一种简单的年降雨—径流概念模型

以河北省雄县新盖房水文站年径流系列分析为例，建立了新盖房水文站年径流量与其控制流域的年降雨量、耗水量和水库、闸坝等蓄水措施储量关系的简单概念模型。通过新盖房水文站年径流和其控制流域年降雨的双累积曲线分析，得出不同阶段人类活动对径流的影响，从中选择具有代表现状人类活动水平的1980－1995年径流系列，对模型及其参数进行了计算和验证，以此简单的年降雨－径流概念模型计算得到了1953－1995年长系列径流量。该模型具有概念明确、简单易用、所需资料和参数少等优点。     

分项调查与水文模型相结合的九龙江流域 天然径流量计算

由于人类活动影响,水文站的实测径流过程普遍发生显著变化,而大量水资源分析计算工作必须以天然径流量为基础。以九龙江流域为例,提出将分项调查法与水文模型法相结合的流域天然径流量综合还原法,即采用分项调查法对主要水文站控制集水区的实测径流数据做还原计算,利用还原后的径流数据构建以子流域为单元的SWAT降雨径流模型,进而通过参数移用,利用该模型模拟得到全研究区不同子流域的天然径流数据。利用该方法得到的主要控制站及无径流观测子流域的天然径流数据均具有较高准确性。该方法既可以充分利用有资料流域的详实观测数据,又可以解决无资料区对天然径流数据的需求,可以为水资源评价、水量分配等工作提供依据。     

马颊河上游南乐站径流变化分析

实测径流是自然与人类活动双重作用的结果。通过对1956～2000年马颊河上游南乐水文站的实测水文资料、流域降水资料以及通过控制断面以上流域的用水和引水资料进行还原的径流序列的分析，揭示了天然径流的变化敏感地反映了气候的变化，人类活动已远远超过气候变化对径流的影响。通过分析2个时段降雨径流关系，揭示了近20年来与1956～1979年相比，同样降水量条件下径流量的增大，反映了产汇流条件的明显变化。     

乌拉斯台沟径流特性及参证站径流量还原计算研究

为研究乌拉斯台沟流域径流变化和径流量还原过程,选用温泉水文站和阿合奇水文站作为参证站。基于基础水文资料对径流量年际变化、年内分配和径流系列等径流特性进行分析,并对参证站的径流量还原计算过程进行了详细阐述,得到温泉水文站和阿合奇水文站断面不受上游引水影响,一致性较好的天然月年径流量系列,为后期水文计算打下了基础。     

汉江流域降水与径流演变特征研究

利用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法和Pettitt突变检验法剖析了1965—2018年汉江流域内4个典型水文站径流量及控制流域降水的时空演变特征,并基于双累积曲线法探究了降水变化和人类活动对径流的影响。结果表明：4个典型水文站径流量及控制流域降水量在1965—2018年间变化呈显著波动性,在1970s的变化幅度最小。黄家港站和仙桃站年径流量呈显著减小趋势;石泉站、白河站和黄家港站控制流域年降水量均在2003年发生突变,而仙桃站控制流域年降水量在1985年发生突变,各水文站年径流量均在1991年发生突变;研究期限内人类活动对汉江流域径流减少的影响逐渐增强,如石泉站和仙桃站控制流域人类活动对径流减小的贡献率在阶段III(2003—2018年)相较阶段II(1991-2002年)分别增加了18.56%和11.15%。研究成果以期为汉江流域水资源科学管理及可持续利用提供理论参考。     

堵河流域水文特征分析

对堵河竹山水文站1959~2007年降水量、径流量、输沙量等资料进行了统计分析,描述了堵河流域降雨、径流和暴雨洪水的主要特征以及河流泥沙受人类活动影响。为堵河流域水资源管理、防汛抗旱提供参考。     

无实测资料地区径流分析计算方法探讨

设计径流量计算是关系水库规模的一件很重要的工作,对于无实测资料地区,特别是参证站与设计流域下垫面不完全相同的情况下,其设计径流量计算十分复杂。本文以冯坊河水库为例,通过分析千河支流冯坊河与千河干流千阳水文站下垫面情况,将千阳水文站控制流域地貌划分为千河南部石山稍林区和千河北部残塬丘陵区,从而计算出与设计流域下垫面情况相同的千河北残塬丘陵区年径流量,然后按面积比拟法并考虑降雨修正计算得冯坊河水库设计年径流量,并通过地区水文手册径流深等值线法进行验证,提出了分区计算水库设计径流的思路。     

