渗透条件对膨润土改性黄土渗透系数的影响

室内采用柔性壁渗透仪实测了膨润土改性黄土的渗透性能,分别在控制渗透时间、围压和渗透压等条件下探究了各自对改性黄土渗透系数的影响。研究表明,试验初期试样的渗透系数在同一数量级上有较大波动,随着持续时间增加渗透系数趋于稳定,稳定后几乎不随时间发生变化,增大围压和渗透压都可以引起改性黄土渗透系数在同一数量级上降低。因此,在填埋场设计时可以通过预测防渗衬里的围压和渗透压来预留渗透系数的安全储备。     

改性黄土渗透性与孔隙结构的依存关系

利用扫描电子显微镜和ImageJ图像处理软件对不同膨润土掺量黄土试样的微结构和孔隙特征进行了统计分析,并与柔性壁渗透仪渗透试验结果进行了对比。电镜观察及孔隙统计结果表明,随着膨润土掺量不断增加,附着在黄土骨架颗粒上的蒙脱石等粘土矿物持续增多,黄土的孔隙数量急剧增多,相反,孔隙平均面积和平均直径呈下降趋势。将膨润土改性黄土的渗透系数与不同大小孔隙的面积比进行统计回归,发现大中孔隙对渗透系数有决定意义。以此为依据,建立渗透系数与有效孔隙隙比之间的关系,提高了传统回归关系的可靠程度。     

改性土-膨润土竖向隔离墙材料的压缩及渗透特性试验研究

膨润土系竖向隔离墙作为阻滞污染物的工程屏障有效且经济。采用沸石改性传统的土-膨润土竖向隔离墙存在抗腐蚀性弱等耐久性不足的同时,必须考虑其压缩、渗透等工程性质的变化。通过一维压缩固结试验,研究了不同沸石及膨润土掺量下膨润土系隔离墙材料的压缩固结和渗透特性。引入评价天然重塑黏土的压缩、渗透特性的归一化孔隙比e/eL和评价天然重塑黏土固有压缩特性的孔隙指数Iv两种归一化评价体系,进一步探讨了添加沸石改性前后膨润土系竖向隔离墙混合土的压缩和渗透特性。     

添加沸石对黏性土-膨润土竖向隔离墙材料压缩和渗透特性的影响

土-膨润土系竖向隔离墙广泛应用于工业污染场地和地下水修复工程。通过坍落度和一维压缩固结试验研究添加沸石对黏性土-膨润土竖向隔离墙材料的工作性,以及压缩和渗透特性。黏性土选用高岭土,沸石-高岭土-膨润土试样中沸石掺量为2%～40%。试验结果与以往沸石-砂-膨润土竖向隔离墙材料以及击实沸石-膨润土混合土研究结果进行对比,明确沸石掺量和粒径对压缩和渗透特性的作用规律。试验结果显示,满足隔离墙材料施工要求的含水率范围随沸石掺量增加而增大,并处于液限的0.96～1.18倍。添加细颗粒沸石对试样的压缩指数和渗透系数影响较小,渗透系数小于10-9 m/s。相反,添加粗颗粒沸石将导致微孔隙尺寸增大,并形成水能够通过的沸石网架结构,将显著增大渗透系数。试样渗透系数能够通过考虑孔隙比和液限的经验公式进行良好的预测。     

重塑饱和黄土长期渗流劣化机制及其渗透性分析

为研究重塑饱和黄土在长期渗流条件下的劣化机制,以杨凌Q3黄土为研究对象,用pH=4的稀乙酸溶液作为渗透液加速劣化,通过长时间的常规渗透试验和不同围压下的三轴渗透试验,测量了渗透系数随时间的变化过程,分析了渗透系数随时间的变化规律,探讨了重塑饱和黄土在长期渗流条件下的劣化机制。结果表明：渗透系数随着渗透时间持续减小,与时间符合幂函数关系;渗透系数是反映黄土劣化最敏感的参数;最小孔隙比面的孔隙比决定了渗透系数的大小;最小孔隙比面的孔隙比与初始孔隙比的比值可以用来描述黄土长期渗流的劣化程度,其比值定义为黄土长期渗流劣化率;结合黄土的非线性渗透模型提出了在一定围压下三轴渗透试验渗透系数与黄土长期渗流劣化率的关系式,进而推导出黄土长期渗流劣化率随时间的变化关系式。     

