四川盆地埋藏沉降史模拟

将地震剖面与钻井资料结合起来，根据钻井取得的地层厚度、时代、岩性、密度、孔 隙度等信息，对剖面上任意点进行回剥分析，并运用均衡原理绘出沉降曲线，从而给出沉积 史和构造史. 模拟研究四川盆地埋藏沉降史表明，四川盆地构造沉降与总沉降之差随地层地 质年龄的减少而减少，说明地层越新压实量越小. 不同时期的沉降速率有所不同，总趋势为 早期沉降速率大，随着时间的推移，沉降速率逐渐减小.     

渤海新生代盆地浅部构造迁移特征及其深部动力学机制探讨

渤海湾盆地的海域部分与渤海湾盆地其他部分一样,新生代为断陷-拗陷盆地.中渐新世以来,渤海湾盆地的沉积沉降中心迁移至渤海海域,并且拗陷期出现普遍的加速沉降现象.综合分析渤海各坳陷新生代构造样式和断裂时空展布特征,表明断裂发育总体受伸展控制,只是在中渐新世后受走滑影响.选取基本垂直渤海构造走向的6条大剖面,进行伸展量估算,并在剖面上选取虚拟井计算沉积沉降速率,结果表明,在断陷阶段,孔店组-沙四段沉积期,各坳陷沉积沉降速率较低且相差不大,发育多个沉积沉降中心;至沙三段沉积期沉积沉降速率达到最快,东营组沉积期沉积沉降速率变慢,但沉积沉降中心已从四周逐步迁移至渤中坳陷;拗陷阶段,以渤中坳陷为中心,出现的强烈沉积沉降,明显高于正常拗陷阶段沉积沉降速率.结合最新的深部探测资料,认为渤海新生代盆地的断裂展布,受中生代末先存的构造格局影响;断陷盆地的形成,则是太平洋板块俯冲的持续后退和印藏碰撞远程效应持续东进共同作用的结果;中渐新世以来的加速沉降现象,则是太平洋俯冲板片前缘向东迁移引起的岩石圈迅速冷却的最直接表现.     

用地震折射测量资料研究加州大峡谷轴部的地壳结构

1982年,美国地质调查局在加州峡谷区域收集了六个地震折射剖面;三个轴向剖面,最大地检偏移为160km,三个与峡谷轴向垂直的短剖面。这篇文章介绍了中心主轴剖面的二维射线追踪和理论地震图模拟的研究成果。中部大峡谷轴部区域的地壳具有横向不均匀性,但是通常由沉积覆盖和可区分的上、中、下地壳所组成。沿着纵剖面沉积岩厚度为3—5km,速度随深度变化由1.64km/s增至4.0km/s,基底(上地壳)由四部分组成;(1)速度为5.4—5.8km/s的层厚度为1.0—1.5km。(2)速度为6.0—6.3km/s的层厚度为3—4km。(3)速度为6.5—6.6km/s的层厚度为1.5—3.0km。(4)以及一个厚1.5km的横向不均匀层,速度为6.8—7.0km/s。中地壳位于深11—14km处,厚度为5—8km,具有6.6—6.7km/s的速度。此剖面西北部,中地壳存在一个低速带,位于速度为6.8—7.0km/s层之下。下地壳位于深16—19km处,厚度为7—13km,速度是6.9—7.2km/s。在此模型中,由西北至东南,地壳厚度逐步由26km增至29km。     

攀西地区重力场特征及地壳密度结构

攀西地区位于峨眉山大火成岩省中西部,构造和岩浆特征显著,地震活动强烈.通过对野外重力测量得到的云县—会东和普洱—七甸两条剖面的高精度重力观测数据进行处理和分析,构建了沿剖面的二维地壳密度结构,其中普洱—七甸剖面与孟连—马龙宽角地震剖面部分位置重合.同时结合区域重力异常特征及下地壳视密度填图结果,得到如下初步认识:红河断裂带是南北地震带南段地区重要的构造分界线,断裂带南北向密度结构和莫霍面分布形态存在较大差异,沿走向构造变化.云县—会东剖面上大姚—会东段下地壳底部存在密度较高的壳幔过渡层,结合研究区下地壳底部壳幔过渡层的密度分布特征,认为该过渡层不是攀西裂谷下的"裂谷垫",而是由岩浆底侵作用造成的.     