气候变化和人类活动对长江中游径流量变化影响分析

利用累积距平、Mann-Kendall检验和有序聚类方法,对长江中游5个水文站1961-2014年径流量进行突变检验,并应用降雨-径流多元线性经验模型,定量评估长江中游气候变化和人类活动对径流量变化的贡献率。研究结果表明：径流量多年来呈线性减少的趋势,随降水量的变化而变化。径流突变点为1968年和2006年,1969-2005年枝城、沙市、监利、城陵矶和螺山站控制流域人类活动对径流变化影响的贡献率分别为85.68%、50.89%、84.78%、89.81%和68.39%;2006-2014年人类活动的贡献率分别为88.40%、59.47%、82.86%、80.03%、63.63%,人类活动的贡献率高于气候变化。     

托什干河流域径流变化特征及典型测站水文资料“三性”分析

以新疆托什干河流域内的典型测站沙里桂兰克水文站为主要研究对象,基于沙里桂兰克水文站1957-2017年共61年实测径流量资料,通过对该流域径流年内和年际变化特征及水文站长系列水文资料资料的可靠性、一致性和代表性进行分析,结果显示:(1)托什干河径流主要为雨雪混合补给,径流年内分配极不均匀,径流季节分布较为集中,5-8月径流量占全年径流量的77. 3%,而1-3月径流量仅占年径流量的2. 8%,四季分配不均匀;多年平均年径流量为28. 3×108m3,2003年为最丰年,年径流量为41. 3×108m3,2014年为最枯年,年径流量为17. 0×108m3,与相邻地区河流相比,托什干河的径流年际变化较大。(2)流域沙里桂兰克水文站水文资料无明显错误,成果可靠,径流系列一致性较好,年径流系列具有较好的收敛性,且存在比较完整的年际变化周期过程。研究结果为流域水资源合理开发及防洪安全提供了基础依据。     

年降雨径流相关曲线型式的探讨

一、引言年径流量是水资源计算工作中最重要的数据之一,当年径流系列较短时,一般是根据较长系列的流域年平均雨量资料,通过年降雨径流关系延长年径流系列,通常采用图解相关法或相关分析法。通过大量资料的计算分析,我们认识到我国湿润地区的年降雨径流相关关系并不都是直线关系,也有曲线关系。由于以往分析年降雨径流关系时所采用的实测径流系列     

Rainfall–runoff temporal variability in Kermanshah province,Iran and distinguishing anthropogenic effects from climatic effects

Investigation of changes in rainfall and runoff patterns in various regions and determining their relationship in the sense of hydrology and climatology are of great importance, considering those patterns efficiently reveal the human and natural factors in this variability. One of the mathematical methods to recognise and model these fluctuations is Wavelet Analysis. This is a spectral method used in multivariate analysis and also tracing fluctuations in temporal series. In this study, continuous wavelet transformation is used to identify temporal changes in rainfall–runoff patterns. The hydrological and rain gauge data were collected from in situ measurements of Kermanshah province located in the western border of Iran. Precipitation anomalies were reconsidered in a number of stations, including Kermanshah, for a period of 55 years (1955–2010) and discharge of Gamasiab River in Polchehr station, discharge of Khoram Rood River in Aran-Gharb station and discharge of Gharasoo River in Polekohne station. In addition, anomalies of the climatic teleconnections were studied to emphasise the climatological effects on the runoff pattern in the region. The role of natural and anthropogenic effects (land use changes) has been distinguished and identified, using the comparison of the teleconnections and hydrological data. The results achieved from three stations show that there was an approximate correlation between rainfall, runoff and teleconnections until the year 1995; however, after 1995, a great difference appeared among them, specifically for the Aran-Gharb station (Khoram Rood River). The post-1995 slope of cumulative standardised anomaly is much steeper in the case of runoff compared to rainfall. As there were no significant climate changes in the region, it could be concluded that the runoff decrease is not caused by climate changes, but by anthropogenic effects, human interventions and extra water usage from the surface and underground water resources for agriculture and economic purposes.     

