理论的考虑微结构的膨润土的非饱和渗透系数计算公式。在对高庙子膨润土的扫描电镜试验和压汞试验资料分析的基础上,定性验证了所提出公式的正确性。     

城市垃圾填埋场粘土基防渗浆材的实验研究

文章研制了一种低渗透系数并对污染物有一定吸附阻滞作用的浆材,即膨润土-粉煤灰-水泥(BFS)浆材,用于垃圾填埋场以防治渗沥液渗漏污染周围地下水和土壤。通过正交试验优选出了以膨润土为主的配方:膨润土22%~25%、粉煤灰20%~23%、水泥15%~18%、纯碱1.2%~1.4%、稀释剂TMH加量0.3%~0.45%。该浆材结实率大于99.6%,固结体28d渗透系数小于0.8×10-7cm/s,无侧限抗压强度小于2.0MPa,渗透系数比一般水泥粘土浆材降低约2个数量级。通过采自长春某垃圾填埋场的渗沥液进行固结体的渗透试验,该浆材的固结体对CODCr、氨氮和磷的吸附阻滞率均达到了82%以上。文章的创新点在于浆材配方的选材不但考虑了降低固结体渗透系数,使其符合规范要求,而且考虑了材料成分对渗沥液中污染物的吸附阻滞作用,同时降低了固结体的抗压强度和脆性,使其有一定的塑性和韧性,以适应填埋场的地基变形。     

生活垃圾污染粘土的微观结构与渗透特性

在建立生活垃圾污染模拟试验装置的基础上,制备了深度为22.5cm、45.0cm、67.5cm和90.0cm的污染粘土,分别通过扫描电镜(SEM)和变水头渗透试验测定了污染粘土的渗透特性和微观结构,采用MATLAB软件计算了污染粘土的微观结构参数。研究表明,粘土遭受生活垃圾污染后渗透性降低;随着污染深度的增加,污染粘土总孔隙面积、表观孔隙比和平均孔径逐渐增大,渗透系数逐渐提高;粘土孔隙逐渐由以小孔和中孔为主演化为以大孔和超大孔为主。     

压实粘土里衬的渗透性

本文综述了近年来压实粘土里衬的渗透试验资料，分析了室内与野外压实土渗透系数不协调的原因，认为水力缺陷是影响野处粘土野衬渗透性的主要因素，指出了固体废物处理场压实粘土里衬获得低渗透性的主要施工对策。     

铜仁市地热水水化学类型及主要组分成因分析

铜仁市地热水水化学类型主要有HCO3-Ca、HCO3-Ca·Mg、HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg、SO4·HCO3-Ca、SO4-Ca、HCO3·Cl-Ca·Na、HCO3-Na和SO4·Cl-Ca·Na型8种类型;研究表明:铜仁市地热水的水化学成分受所溶滤围岩矿物组成控制,浅部循环的地热水常为重碳酸根型水,随着水流深度的增加,水化学组成由重碳酸根型、经重碳酸根—硫酸根和硫酸根—重碳酸根型水逐渐向硫酸根型转化;当地热水继续沿深大断裂向下进入深部带,并通过粘土类岩石时,易溶解的氯化物盐类逐渐增加,水化学特征由硫酸根型向硫酸根—氯型、氯—硫酸根型转化;通过对铜仁市地热水的主要组分进行相关性统计,分析地热水中主要组分的形成原因。     

哈尔滨高等级公路路基沉降监测反分析

本文应用双曲线配合法对哈尔滨高等级公路路基实测沉降进行了分析，推算了地基的最终沉降量，并由此用太沙基方法反算出地基中粘土层的平均固结系数和渗透系数。把用本文方法推算的渗透系数应用于太沙基方法计算路基沉降，发现比选用实验室测得的渗透系数计算的结果更接近实际沉降。通过本次反分析研究得出：路基中粘性土的固结系数和渗透系数明显高于室内土工试验测得值。这给相似地基高等级公路的设计、施工提供了参考依据。     

混合重金属离子侵蚀饱和黏性土渗透特性试验研究

渗透特性是表征黏性土层防渗能力及防污性能的关键控制因素,黏土衬垫渗透系数的正确选择对保证垫层的防污效果具有极其重要的意义。采用柔性壁渗透仪,通过室内试验研究了混合重金属离子共存情况下侵蚀饱和黏性土的渗透特性变化规律。试验结果表明,将可溶性铜、铬离子混合与铜、锰离子混合溶液作为渗液,黏性土渗透性均随着掺入离子浓度比例的增大而逐渐增强,且相同试验条件下,铜、铬离子混合溶液作为渗液测得的黏土渗透系数值大于铜、锰离子混合溶液作为渗液测得的渗透系数值。混合重金属离子的存在削弱了黏土垫层作为工程防污屏障服役的能力,并对黏土层的水力传导性起到了劣化作用。试验土样微观结构分析表明,渗液特性的改变影响了土样内部的微观结构,随着渗液混合离子质量比的增大,土样中出现了凝聚体且有效输运孔隙通道增大,与宏观渗透特性的变化规律相吻合。研究结果能够为有效评估黏土防污屏障的防渗隔污能力及研究堆场渗液在黏土垫层中的运移机制提供参考。     