临汾盆地晚第四纪地层划分与新构造运动分析

为划分临汾盆地第四纪地层,在临汾市东布设1个控制性钻孔,描述其所揭示的地层岩性特征。通过对钻孔剖面中269件孢粉样品的孢粉组合进行分带讨论,结合9个光释光样品和12个电子自旋共振样品的年龄测试结果,认为该控制性钻孔记录了379ka B.P.以来的沉积地层,其中埋深0~0.4m属于全新统,0.4~80.8 m属于上更新统(孢粉记录揭示出相对干燥寒冷的古气候特征,终末期气候转暖,降水增多),埋深80.8m以下属于中更新统(代表了温暖潮湿的古气候特征)。晚更新世以来平均沉降速率为0.64mm/a,远高于临汾盆地第四纪平均断陷速率,表明晚更新世以来临汾盆地的新构造运动呈现增强趋势。     

大震重复性与减震作用

1957年公布的中国地震烈度区划图其编图原则有两个,一个是过去历史上发生过多大的地震,将来还会重演,另一个是地质条件相似的地方地震强度相似。本文对这两个原则进行了修正。对第一个原则的修正主要是用统计法、位错法和热传导法求出大震重复周期,在大震间歇期间,烈度可以降低一两度。对于第二个原则的修正主要是考虑到我国大陆内主应力的分布是大体一致的,错动旋性也是一致的。在此情况下,当一个断层上发生大震后,相距不太远的平行断层就会减震,而不是地质条件相似必然要发生类似的大震。对于相交汇的两个断层来说,一个相当于垂线,可称垂断层,另一个相当于底线,可称底断层。如果底断层发生了大震,则垂断层上就减震了,简称“底震垂减”;如果垂断层上发生了大震,则底断层上可能还会相继发生大震,可称“垂震底继”。根据减震作用的观点可以在全国寻找一些安全区,以利于经济建设。如果一个断层不是发生大震,而是在很长的地段内发生蠕滑,则相邻的平行断层也可减震。由减震作用可以解释地震活动的整带跨距迁移,也可解释相平行的断层上的地震分布的平行四边形格局。为了探明已发大震的断层是否已锁住,可用被外因调制的小震活动性来抽查。对于平行断层来说,异旋是加震的。本文得到的主要结果如下: 1.大震重复时间本文收集了中国活动断层滑动速率的数据,得到了最大滑动速率为25mm/年,平均滑动速率为10mm/年,以及最小滑动速率为0.1mm/年。据根我们在1973年得到的震级与错动幅度的经验关系式Dcm=10~(0.52Ms-1.25) 则强震的重复时间可分别表示为: T_1=Dcm/V_(最大) T_2=Dcm/V_(平均) T_3=Dcm/V_(最小) 式中V为滑动速率。由上述数据可求得在不同滑动速率下的大震重复时间,如表1所示。在不同的建设地区,可根据其建设项目的重要性以及当地活动断裂的大致滑动速率来选择表1中的大震重复时间。2.强震造成的减震距离对于一个走滑震源断层,在其垂直方向上位移衰减至1米的距离R为R=H/1.17cot(π/2 100cm/Dcm) 上式H为断层面深度,我们取20公里,则上式可写为R=20/1.17(cot(π/2 100/D)) 对于不同震级地震的减震距离可表示于表2 关于由热传导计算大地震重复时间问题留待以后专文讨论。     

利用观测的TEC和电离图推导顶部电离层剖面的一个方法

给出一个利用观测的ＴＥＣ和电离图参数来推导顶部电离层电子密度剖面的方法．基本原理是，利用反演的峰下剖面计算出峰下积分电子含量，然后由观测的ＴＥＣ推算出顶部的积分电子含量。假定ＩＲＩ计算的顶部剖面经一个修正标高因子修正后所得的积分电子含量与观测值一致，从而得到修正标高因子。     