中大流域水沙耦合模拟物理概念模型

根据黄河中游、北方干旱地区流域的超渗产流水文特征和冬季积雪的累积及融化机制,提出了中大流域水流模拟模型,结合黄土地区小流域坡面产沙、汇沙和沟蚀产沙、汇沙计算公式,构成了中大流域水沙耦合模拟物理概念模型。该模型较好地处理了北方干旱地区中大流域用下渗曲线计算地面径流中存在的观测资料缺乏、数据处理量太大两大难题;考虑了大流域气候、下垫面因素空间的不均匀性和雨洪径流产沙与融雪径流产沙间的差异。经流域实测资料的模拟检验表明,模型结构较合理,模拟结果较好。     

Distribution of stable isotopes in arid storms

 Temporal distributions of the isotopic composition in arid rain storms and in the associated runoff were investigated in a small arid rocky basin in Israel. Customized rain and runoff samplers provided sequential water samples hermetically sealed in high-density PVC bags. In several storms where the runoff was isotopically depleted, compared with the rainfall, the difference could not be explained by fractionation effects occurring during overland flow. A water-balance study relating the runoff discharge to rainfall over a rocky watershed showed that the entire discharge is produced by a very small segment (1–2 mm) of the rain storm. The major objective, therefore, was to provide quantitative relations between segments of rainfall (rain showers and rain spells) and runoff. The time distribution of the composition of stable isotopes (oxygen and hydrogen) was used to quantify the correlation between the rain spell's amount and the consequent runoff. The aim of this work was to (a) utilize the dynamic variations in the isotopic composition in rainfall and runoff and model the magnitude of surface-storage capacity associated with runoff processes of overland flow, and (b) characterize the isotopic composition of the percolating water with respect to the isotopic distribution in rainfall and runoff events. The conceptual model postulates an isotopic mixing of overland flow with water within the depression storage. A transport model was then formulated in order to estimate the physical watershed parameters that control the development of overland flow from a certain rainfall period. Part I (this paper) presents the results and the assessment of the relative depression storage obtained from oxygen-18 and deuterium analyses that lead to the physical and mathematical formulation of a double-component model of kinematic-wave flow and transport, which is presented in Part II (accompanying paper). Received, February 1997 · Revised, September 1997 · Accepted, September 1997     

Flood frequency analysis based on simulated peak discharges

Flood frequency approaches vary from statistical methods, directly applied on the observed annual maximum flood series, to adopting rainfall–runoff simulation models that transform design rainfalls to flood discharges. Reliance on statistical flood frequency analysis depends on several factors such as the selected probability distribution function, estimation of the function parameters, possible outliers, and length of the observed flood series. Through adopting the simulation approach in this paper, watershed-average rainfalls of various occurrence probabilities were transformed into the corresponding peak discharges using a calibrated hydrological model. A Monte Carlo scheme was employed to consider the uncertainties involved in rainfall spatial patterns and antecedent soil moisture condition (AMC). For any given rainfall depth, realizations of rainfall spatial distribution and AMC conditions were entered as inputs to the model. Then, floods of different return periods were simulated by transforming rainfall to runoff. The approach was applied to Tangrah watershed in northeastern Iran. It was deduced that the spatial rainfall distribution and the AMCs exerted a varying influence on the peak discharge of different return periods. Comparing the results of the simulation approach with those of the statistical frequency analysis revealed that, for a given return period, flood quantiles based on the observed series were greater than the corresponding simulated discharges. It is also worthy to note that existence of outliers and the selection of the statistical distribution function has a major effect in increasing the differences between the results of the two approaches.     

钦州市降雨及入海河流径流演变规律与趋势分析

依据钦州市58a平均降雨量和3条入海河流控制站径流量长序列资料,采用滑动平均、线性回归、Spearman、M-K及R/S法综合分析降雨径流的趋势性及突变特征。结果表明,钦州市降雨量总体呈弱增加趋势,增加率为0.742mm/10a,而茅岭江、钦江、大风江流域径流量存在总体减少趋势,减少率分别为0.2×108m~3/10a、1.1×108m~3/10a、0.4×108m~3/10a。运用复Molet小波分析多时间尺度周期性,降雨量序列存在5个时间尺度,22a和15a时间尺度分别为序列第一、三主周期;径流量序列存在3个时间尺度,其中22a和8a时间尺度分别为径流量序列第一、二主周期。     

用相关函数优化法计算离散线性水文模型参数

借助于日降雨和出流资料系列,采用相关函数优化方法确定离散线性水文模型参数是一种新的方法.文中选用4个流域8年日降雨和径流资料系列来检验相关函数优化法(6年作为率定期,2年作为验证期),所得结果与常规最小二乘法计算的结果进行比较表明:新方法计算精度比常规最小二乘法计算的精度有所提高,常规最小二乘法仅是相关函数优化法的一种特例.     