垃圾填埋场防渗衬里粘性土的改性研究

鉴于垃圾填埋场常用天然粘性土衬里存在防渗能力的不足，提出了一种复合土(石灰 粘性土 膨润土)作为改性村里，并以垃圾浸泡液作为渗透液进行了改性衬里和天然粘性土衬里室内土柱对比实验。结果表明，相对于天然粘性土衬里，改性后衬里的渗透系数由lO^-8～lO^-7cm／s之间降低到lO^-9～lO-8cm／s之间，对垃圾浸泡液中的COD、三氮及铁离子的平均衰减百分比，分别由75．9l％升高到84．42％、91．3l％升高到94．06％、93．05％升高到94．67％。     

苯酚溶液作用下CMC改性膨润土化学相容性试验研究

膨润土的聚合物改性可有效提升竖向阻隔屏障化学相容性。有机污染物、聚合物种类对改性膨润土防渗性能研究鲜有报道。通过膨胀指数、改进滤失试验,研究苯酚溶液作用下羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)改性膨润土的膨胀和渗透性能,结合傅里叶红外光谱分析,评价CMC分子链的特征基团对提升化学相容性的作用机理。相同苯酚浓度条件下CMC改性膨润土的膨胀指数(SI)较母土测定结果高1.5~2.5倍。同一孔隙比范围内,改性作用使膨润土渗透系数(k)降低一个数量级。CMCⅢ改性膨润土防渗性能相对最优。研究范围内,聚合物分子量和取代度未显示对SI和k的影响规律。CMC改性提升化学相容性的主因有:(1)聚合物水凝胶对膨润土颗粒间的大孔隙具有堵塞作用;(2)特征基团(羧酸根、羧基)与苯酚的酯化反应等相互作用,以及苯酚与水凝胶中水分子的氢键作用阻碍苯酚迁移,从而减轻其对压缩蒙脱石黏土矿物双电层的不利影响。     

盐溶液对石英粉-膨润土混合土渗透系数的影响与表征

采用变水头渗透试验对蒸馏水与不同浓度的NaCl、CaCl₂溶液下石英粉-膨润土混合土的渗透系数进行了测定,为探讨盐溶液及膨润土含量对混合物渗透系数的影响作用机理,使用核磁共振试验(MRI)、环境扫描电镜(ESEM)对混合物在不同盐度溶液下的孔隙分布特征进行分析。结果表明：在盐溶液作用下,石英粉-膨润土混合土的渗透系数明显增加,其孔隙分布也具有明显的差异。推断盐溶液对渗透系数的影响是由于混合土的孔隙变化引起的。最后利用黏粒孔隙比(e_b)的概念,建立了一种考虑盐溶液作用下石英粉-膨润土混合土渗透系数的表征公式,与已有预测公式相比,新建表征公式能够较好地预测盐溶液作用下石英粉-膨润土混合土的渗透系数。     

新疆巴里坤膨润土改性提纯试验

以新疆巴里坤膨润土矿三个样品为原料，进行膨润土改性提纯试验的研究，结果表明，改性提纯后蒙脱石含量为87％～95％，采用洗涤去除石盐后悬浮液加热法更适用于样品的改性。通过离心机转速和分散剂对提纯效果影响的实验，得出离心提纯时采用离心机转速为2100r／min、分散剂采用六偏磷酸钠和水玻璃以质量比为1：1混合使用，提纯效果最佳，为新疆巴里坤膨润土的深加工奠定基础。     

重金属作用下改性水泥系隔离墙化学相容性研究

水泥系隔离墙被广泛应用于工业污染场地修复工程,但其防渗性能有待改善,且在高浓度、毒理性重金属污染作用下的化学相容性有待研究。通过室内试验研究了不同粒化高炉矿渣（GGBS）掺量、膨润土掺量和固化剂总掺量对水泥系隔离墙的强度和渗透特性的影响;综合考虑成墙效果和成本,选出固化剂掺量为20%（水泥、粒化高炉矿渣和膨润土掺量分别为8%、8%和4%）作为改性水泥系竖向隔离墙的最优配比。通过柔性壁渗透试验研究了重金属锌、铅污染作用下改性水泥系隔离墙试样的化学相容性。结果表明,重金属溶液作用下试样防渗性能的下降由重金属种类、重金属浓度以及试样孔隙液pH值三者共同决定。重金属种类对防渗性能的不利影响为：硝酸锌-硝酸铅>硝酸锌>硝酸铅。锌、铅溶液作用下试样的渗透系数为自来水作用下渗透系数的1.49～10.10倍,且重金属溶液的浓度越高渗透系数越大。在满足防渗要求前提下,该配比墙体材料能阻挡50 mmol/L的硝酸锌污染液、100 mmol/L的硝酸铅污染液和10 mmol/L硝酸锌-硝酸铅污染液。     