穿过波罗的地盾北部、芬兰北部POLAR剖面麻粒岩带的反射地震测量

1985年,在芬兰北部的POLAR折射波地震剖面进行了反射波地震测量。这次测量是由Helsinki、Uppsala和Hamburg大学联合设计实施的,采用144道的数字仪。通过每天重复放炮和改变拾震器跨距的方法,我们能得一个42—50km宽的记录图。作为反射单元,得到通过震源-拾震器中点的测线的总长度是84km。我们处理这些资料,可得到正规时差修     

白云岩风化剖面的元素地球化学特征及其对上陆壳平均化学组成的意义--以黔北新蒲剖面为例

选择黔北岩溶山地垄岗之上的一个白云岩风化剖面 ,通过元素在剖面演化中的地球化学行为研究 ,建议白云岩就位风化作用可分为两个阶段 :白云岩淋溶残积过程和残积土的演化过程 ;以Al为参比元素 ,获得剖面微量元素中以Ni,Cr,Mo ,W ,Ti为最不活化元素 ;稀土元素在白云岩风化中的地球化学行为与它在别的岩类的化学风化过程中的行为相似 ,同时发现稀土元素之间存在着分异 ;发现了两个稀土元素及其微量元素的富集层 ,推断是由于剖面演化中的环境变化 ,导致风化前缘的下移 ,从而形成两个富集层叠置 .认为白云岩风化剖面中风化程度较强的上部样品的元素含量可代表白云岩形成时区域上陆壳组成的活化元素 ;而不活化元素可用风化程度较低的下部样品的元素含量表示 .同时认为化学沉积的碳酸盐岩中的“不溶物” ,与冰碛物 ,黄土等沉积物一样 ,可提供上陆壳的平均化学组成成分 .     

双极化Sentinel-1数据在昆明市沉降监测中的应用

针对多数学者用VV极化的Sentinel-1数据对城市区域进行监测而忽略VH极化数据的问题,本文利用SBAS-InSAR方法,结合28景双极化(VV极化和VH极化)Sentinel-1数据,得到了昆明市2018年8月—2019年7月间的地面沉降情况,并且对两种极化的沉降监测结果进行对比.结果表明昆明市主城区存在着较为明显的沉降现象,部分区域沉降严重形成明显的沉降漏斗.最大年平均沉降速率达到-53.63 mm/a(VV极化)和-53.67 mm/a (VH极化).对两种极化的数据集进行对比,发现在SDFP点的筛选和获取方面,VV极化数据集要优于VH极化数据集;其次,VV极化数据和VH极化数据的沉降速率、沉降分布及趋势等结果呈现出一致性,但是二者在同一时间段的各个监测节点的沉降时序变化存在着差异.     

辽吉古裂谷部分地区深部地质结构特征

在4条实测高精度重、磁剖面及MT剖面探测的基础上,结合区域地质资料及野外地质研究,对辽吉古元古代裂谷（简称辽吉裂谷）边界、内部地质结构和基底组成等深部地质问题进行了论述。 新获取的非震地球物理剖面为揭示辽吉裂谷的深部地质结构提供了重要信息,在MT剖面上发现沿连山关—赛马一线存在一个明显的南倾构造界面,该界面为控制辽吉裂谷北部边界的伸展断裂构造面,以往认为在本溪市—本溪县一线辽河群分布的北部边界应为辽吉裂谷的古地理边界;证实南北辽河群岩相的差异主要是由相变造成的;MT剖面揭示出辽吉裂谷内部具有复式褶皱结构特征,基底埋深可达10km以上;区域地质研究及重磁电联合反演结果表明辽吉裂谷的基底主要发育2种类型：一是太古代表壳岩花岗岩型;二是太古代花岗岩-古元古代花岗岩型。     

Uplift history and structure of the Transantarctic Mountains: new evidence from fission track dating of basement apatites in the Dry Valleys area, southern Victoria Land

