Accelerated climate change and its potential impact on Yak herding livelihoods in the eastern Tibetan plateau

The Tibetan Plateau has experienced rapid warming like most other alpine regions. Regional assessments show rates of warming comparable with the arctic region and decreasing Asian summer monsoons. We used meteorological station daily precipitation and daily maximum and minimum temperature data from 80 stations in the eastern Tibetan Plateau of southwest China to calculate local variation in the rates and seasonality of change over the last half century (1960–2008). Daily low temperatures during the growing season have increased greatly over the last 24 years (1984–2008). In sites of markedly increased warming (e.g., Deqin, Yunnan and Mangya, Qinghai), daily and growing season daily high temperatures have increased at a rate above 5 °C/100 years. In Deqin, precipitation prior to the 1980s fell as snow whereas in recent decades it has shifted to rain during March and April. These shifts to early spring rains are likely to affect plant communities. Animals like yaks adapted to cold climates are also expected to show impacts with these rising temperatures. This region deserves further investigation to determine how these shifts in climate are affecting local biodiversity and livelihoods.     

Long-term spatial and temporal trends in frost indices in Kansas, USA

Frost indices such as number of frost days (nFDs), number of frost-free days (nFFDs), last spring freeze (LSF), first fall freeze (FFF), and growing-season length (GSL) were calculated using daily minimum air temperature (T_min) from 23 centennial weather stations across Kansas during four time periods (through 1919, 1920–1949, 1950–1979, and 1980–2009). A frost day is defined as a day with T_min?<?0 °C. The long- and short-term trends in frost indices were analyzed at monthly, seasonal, and annual timescales. Probability of occurrence of the indices was analyzed at 5 %, 25 %, 50 %, 75 %, and 95 %. Results indicated a general increase in T_min from 1900 through 2009 causing a decrease in nFDs. LSF and FFF occurred earlier and later than normal in the year, respectively, thereby resulting in an increase in GSL. In general, northwest Kansas recorded the greatest nFD and lowest T_min, whereas southeast Kansas had the lowest nFD and highest T_min; however, the magnitude of the trends in these indices varied with location, time period, and time scales. Based on the long-term records in most stations, LSF occurred earlier by 0.1–1.9 days/decade, FFF occurred later by 0.2–0.9 day/decade, and GSL was longer by 0.1–2.5 day/decade. At the 50 % probability level, Independence in the south-eastern part of Kansas had the earliest LSF (6 April), latest FFF (29 October) and longest GSL (207 days). Oberlin (north-western Kansas) recorded the shortest GSL (156 days) and earliest FFF (7 October) had the latest LSF (2 May) at the 50 % probability level. A positive correlation was observed for combinations of indices (LSF and GSL) and elevation, whereas a negative correlation was found between FFF and elevation.     

1971-2010年河南省霜期的时空分布及其对气温的响应

利用1971-2010年河南省均匀分布的110个地面气象站霜的观测资料,采用线性倾向率和单相关分析法,对近40 a河南省初霜期、终霜期和无霜期的时空分布特征及其对气温的响应进行研究,利用M-K法分析霜期的突变特征。结果表明：1971-2010年河南省平均无霜期为221.3 d,纬度与初霜期（R=-0.806）和无霜期（R=-0.707）均呈显著负相关,与终霜期（R=0.557）呈显著正相关;初霜期以2.6 d/10 a的速率呈明显推迟（p<0.01）,而终霜期的线性变化趋势不明显,无霜期以4.7 d/10 a的速率呈明显延长（p<0.01）;初霜期、终霜期和无霜期的突变点均在1998年。从各地区看,初霜期在各地区呈明显推迟,豫西地区推迟趋势最大（3.5 d/10 a,p<0.01）;终霜期仅在豫西和豫南地区呈显著提前;除豫东地区外,无霜期在其余5个地区均呈明显延长,豫西地区延长趋势最大（7.7 d/10 a,p<0.01）。从各观测站霜期的变化趋势空间分布来看,初霜期显著推后、终霜期显著提前和无霜期明显延长的站点分布在豫西和豫南地区。河南省初霜期与10月、终霜期与3月气温因子相关性较强;初霜期推迟和终霜期提前主要由气温升高引起的,其中平均最低气温是最重要的影响因素。初霜期推迟和终霜期提前导致无霜期延长。     