Nondestructive test to track pollutant transport into landfill liners

Over the last decade, waste disposal has become a particularly sensitive issue in Algeria. New legislation concerning landfill liner design has been adopted. Traditional methods of landfill liner characterization involve soil sampling and chemical analysis, which are costly, destructive and time-consuming. New techniques are currently being investigated that aim to provide nondestructive liner characterisation. This paper details technical aspects associated with electrical conductivity measurements within landfill liners and presents experimental work to show the direct application of electrical techniques to track ionic movement through a sand bentonite liner under chemically induced flow. Samples of sand bentonite were mixed and compacted with NaCl electrolytes at different concentrations. The electrical conductivities of compacted specimens were measured with a two-electrode cell. The effects of frequency and electrolyte concentration on the conductivity measurement were explored. The relationship between the soil electrical conductivity and the NaCl electrolyte concentration in interstitial pore fluid was determined. The conductivity measurements were used to quantify the pore fluid concentration and effective diffusion coefficient of sand bentonite liners. It is concluded here that the electrical conductivity of compacted specimens depends mainly on the salt concentration in the pore fluid, and that this approach could therefore be used to track ionic movement through liners during diffusion.     

Relative performance of lime stabilized amended clay liners in different pore fluids

Successful design of soil liner and covers for landfills and waste impoundments involves selection of liner material and assessment of chemical compatibility of the liner material. In this work locally available materials with different mineralogy have been evaluated from the viewpoint of liner application. Many local soils may not meet the requirements of liner material; often it is necessary to amend these soils with commercially available processed bentonite. Clay liners may be attacked by chemical waste or leachate, concentrated organic chemicals can attack compacted clay effectively destroying the characteristics of liner material. Thus the main aim of this work has been to assess the suitability of different types of locally available materials for their potential use as liners for waste containment facilities. The materials studied are kaolinitic red earth, illite and fly ash. Based on literature survey and experimental work in this laboratory, 20% by weight of bentonite has been chosen for amending selected materials. Addition of 20% bentonite to selected liner material improved the hydraulic conductivity and adsorption capacity of the amended mixture but, reduced the volume stability. To improve the volume stability of the amended material and to have better resistance towards chemicals attack, stabilizing the amended mixture with 1% by weight of lime has been considered. The relative advantages and disadvantages of four materials namely; red earth with 20% bentonite, illite with 20% bentonite, fly ash with 20% bentonite and illite alone, stabilized with 1% by weight of lime were brought out. The chemical compatibility of the materials to electrolyte solution (0.5 N NaCl), alkaline solution (0.5 N NaOH), acid (0.5 N HCl) and organic fluid (CCl₄) has been studied. The relative efficiency of the selected materials with selected pore fluids was compared.     

Kerman Clay Improvement by Lime and Bentonite to Be Used as Materials of Landfill Liner

Kerman province, located in the south eastern Iran, is dominated with clays which can be used in different projects. The liner system within a landfill is constructed to control leachate migration and can be constructed by low permeable natural soils or plastic lining materials, environmentally however, natural materials is preferred that usually need to be amended in order to meet requirements recommended by environmental agencies. This research examines the possibility of using the Kerman collapsible clay as a liner layer material. A set of laboratory test was conducted on pure soil samples and additive treated samples. The moderate collapse potential of the used soil is decreased with wet compaction and under the effect of additive-soil reactions. Laboratory investigations showed that lime and bentonite treatment improved the hydraulic conductivity. The results revealed hydraulic conductivities on the order of 10^?8 m/s. The obtained values met the 1.0E?07 m/s criterion required by Iranian standards. Unconfined compression tests were also performed on pure soil and additive amended samples. The unconfined compression strength values demonstrated gradual decreases with the addition of bentonite and considerable increases with adding lime such that with adding 1% lime the unconfined compression strength increased by 75%. This study verified that the Kerman collapsing clay can be used as a liner material using lime and bentonite as additives.     