Fission track analysis of apatites from basement rocks of the Wright Valley in southern Victoria Land provides information about the timing, the amount and hence the rate of uplift of the Transantarctic Mountains in this area. Apatite ages increase systematically with elevation, and a pronounced break in the age versus elevation profile has been recognised at about 800 m on Mt. Doorly near the mouth of Wright Valley. The apatite age of about 50 Ma at this point approximates the time at which uplift of the mountain range began. Samples lying above the break in slope lay within the apatite fission track annealing zone prior to uplift, during a Cretaceous to Early Cenozoic period of relative thermal and tectonic stability. At the lower elevations samples had a zero apatite fission track age before the onset of rapid uplift and have track length distributions indicating rapid cooling. Some 4.8–5.3 km of uplift are estimated to have occurred at an average rate of about 100 ± 5m/Ma since uplift began. From the total stratigraphic thickness known above the uplifted apatite annealing zone it can be estimated that the Late Cretaceous/Early Cenozoic thermal gradient in the area was about 25–30°C/km.The occurrence and pattern of differential uplift across the Transantarctic Mountains can be estimated from the vertical offsets of different apatite fission track age profiles sampled across the range. These show the structure of the mountain range to be that of a large tilt block, dipping gently to the west under the polar ice-cap and bounded by a major fault zone on its eastern side. Offset dolerite sills at Mt. Doorly show the mountain front to be step-faulted by 1000 m or more down to the McMurdo Sound coast from an axis of maximum uplift just inland from Mt. Doorly.     

米仓山楔入冲断构造模型低温热年代学证据及其意义

基于低温热年代学特征的构造重建（或解译）与浅部地表过程模型在诠释盆-山结构与演化过程中受到越来越广泛的重视与应用.青藏高原东缘米仓山-川北前陆盆山系统楔入冲断构造模型与浅部地貌建造（非）耦合的检验校正为米仓山造山带构造变形及其动力学模型研究提供了契机.基于稳态楔入冲断构造低温热年代学模型研究表明,米仓山-川北前陆盆-山结构带盆山地貌的建造和低温热年代学（磷灰石裂变径迹和（U-Th）/He）特征具有明显的耦合性,二者统一于（盆地向）具~4°古地貌斜坡的楔入冲断构造模型.现今米仓山地区低温热年代学不具有明显的海拔高程和年龄线性关系,但当古地貌具有~4°坡度时低温热年代学与古地貌具有明显的线性相关性,揭示晚白垩世米仓山东西段具有一致（或相似）的稳态抬升剥露特征,东西段剥露速率分别为0.05 mm/a 和0.03 mm/a.古地貌坡度与古地温梯度具有较好的相关性（R²=95%~98%）,相关古地温梯度（25~35 ℃/km）符合米仓山稳态剥露地质结构特征.米仓山造山带楔入冲断构造模型的发育可能受控于多套滑脱层系（尤其是深部和浅部滑脱层系）和扬子板块能干性基底对造山带盆地向扩展变形过程的阻挡作用.     

THE ACTIVITY OF WESTERN LISHAN FAULT SINCE THE LATE PLEISTOCENE

Along the northern piedmont of Mt. Lishan, the characteristics and locations of the active normal Lishan fault in west of Huaqing Pool provide important evidences for determining the seismotectonic environment, seismic stability evaluation of engineering in the eastern Weihe Basin. After reviewing the results from high-density resistivity method, seismic profile data, geological drillhole section and trenching in west of the Huaqing Pool, it is found that the strike of western normal Lishan Fault changes from EW direction at the eastern part to the direction of N60°W, and the fault consists of two branches, dipping NE with a high dip angle of~75°. The artificial shallow seismic profile data reveals that the attitude of strata near Lishan Fault mainly dips to south, which is presumed to be related to the southward tilt movement of Mt. Lishan since the Cenozoic. The section of geological drillhole reveals that since the late middle Pleistocene, the displacement of the paleo-soil layer S₂ is about 10m. And the maximum displacement of western Lishan Fault recorded in the paleo-soil layer S₁ reaches 7.8m since the late Pleistocene. In addition, evidences from trench profile show that the western Lishan Fault was active at least 3 times since Malan loess deposition with ¹⁴ C dating age(32 170±530)Cal a BP. The multiple activities of the Lishan Fault result in a total displacement about 3.0m in the Malan loess layer L₁. The latest activity of the western Lishan Fault produced a displacement of about 0.9m in the early Holocene loess layer L₀((8 630±20)Cal a BP)and caused obvious tensile cracks in the Holocene dark leoss layer S₀((4 390±20)Cal a BP). Briefly, we have obtained a vertical movement rate of about 0.11~0.19mm/a since the Holocene((8 630±20)Cal a BP)in the western extension of the Lishan Fault, the recurrence interval of earthquakes on the fault is about(10.7±0.5)ka, and the co-seismic surface rupture in a single event is inferred to be about 0.9m.     