1961—2008年阿勒泰地区异常初终霜日变化特征

以小于等于0 ℃最低气温作为霜冻指标,利用1961—2008年阿勒泰地区7个测站的逐日最低气温资料,采用现代气候诊断分析方法,分析了该地区初、终霜日和无霜期的气候变化特征。结果表明：近48 a来阿勒泰大部分地区呈初霜迟、终霜结束的早、无霜期延长的趋势,使作物生长季延长,其中哈巴河表现最为显著;极早初霜日发生频数为2—6次,以富蕴最多,极晚终霜日发生频数为1—4次。各站最迟、最早初霜日的差值和最早、最迟终霜日的差值均在30 d以上;哈巴河霜日发生了气候突变。     

近46年大连地区初、终霜冻事件和无霜冻期变化

以不高于0℃最低气温作为霜冻指标, 利用1961—2006年大连地区3个国家级气象站逐日最低气温资料, 采用现代气候诊断分析方法, 分析了该地区初、终霜冻事件和无霜期变化的特征。结果表明:近46年来, 大连和瓦房店站均表现为初霜冻日推迟、终霜冻日提早、无霜冻期延长的变化趋势, 其中瓦房店站表现得更为显著; 庄河站的初霜冻日和终霜冻日表现出相似的变化, 但各自的变化趋势不显著, 而无霜冻期延长趋势显著; 大连境内极早初霜冻日和极晚终霜冻日发生频数分别为1~3次和1~4次, 大连最多, 瓦房店最少; 大连站的初霜冻日期存在2年和11年的显著周期, 终霜冻日期存在22年的显著周期, 庄河站的初霜冻日期和无霜冻期均存在11年左右显著周期; 异常霜冻事件大连和庄河站20世纪60年代出现的频数最多, 21世纪初最少; 而瓦房店21世纪初异常霜冻事件出现的频数最多, 20世纪80年代最少。     

1961-2014年中国内陆农业区异常初、终霜日时空变化及其与环流因子的关系

利用中国内陆1961年以来734个气象台站0 cm地表最低温度作为初、终霜日的参考指标,运用概率密度函数方法定义了不同等级的霜冻指数,重点分析了全球气候状态转变后中国农业区初、终霜日稳定性,异常初、终霜日时空变化特征,以及环流因子变化对初、终霜日的影响。结果显示:（1）青藏高原地区在20世纪90年代之后初霜日明显推后、终霜日明显提前,无霜期明显延长;四川盆地东部、华南地区南部部分站点在20世纪90年代之后霜期缩短明显,出现低频率无霜年份,无霜日站点相对有所增多,出现向北扩展趋势,20世纪90年代之后扩展趋势明显。（2）20世纪80年代初、终霜日相对于其他时段稳定性最强,20世纪90年代稳定性最低,气候状态转变之后青藏高原和新疆南部地区初、终霜日稳定性较强区域面积明显增大;空间上四川盆地东部和华南区初、终霜日稳定性最低,其他区域初、终霜日稳定性相对较低,华南区霜日不稳定区分布范围在21世纪最初10年之后有所减小,稳定区北移明显。（3）异常初、终霜日发生频率:偏早初霜日>偏晚终霜日>特早初霜日>特晚终霜日,气候状态转变前后异常初、终霜日发生频率较高,20世纪90年代偏早初霜日高频率覆盖地区范围最大,其次是20世纪70年代偏早初霜日,气候状态的转变对异常初、终霜日的发生影响较大。（4）各农业区初霜日的推迟、终霜日的提前与极涡缩小、副热带高压北移有直接关系;极涡与副热带高压的位置、强度、面积变化对中国农业区初、终霜日多年气候状态的转变有一定的驱动作用。      