地铁隧道受平行向地裂缝错动影响数值分析

西安地铁3号线局部地段通过f7地裂缝上盘,并且和f7地裂缝近似平行。基于f7地裂缝长期水准监测预测的未来最大活动量值,采用数值方法,研究了西安典型的黄土、古土壤和粉质黏土地层下地铁隧道受平行向地裂缝活动的影响。通过逐渐变化地铁隧道衬砌外皮同地裂缝间的距离,计算了6种工况下地铁隧道衬砌的变形和内力。计算结果表明:当地铁隧道衬砌外皮距离地裂缝30m时,隧道衬砌是安全,并有一定的安全储备。     

黄土隧洞支护结构设计方法探讨

采用ANSYS软件,对宝兰铁路二线码头隧道的双层模筑复合式衬砌试验断面进行建模分析,应用有限元强度折减法,求得隧洞的围岩的安全系数,应用有限元法按土体与结构共同作用原理求衬砌的安全系数。黄土隧洞设计须满足的两个要求：初步建议初期支护后土体围岩的安全系数不小于1.15～1.2,初期支护安全系数不小于1.3;二次支护后衬砌结构的安全系数大于2.0～2.4,确保工程施工与运行安全。对求得的围岩和衬砌安全系数进行评价分析,形成黄土隧洞支护结构设计的定量方法。     

Analysis of WRCC of Fly Ash-Bentonite Mixes Based on Combined Shrinkage and Suction Measurement

Sand-Bentonite mixtures are used in landfill liner application in appropriate proportions. However, effort has been made to replace the sand by some waste materials like fly ash without compromising the required properties for liner construction. In recent years, many studies were carried out to determine the suitability of different fly ashes for using with bentonite based on different geotechnical parameters. On the other hand, limited studies were found in determining the unsaturated characteristics i.e. Water Retention Characteristics Curve (WRCC) of fly ash-bentonite mixes. The determination of WRCC in case of bentonite is very complexed compared to other types of clay soil due to its high shrinkage and swelling characteristics upon drying and wetting. In this study, a combined shrinkage and suction measurement was carried out in fly ash-bentonite mixes to accurately represent the WRCC under drying condition only. The shrinkage measurement was carried out using balloon method and suction measurement was carried out with the help of WP4 dew point potentiameter device. Both the shrinkage and suction results were finally used to obtain the WRCC for the different mixes. Further, the study on the variability of WRCCs for the different mixes indicates that WRCC can be represented by a generalized plot with 20% variation.

     

Determination of hydraulic conductivity of sand-bentonite mixtures for engineering purposes

Pollution of the environment due to leakage from waste repositories is a well-known and wide spread problem. Emphasis has therefore been put on design of liners for such repositories, focusing on hydraulic conductivity and its variation with time, liner composition, water content, compaction etc. The paper addresses the hydraulic conductivity of sand/bentonite mixtures, especially the variation of the hydraulic conductivity as a function of bentonite content, compaction and degree of saturation. In order to better understand the variation of the hydraulic conductivity of a sand–bentonite mixture a new parameter k ₁ has been proposed. The parameter reflects the amount of bentonite per pore volume and can easily be calculated based on the amount of bentonite and the dry density of the soil mixture. Thereby, the hydraulic conductivity can be predicted as a function of different degres of compaction. This method can be used for engineering purposes to predict the hydraulic conductivity at an early stage of a design to get an idea of the required design and hence, cost.     

黄土渗透和强度性能的改良优化

为探寻适用于黄土地区海绵城市建设的具有较高强度和防渗性能的路基换填材料，通过对掺入水泥、聚丙烯纤维、膨润土的黄土进行强度和渗透性试验，并基于正交试验和田口方法的信噪比分析，获得了改良黄土各掺量的最优配比方案。结果表明:水泥掺量对改良黄土的无侧限抗压强度影响最显著，聚丙烯纤维掺量和长度对其渗透系数影响最大；改良黄土各掺量的最优配比为聚丙烯纤维长度取12 mm、聚丙烯纤维掺量取0.3%、膨润土和水泥掺量分别取3%和8%；在3、7、14 d养护龄期下，最优配比改良黄土的强度和渗透性能均优于不同配比的石灰改良黄土。改良的黄土各掺量最优配比可为黄土地区海绵城市道路建设中的路基处理提供参考。