吸附离子对粉质粘土及改良土特性的影响

利用疏浚土有机质含量高、吸附能力强和低渗透性等特点,探讨将其作为填埋场黏土衬垫改性材料的可能性。针对粘土垫层所关心渗透性及强度两个基本问题,比较了粉质黏土、改良土（粉质黏土添加疏浚土）吸附离子前后的变化。吸附K+、Cu2+后粉质黏土、改良土的渗透系数随着土中离子含量的增加而增大,但对改良土渗透系数的影响要小于粉质黏土;吸附离子后,粉质黏土摩擦角增幅不大,黏聚力有较大增长,而改良土的黏聚力增长较少,摩擦角增长较快。总体而言,添加一定量的疏浚土能改善吸附离子对黏土垫层的影响。采用SEM电镜试验拍摄了离子吸附前后土体微观结构的变化,并从扩散双电层理论出发,解释了吸附离子对粉质黏土及改良土的影响。     

非饱和压实膨胀土渗透特性的试验研究

压实膨胀黏土常用于防止填埋场中固体废物产生二次污染,或作为核废料处置库通道隔绝层,这主要取决于压实膨胀黏土衬垫层或隔离层的防渗特性,而这种压实膨胀黏土层通常又呈现出非饱和特性。基于GDS非饱和土三轴试验系统,开发拓展其试验功能,研究直接测量压实膨胀黏土的水渗透系数的试验方法,同时结合电镜扫描试验,从微观角度定量分析压实膨胀黏土渗透过程中产生的微观、宏观变化特征。结果表明,压实膨胀黏土在渗透过程中产生的体积变形主要是由于土孔隙中气体被压缩、孔隙微结构发生变化的结果;压实膨胀黏土水渗透系数受吸力、围压、干密度、饱和度等因素控制。     

Three‐dimensional finite element analysis of lined tunnels

This paper describes finite element procedures that have been developed to model the ground movements that occur when a shallow tunnel is installed in a clay soil. This study is part of a wider project concerned with the development of new methods to predict the likely extent of damage to surface structures caused by nearby shallow tunnelling. This particular paper, however, is concerned only with the numerical model of tunnel installation. The structural liner is an important component of this tunnel installation model; two different ways of modelling the liner (based on continuum elements and shell elements) are discussed in the paper. A test problem consisting of the installation of a lined tunnel in an elastic continuum is used to investigate the merits of these different approaches. When continuum elements are used to model the liner, the numerical results agree well with an analytical solution to the problem. When shell elements are used to model the liner, however, the results were found to be significantly influenced by the particular formulation adopted for the shell elements. Example analyses, involving incremental tunnel construction in a clay soil where the soil is modelled using a kinematic hardening plasticity model, are described. These analyses confirm that a thin layer of continuum elements may be used, satisfactorily, to model tunnel linings in a soil–structure interaction analysis of this sort. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

膨润土改性黄土衬里防渗性能室内测试与预测

试验测定了膨润土改性黄土试样的渗透系数,研究膨润土改性黄土用作废弃物填埋场衬里的可行性,为天然黏土匮乏地区防渗材料本土化提供依据。选取两种代表性黄土,即黏性较大的兰州黄土(LH)和砂性较大的榆林黄土(YH),分别向其中添加不同比例的两种膨润土后击实成样,利用柔性壁渗透仪测定改性黄土的渗透系数,分析了改性黄土渗透系数随膨润土添加率增大的变化规律,确定了满足衬里防渗要求的膨润土添加率。利用扫描电镜照片统计了改性黄土的孔隙特征参数,发现添加膨润土后黄土中原有的大孔隙被充填或分隔成更多的中、小孔隙,有效阻滞了渗流液体通过,从微观结构的角度揭示了改性黄土渗透性降低的实质。依据实测数据建立了膨润土改性黄土的渗透回归模型,据此可以预测不同添加量的膨润土改性黄土的渗透系数。     

Chemical and environmental compatibility of red mud liners for hazardous waste containment