近58年华北地区初、终霜日及无霜期变化特征分析

基于华北地区90个气象站点1961-2018年地面0 cm日最低温度和平均气温资料,采用线性倾向估计、反距离加权、Mann-Kendall检验、累积距平法,研究了近58年华北地区初、终霜日和无霜期的变化特征。结果表明:(1)在年际和年代际尺度上,华北地区初、终霜日和无霜期均分别呈显著推迟、提前和延长的趋势,从20世纪80年代开始,趋势逐渐明显,反映出气候的变暖趋势。(2)由北向南随纬度和海拔的降低,初、终霜日和无霜期分别呈推迟、提前和延长的趋势,平均气温上升速率越大越显著的站点,其初、终霜日和无霜期推迟、提前和延长的速率也较显著;山区初、终霜日和无霜期分别比平原早、晚和短。(3)初、终霜日和无霜期突变分别发生在1986,1995和1995年,各区域初、终霜日和无霜期均在20世纪80年代和90年代发生突变。(4)初、终霜日和无霜期的等值线呈北移趋势。(5)初、终霜日和无霜期在未来分别呈持续推迟、持续提前和持续延长的趋势,且三者的变化幅度为无霜期>终霜日>初霜日。     

Spatiotemporal change in the climatic growing season in Northeast China during 1960–2009

Daily mean air temperatures from 81 meteorological stations in Northeast China were analyzed for the spatiotemporal change of the climatic growing season during the period 1960–2009. Our results showed that latitude strongly influenced the spatial patterns of the mean start (GSS), end (GSE), and length (GSL) of the growing season. For the area studied, a significant increasing trend in GSL during 1960–2009 was detected at a significance level of 0.01, especially after the early 1980s. The area-average GSL has extended 13.3 days during the last 50 years, mainly due to the advanced GSS evident in the spring (7.9 days). The variations of GSS and GSE were closely correlated with the monthly mean temperature (T _mean) of April and October, respectively, while GSL was closely related to the monthly minimum temperatures (T _min) of spring (March to April) and autumn (September to October). The distributions of the trends in growing season parameters (GSS, GSE, and GSL) showed great spatial variability over Northeast China. Significant relationships between altitude and the trend rates of the GSS and GSL were detected, while geographic parameters had little direct effect on the change in GSE. This extended growing season may provide favorable conditions for agriculture and forest, and improve their potential production.     

1961-2014年焉耆盆地霜冻气候分析

利用焉耆盆地3个气象站1961-2014年的初终霜冻日、无霜期资料,采用线性倾向估计法、多项式趋势、M-K检测等统计方法,分析焉耆盆地54a来霜冻气候变化特征。结果表明：(1)焉耆盆地平均初、终霜冻整体均呈显著线性后推趋势,平均分别后推了3d和21d,终霜冻推后速率大于初霜冻,无霜期呈缩短趋势,平均缩短了18d,具有明显的年代际特征。(2)平均初、终霜冻及无霜期分别于1987年、1985年、1967年发生了气候突变,初、终霜冻均表现为由提前转为明显推迟,无霜期表现为由延长转为缩短.(3)焉耆盆地特早、偏早初霜冻发生频率分别为7%和22%,发生在60年代到90年代,特晚、偏晚终霜冻发生频率分别为4%和11%,多发生在70年代和90年代,21世纪各出现一次。(4)终霜日显著推后,无霜期缩短,是今后焉耆盆地农业生产结构优化关注的重点。     

Climatic change on the Tibetan Plateau: Potential Evapotranspiration Trends from 1961–2000

Time series (1961–2000) of Penman-Monteith potential evapotranspiration estimates for 101 stations on the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas are analyzed in this paper. For the Tibetan Plateau as a whole potential evapotranspiration (PET) has decreased in all seasons. The average annual evapotranspiration rate decreased by 13.1 mm/decade or 2.0% of the annual total. Superimposed on this general decline are fluctuations ranging from app. 600 to 700 mm with above average rates in the 1970s and 1980s. On a regional basis, spatial trend distributions remain stable throughout the year with similar seasonal variations. Decreasing PET rates are more pronounced in winter and spring (80% of all stations) as compared to summer and autumn (58% of all stations). Maximum negative (positive) annual rates were recorded at two stations in the southern Qaidam Basin with –79.5 mm/decade (84.8 mm/decade) even though in general negative rates tend to be noticeably higher than positive rates.Changes in wind speed and to a lesser degree relative humidity were found to be the most important meteorological variables affecting PET trends on the Tibetan Plateau while changes in sunshine duration played an insignificant role. Stable daytime temperatures on the Tibetan Plateau have limited the importance of temperature trends for changes of PET rates. Negative evapotranspiration trends are therefore thought to be linked to a general decrease in intensity of the regional monsoon circulation rather than to reductions in sunshine duration. Reduced PET rates appear to be in contrast to a predicted increased hydrological cycle under global warming scenarios.     