水土保持地区人类活动对汛期径流影响的估算

人类活动对于流域水文要素时变过程的影响显著,确定人类活动影响下水文要素时序的显著转折点、选出相对"天然"的序列,对于开展水土保持效益评价研究具有重要意义。以延河流域为例,采用数理统计方法推估获取人类活动影响下汛期径流时序的显著转折点,以显著转折点前的数据建立预测模型,对比分析汛期径流量的实测值与预测值,其差值即为人类活动对汛期径流的影响程度。较之传统研究方法,本文以汛期水文数据取代年均数据,以汛期降水径流综合系数代替年径流系数,从而减弱了黄土高原地区降水、径流变化幅度巨大的干扰影响。结果表明,从20世纪50年代末至80年代末,1970年为人类活动下延河流域径流时序的显著转折点,1970年以后人类活动对流域水文的影响更显著,1981年达到最大值,为72.04%。20世纪70、80年代人类活动对延河汛期径流量的影响一直处于负面减流状态。人为因素是延河径流量演变的主要驱动因子。     

桂林会仙湿地狮子岩地下河系统水循环对降水的响应

岩溶湿地是西南岩溶生态系统的重要调节器,对该地区的可持续发展有重要意义,而水循环作为维系岩溶湿地健康运转的核心因素,已经成为当前的研究热点。2020年4月15日—5月30日野外监测了桂林会仙湿地狮子岩地下河系统参数,采用水文动态分析与水均衡等方法,开展了地下河系统水循环研究。结果表明：（1）地表径流、土壤水、表层岩溶带...     

Effect of climate change on water resources in the Yuanshui River Basin: a SWAT model assessment

The Yuanshui River Basin is one of the most important river basins ensuring food production and livelihoods in the Hunan and Guizhou Provinces of China. Based on digital elevation model, land use, soil, and meteorological data, the soil and water assessment tool was used to analyze the response of water resources in the basin to climate change. Specifically, the monthly runoff from the Yuanshui River Basin was simulated. Runoff measurements from the 1961–1990 series were used to calibrate model parameters, and measurements from the 1991–2010 series were used for model validation. The Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient, correlation coefficient, and water balance error were used to evaluate the simulation results; the values obtained for these parameters were 0.925, 0.929, and 2.0%, respectively, indicating that the established model can be applied successfully to runoff simulations. To evaluate the effects of climate change and human activities on runoff, 24 different climate scenarios were modeled. By comparing the model simulation results with the baseline scenario, the effects of climate change were analyzed by year, during the dry season, and during extremely dry conditions. The results showed that runoff decreased with increasing air temperature and decreasing precipitation, and that the effects of rainfall on runoff were greater than those of air temperature. Under the same baseline conditions, the effects of climate change on runoff were most pronounced during extremely dry months.     

一种时变分布式单位线计算方法

为了解决由降雨强度引起的径流汇流的非线性问题,提出一种基于SCS(United States Department of Agriculture-Soil Conservation Service)流速公式的时变分布式单位线计算方法。引入参考雨强表征SCS公式中流速系数对应的水力条件。由降雨过程的时段雨强与参考雨强的比值构成一个量纲一因子,将该因子加入SCS公式后使其能够考虑降雨对流速的影响。改进后的流速公式用于计算一次降雨过程中不同降雨时段对应的时变分布式单位线,时变分布式单位线与新安江模型的产流模块构成降雨径流模型,将模型用于裴河流域率定参考雨强。率定后的模型用于谭家河流域进行应用检验,结果显示,确定性系数大于等于0.9的洪水场次,由时不变单位线的42%增大为83%。提出的方法能够显著提高流域水文模型的降雨径流模拟能力。