APPLICATION OF UAVLS TO RAPID GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS

Three-dimensional scanning with LiDAR has been widely used in geological surveys. The LiDAR with high accuracy is promoting geoscience quantification. And it will be much more convenient, efficient and useful when combining it with the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). This study focuses on UAV-based Laser Scanning (UAVLS)geological field mapping, taking two examples to present advantages of the UAVLS in contrast with other mapping methods. For its usage in active fault mapping, we scanned the Nanpo village site on the Zhangxian segment of the West Qinling north-edge fault. It effectively removed the effects of buildings and vegetation, and uncovered the fault trace. We measured vertical offset of 1.3m on the terrace T₁ at the Zhang river. Moreover, we also scanned landslide features at the geological hazard observatory of Lanzhou University in the loess area. The scanning data can help understand how micro-topography affects activation of loess landslides. The UAVLS is time saving in the field, only spending about half an hour to scan each site. The amount of average points per meter is about 600, which can offer topography data with resolution of centimeter. The results of this study show that the UAVLS is expected to become a common, efficient and economic mapping tool.     

渡口及其邻近地区地壳浅层结构的研究

为了研究攀枝花-西昌构造带的地壳与上地幔顶部结构,在西起丽江东至者海全长350km的测线上进行了爆炸地震探测。本文利用所取得的六条地震记录剖面的P_g波组,研究测线下方地壳浅层结构。采用层状垂直梯度和横向不均匀模型,用理论走时和射线追踪方法来拟合实测P_g走时资料。得到深度为10km范围的地壳浅层结构和速度分布。 结果表明,该区地表P波速度以渡口至华坪一带为最高,达6.00km/s。向东西两侧逐步减小,东至者海为5.20km/s,西至丽江降为3.50km/s。局部地段因构造影响速度值有些起伏。从浅层结构和速度分布可见,该区存在箐河-程海、绿汁江、安宁河和甘洛-小江等深断裂带,并向地壳深部延伸。等速度线图表明,该区上地壳中有一高速岩体存在。攀枝花钒、钛、铁矿的富集以及其他热液型矿床的分布很可能与此有关。     

GEOLOGICAL AND GEOMORPHIC EXPRESSIONS OF LATE QUATERNARY STRIKE-SLIP ACTIVITY ON JINTA NANSHAN FAULT IN NORTHERN EDGE OF QING-ZANG BLOCK

Jinta Nanshan Fault is an important fault in northeast front of Qing-Zang Plateau, and it is crucial for determining the eastern end of Altyn Tagh Fault. However, there is still debate on its significant strike-slip movement. In this paper, we study the Late Quaternary activity of Jinta Nanshan Fault and its geological and geomorphic expressions by interpreting aerial photographs and high-resolution remote sensing images, surveying and mapping of geological and geomorphic appearances, digging and clarifying fault profiles and mapping deformation characteristics of micro-topographies, then we analyze whether strike-slip activity exists on Jinta Nanshan Fault. We get a more complete fault geometry than previous studies from most recent remote sensing images. Active fault traces of Jinta Nanshan mainly include 2 nearly parallel, striking 100°~90° fault scarps, and can be divided into 3 segments. West segment and middle segment form a left stepover with 2~2.5km width, and another stepover with 1.2km width separates the middle and east segment. We summarize geomorphic and geologic evidence relating to strike slip activity of Jinta Nanshan Fault. Geomorphic expressions are as follows:First, fault scarps with alternating facing directions; second, sinistral offset of stream channels and micro-topographies; third, pull-apart basins and compressive-ridges at discontinuous part of Jinta Nanshan Fault. Geologic expressions are as follows:First, fault plane characteristics, including extremely high fault plane angle, unstable dip directions and coexistence of normal fault and reverse fault; second, flower structures. Strike-slip rate was estimated by using geomorphic surface age of Zheng et al.(2013)and left-lateral offset with differential GPS measurements of the same geomorphic surface at field site in Fig. 4e. We calculated a strike-slip rate of (0.19±0.05)mm/a, which is slightly larger than or almost the same with vertical slip rate of (0.11±0.03)mm/a from Zheng et al.(2013). When we confirm the strike-slip activity of Jinta Nanshan, we discuss its potential dynamic sources:First, eastern extension of Altyn Tagh Fault and second, strain partitioning of northeastward extension of Qilian Shan thrust belt. The first one is explainable when it came to geometric pattern of several E-W striking fault and eastward decreasing strike slip rate, but the former cannot explain why the Heishan Fault, which locates between the the Altyn Tagh Fault and Jinta Nanshan Fault, is a pure high angle reverse fault. The latter seems more explainable, because oblique vectors may indeed partition onto a fault and manifest strike-slip activity.     