青海省近45年霜冻变化特征及其对主要作物的影响

利用青海省22个地面气象站1961-2005年霜冻气候资料及日最低气温资料,对东部农业区、柴达木盆地等地的霜冻气候变化特征以及对主要作物的影响进行研究。结果表明：45年来,青海省大部分地区早（秋）霜冻初日推迟,晚（春）霜冻终日提前,无霜冻期延长。东部农业区霜冻初日推迟、终日提前的趋势最为明显,柴达木盆地次之,祁连山地区和青南高原霜冻初日推迟趋势较明显,而终日提前趋势不明显;大部分地区重霜冻频数减少,强度减弱,春霜冻期低温强度变化趋势较秋霜冻期明显;气候变暖使早霜冻危害减轻,晚霜冻危害加重。     

Temporal and geographical variation in the onset of climatological spring in Northeast China

Indications of earlier onset of spring have been observed in behavior of diverse animal and plant species in the Northern Hemisphere in response to recent climate warming. Knowledge of changes in the spring onset is a critical requirement for understanding ecosystem adaption to climate change, especially for agricultural regions. In this study, we present a climatological approach for detecting the temporal and spatial variability in onset of spring with particular emphasis on how they vary along geographical parameters. Yearly dates for spring onset were computed for 71 climate stations in Northeast China based on daily surface air temperature records. These analyses were conducted for the two study periods (1960–2004 and 1979–2004). We also examined the boundary shifts of spring onset for three selected dates between the periods of 1960–1978 and 1979–2004. The results showed that advancement of spring onset was more pronounced for the period of 1979–2004 than for the period of 1960–2004 (4.0 vs. 2.2 days/decade). For the 22 stations where the spring advancement was statistically significant in the two periods, the mean rate of advancement was ?0.6 days/decade during the period of 1960 to 1978. The trends of advancement of spring onset decreased with both increasing latitude and altitude up to 300 m above sea level, and these geographical effects were clearer during 1979–2004. Analysis of boundary shifts of three specific dates revealed that the spring onset has moved to higher latitudes for each date with an average shift of about 1° of latitude (about 110 km). Our results suggest that attempts to address how ecosystems will adapt to spring advancement associated with climate warming should consider the differences in response rates and geographical effects across the study area.     

铁岭市近45年气候变化特征分析

利用线性倾向率、滑动平均等方法，对铁岭市1960--2004年间4个气象观测站的月平均气温、降水量、平均最高气温、平均最低气温以及初终霜、无霜期、积温、透雨等资料进行分析，结果发现铁岭市近45年气候变化特点为温度呈上升、降水略减少的趋势，特别是近15年，气温增暖幅度加大，降水春夏两季减少明显；但各季增温幅度差异较大，对气候变暖贡献最大的是冬季，平均最低气温升温幅度明显高于平均最高气温，气温日较差变小；初霜拖后、终霜提前及无霜期延长，积温明显增多，透雨偏晚频率增大，极端气候事件出现的几率增大。     

青藏高原两类对流层顶高度的季节变化特征

根据青藏高原地区14个探空站近30 a（1979—2008年）的对流层顶逐日观测资料,分析了该地区上空热带对流层顶（第二对流层顶）和极地对流层顶（第一对流层顶）出现的频率及高度的季节变化特征。结果表明：（1）高原全年均可观测到第二对流层顶,其中在暖季（6—10月）第二对流层顶占绝对主导地位,而在其余月份则以复合对流层顶为主;（2）两类对流层顶高度在季节变化上存在着明显的差异,第一对流层顶高度在春秋（夏冬）季偏高（低）,第二对流层顶高度在春夏（秋冬）季偏高（低）,即第一（二）对流层顶高度的年变化曲线呈双（单）峰型;（3）两类对流层顶高度均存在明显的年际变化,第一（二）对流层顶高度除秋季存在准3.6 a（6 a）的周期变化外,其余季节均具有4.5~6 a（2~4 a）的振荡周期;（4）近30 a来高原第一（二）对流层顶主要表现出下降（上升）的趋势,尤其是第二对流层顶高度在冬、春季存在着明显的上升趋势。     