Red mud residue from alumina production has been proposed as an alternative liner material. The chemical and environmental compatibility of red mud upon exposure to representative organic (methanol, heptane, TCE, and acetic acid) and inorganic liquids (CaCl₂ and seawater) was studied. Chemical compatibility assays comprised Atterberg limits and sedimentation and hydraulic conductivity tests for red mud interacted with the chemical liquids, whereas the environmental compatibility was assessed through the leaching of metals from red mud as permeated with the liquids. Methanol greatly reduced the plasticity at concentrations ≥80 % by volume, but it did not increase the hydraulic conductivity of compacted red mud. High concentrations (≥60 % v/v) of acetic acid reduced the plasticity and enhanced the sedimentation of red mud. Conversely, acetic acid concentrations ≤40 % caused dispersion, but damaged the hydraulic properties and structure of red mud. The percolation of a pH 2 acetic acid solution did not adversely affect the hydraulic performance of the red mud liner. Neither diluted heptane nor TCE affected the red mud. However, pure organics suppressed the plasticity and induced aggregation of red mud, suggesting a great detrimental effect on red mud liners. The red mud exhibited great resistance to attack by inorganic salt solutions. Some concerning leaching of metals (primarily Al and Cr) occurred as water, acetic acid, and CaCl₂ solutions percolated through red mud, but effluent metals concentration quickly dropped to permissible levels. In general, red mud exhibited a high resistance against chemical attack; nevertheless, exposure to low-dielectric-constant organic chemicals should be avoided.     

Utilizing computational neural networks for evaluating the permeability of compacted clay liners

The design of lined waste-storage facilities is significantly influenced by the permeability of the liner. The permeability of compacted clay liners, in turn, is influenced by factors such as clay type and composition, compaction type and effort, and operating conditions. The complexity of the permeation process makes it difficult to predict analytically the permeability from these factors. As a result, empirical regression models are frequently used to predict permeability. In this paper, permeability prediction models are developed using computational neural networks (CNNS). The developed CNN models are used to predict the permeability of compacted clay for a known set of soil properties and field and laboratory conditions. Moreover, the models are used to determine the relative importance of the various input parameters to the model output. Also, a comparison between regression models and neural networks for predicting permeability is presented and the advantages of utilizing CNN methodology over regression techniques in model development are highlighted.     

Insight into the effects of clay mineralogy on the cyclic behavior of silt–clay mixtures

Results of a systematic testing program showed that the cyclic behavior of silt–clay mixtures is greatly influenced by the dominant clay minerals in the mixture. In particular, it was demonstrated that given the same amount of clay/clay mineral and/or same value of plasticity index, the montmorillonitic soils have the highest cyclic strength, followed by the illitic soils, and then by the kaolinitic soils. Moreover, the rate of increase in cyclic strength with increasing % clay mineral and PI is again the highest in the montmorillonitic soil, lowest in the kaolinitic soil and intermediate in the illitic soil. Therefore, without considering clay mineralogy, the % clay fraction, % clay mineral and plasticity index are unreliable indicators of the liquefaction susceptibility of fine-grained soils. The differing adhesive bond strength each clay mineral develops with the silt particles is deemed to largely explain the observed differences in the response of the three different soil mixtures to cyclic loading.     

渗透系数的变异性对压实黏土衬垫性能的影响

压实黏土衬垫是填埋场等环境岩土工程中常用的屏障材料,其厚度和渗透系数是主要的设计参数。考虑渗透系数的变异性,用衬垫底部污染物相对浓度和通量等指标分析了设计参数对衬垫有效性的影响。研究表明,渗透系数的变异性对衬垫性能有很大的影响：当衬垫厚度较小或渗透系数均值较大时,衬垫底部出现高浓度（接近于1）的概率很大,这个浓度区间可能比相对浓度的均值高很多,对周围环境污染有较大的威胁。从非反应性溶质的运移来看,我国规范中对衬垫厚度和渗透系数的规定是合理的。相对于污染物的通量,厚度和渗透系数对衬垫底部相对浓度的影响更为显著,相对浓度更适合作为评价衬垫性能的指标。     

Permeability of compacted granule–clay mixtures

Achieving a sufficiently low permeability for the aggregate-clay mixtures, whether used as the core of embankment dam or soil liner, is essential. The study illustrates the role of granule (bead or aggregate) content and size, confining stress and fabric anisotropy on the permeability of ceramic bead–lean clay and aggregate-fat clay mixtures. It is shown that depending on the plasticity of the clay, the permeability may decrease or increase with bead/aggregate content. The permeability also decreases when either granule size or confining stress increases. It is found that the permeability is affected by fabric anisotropy in such a manner that its value in the horizontal direction (k_h) is more than that in the vertical direction (k_v), however, k_h/k_v decreases towards 1 for bead contents equal to or below 40%. In high bead content mixtures (i.e., 60% beads) k_h/k_v reaches as high as 3 with an increase in the confining stress. The concept of the development of heterogeneous field of density in the clay is also used to demonstrate the impact of granule size and fabric anisotropy on the permeability.