磁县大名断层分段特征及活动性

根据邯郸市活断层探测的最新资料,结合野外调查和石油地质的研究成果,对磁县—大名断层的分段性进行了研究;根据探槽开挖及测年结果的分析,对其活动性进行了讨论。研究结果显示,磁县—大名断层从东向西可分为3段:大名—临漳段、磁县—峰峰段和南山村—岔口段,3段呈左阶展布。研究表明:磁县—峰峰段晚更新世以来没有活动的证据;西段活动性较强;大名—临漳段沿线有多次中强震发生,其活动性有待进一步研究。由于上覆沉积层的影响,磁县—峰峰段未见明显的地表破裂带,因沉积物厚度逐渐减薄而表现为上断点由东向西逐渐变浅,在南山村—岔口段表现为明显的地表破裂带。     

塔里木盆地区域构造特征

本文通过对塔里木盆地航磁资料的综合解释,探讨了该区深部基底构造及区域构造特征。指出在盆地深部存在一个较古老的结晶地块,它对盆地的形成及发展起着明显的控制作用。通过对重、磁及地震测量资料的分析,探讨了该区古生界、中生界及新生界等构造层发育的一般概况;并将盆地内划分为中央隆起带、西南拗陷带、塔东拗陷区、塔北隆起区、库车山前拗陷及塔东南断阶构造带等单元;指出了该区断裂发育及华力西期基性岩的分布情况。最后对西南拗陷带及塔东拗陷区的油气远景作了初步评价。     

SLIP RATES OF THE RIYUE MT. FAULT AT DEZHOU SEGMENT SINCE LATE PLEISTOCENE

The Riyue Mt. Fault is a secondary fault controlled by the major regional boundary faults (East Kunlun Fault and Qilian-Haiyuan Fault). It lies in the interior of Qaidam-Qilianshan block and between the major regional boundary faults. The Riyue Mt. fault zone locates in the special tectonic setting which can provide some evidences for recent activity of outward extension of NE Tibetan plateau, so it is of significance to determine the activity of Riyue Mt. Fault since late Pleistocene to Holocene. In this paper, we have obtained some findings along the Dezhou segment of Riyue Mt. Fault by interpreting the piedmont alluvial fans, measuring fault scarps, and excavating trenches across the fault scarp. The findings are as follows:(1) Since the late Pleistocene, there are an alluvial fan f_p and three river terraces T₁-T₃ formed on the Dezhou segment. The abandonment age of f_p is approximately (21.2±0.6) ka, and that of the river terrace T₂ is (12.4±0.11) ka. (2) Since the late Pleistocene, the dextral strike-slip rate of the Riyue Mt. Fault is (2.41±0.25) mm/a. In the Holocene, the dextral strike-slip rate of the fault is (2.18±0.40) mm/a, and its vertical displacement rate is (0.24±0.16) mm/a. This result indicates that the dextral strike-slip rate of the Riyue Mt. Fault has not changed since the late Pleistocene. It is believed that, as one of the dextral strikeslip faults, sandwiched between the the regional big left-lateral strike-slip faults, the Riyue Mt. Fault didn't cut the boundary zone of the large block. What's more, the dextral strike-slip faults play an important role in the coordination of deformation between the sub-blocks during the long term growth and expansion of the northeast Tibetan plateau.