1981—2010年青藏高原地区气温变化与高程及纬度的关系

基于青藏高原地区高质量、均一化的气象站点观测资料,研究1981—2010年青藏高原地区气温变化趋势特征。结果表明:1981—2010年青藏高原地区整体呈升温趋势,平均升温率为0.40℃/10a,冬春季升温率大于夏秋季节,以三江源区、西藏中西部和青海北部升温趋势最为显著。青藏高原地区年和冬、春、秋三季的升温率随海拔高度的升高而增大,海拔每升高1000 m,站点年平均气温倾向率增加0.1℃/10a,冬季更为显著。青藏高原地区夏季气温倾向率的空间分布具有显著的经向差异,纬度每增加10°,气温倾向率增加0.33℃/10a。     

中国地区春霜冻的变化趋势和未来情景预估北大核心CSCD

春季的霜冻事件是北半球温带地区与农业相关的最严重的极端事件之一。在气候变化背景下,探究整个中国地区春霜冻的变化趋势和未来可能变化有利于增进人们对春霜冻的认识,对我国未来农业结构调整有一定的参考价值。本文采用不易受离群值影响且考虑了自相关的非参数方法,在分析1960~2020年观测资料的基础上,利用24个耦合模式比较计划第6阶段(Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6,CMIP6)模式模拟的中等辐射强迫(SSP2-4.5)情景下的逐日最低温数据,在评估模式模拟性能后对中国地区未来(2021~2100年)的春霜冻日数、终霜日的变化趋势的空间分布特征以及与1991~2020年气候态相比的全国平均的距平序列进行了分析。结果表明:1)1960~2020年,全国约60.3%站点的春霜冻日数呈现显著减少趋势[-3.5~0 d(10 a)^(-1)],40%站点的终霜日呈显著提前趋势[-4.3~0 d(10 a)^(-1)];全国平均的春霜冻日数呈^(-1).3 d(10 a)^(-1)的显著减少趋势,终霜日则呈^(-1).7 d(10 a)^(-1)的显著提前趋势。2)2021~2100年,预估我国大部分地区的春霜冻日数均呈现显著减少趋势[^(-1).6~0 d(10 a)^(-1)],终霜日则呈显著提前趋势[^(-1).4~0 d(10 a)^(-1)];全国平均的春霜冻日数呈现-0.8 d(10 a)^(-1)的显著减少趋势,终霜日呈现-0.8 d(10 a)^(-1)的显著提前趋势。     

近48a浙江省不同气候态下无霜期特征对比分析

采用浙江省气象信息中心提供的1971—2018年逐日最低气温数据,利用常规气象统计方法,对浙江省平均初终霜日和无霜期时空分布特征进行分析,同时基于不同气候态、年代际进行对比分析。结果表明：时间特征上,近48 a浙江省平均初霜日显著推迟,平均终霜日显著提前,平均无霜期显著延长;1981—2010年气候态的平均初终霜日和无霜期推迟、提前、延长的趋势都最为显著;20世纪90年代初终霜日和无霜期变化趋势最为显著;平均初霜日在2003年发生突变,终霜日在1997、2004年发生突变,无霜期在2002年发生突变。空间特征上,近48 a浙江省初霜日在空间上,整体呈现西东晚、北中南早的格局;1981—2010年和21世纪00年代终霜日表现为自浙南向浙北逐步推迟的趋势;1981—2010年和21世纪00年代无霜期整体分布上呈现出西东南长、中北短的特点;1981—2010年和21世纪00年代初霜日整体有推迟的趋势,终霜日整体有提前的趋势,无霜期整体有延长的趋势。     

From brightening to dimming in sunshine duration over the eastern and central Tibetan Plateau (1961–2005)

The Tibetan Plateau (TP) with an average elevation of over 4,000 m asl is the highest and most extensive highland in the world. We used monthly mean sunshine duration from the Chinese Meteorological Administration to examine the spatial and temporal variability of sunshine duration at 71 stations with elevations above 2,000 m asl in the eastern and central TP during the 1961–2005 period. The temporal evolution of the mean annual sunshine duration series shows a significant increase from 1961 to 1982 at a rate of 49.8 h/decade, followed by a decrease from 1983 to 2005 at a rate of ?65.1 h/decade, with an overall significant decrease at a rate of ?20.6 h/decade during the whole 1961–2005 period, which is mainly due to the summer and spring seasons. This confirms the evidence that sunshine duration in the TP ranges from brightening to dimming in accordance with sunshine duration trends in the rest of China. The surface solar radiation downwards from ERA-40 reanalysis data in the same region confirms the brightening/dimming phenomenon shown by the sunshine duration before/after the 1980s. Otherwise, additional climatic variables such as low cloud amount, total cloud amount, precipitation, relative humidity and water vapor pressure, in most cases, exhibit significant negative correlation with sunshine duration in the TP on an annual and seasonal basis before and after 1982, respectively. The trends of these variables suggest that changes in some of them might be related to the brightening and dimming detected with the use of sunshine duration measurements over the TP. We also hypothesize that the impact of anthropogenic aerosols upon the climatic variables analyzed cannot be rejected, especially in the significant increase in low cloud cover since approximately 1980.     

Climate-induced changes in river water temperature in North Iberian Peninsula

With the surface air temperature (SAT) data at 37 stations on Central Yunnan Plateau (CYP) for 1961–2010 and the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program/Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS) nighttime light data, the temporal-spatial patterns of the SAT trends are detected using Sen’s Nonparametric Estimator of Slope approach and MK test, and the impact of urbanization on surface warming is analyzed by comparing the differences between the air temperature change trends of urban stations and their corresponding rural stations. Results indicated that annual mean air temperature showed a significant warming trend, which is equivalent to a rate of 0.17 °C/decade during the past 50 years. Seasonal mean air temperature presents a rising trend, and the trend was more significant in winter (0.31 °C/decade) than in other seasons. Annual/seasonal mean air temperature tends to increase in most areas, and higher warming trend appeared in urban areas, notably in Kunming city. The regional mean air temperature series was significantly impacted by urban warming, and the urbanization-induced warming contributed to approximately 32.3–62.9 % of the total regional warming during the past 50 years. Meantime, the urbanization-induced warming trend in winter and spring was more significant than that in summer and autumn. Since 1985, the urban heat island (UHI) intensity has gradually increased. And the urban temperatures always rise faster than rural temperatures on the CYP.     

Recent Climate Change at the Upper Danube—A temporal and spatial analysis of temperature and precipitation time series

The following study investigates temperature and precipitation trends in instrumental time series between 1960 and 2006 at 88 meteorological stations located in the Upper Danube Basin. Time series were tested for inhomogeneities with several common homogeneity tests, trend magnitudes of annual and seasonal time series were calculated by least square fitting and the significance of trend values was checked and quantified by the Mann-Kendall test. The results confirm a particularly strong recent Climate Change in the investigation area. Increasing temperature trends show remarkably high trend values up to 0.8°C/decade in the summer season. The trends are highly significant for all investigated summer, spring and annual time series. Winter and spring temperature trends show consistently positive trend values as well even though some time series show no significance at all and the calculated trend values are smaller. Autumn temperature trends are mostly non-significant with low values (up to 0.3°C/decade) and several negative trends. Most of the highest trend values can be found in lower altitudes whereas stations situated in alpine regions tend to show low trend magnitudes and often exhibit non-significant results. Precipitation time series show positive as well as negative trends in the annual and seasonal analysis. At most stations a precipitation decrease in summer and autumn and an increase in winter was observed during the last 47?years whereas the spring and mean annual precipitation exhibits no change at all. But most time series are not conclusive since they show predominantly no significance and they often exhibit only low trend values.