卫星重力用于南极冰盖物质消融评估

2002年3月发射的GRACE重力卫星,以前所未有的精度和分辨率给出了重力场的时空变化。Jason1重复观测获得海平面的变化,GRACE估计海水质量重新分布引起的海面高变化,两者之差获得比容海面高变化,将该结果与WOA05结果作季节性比较,结果表明CSRRL04,GFZRL04和GRGSGL04三者结果与WOA05结果吻合,优于其他GRACE系列数据。将选取的CSRRL04,GFZRL04和GRGSGL04用于南极冰盖质量变化研究,得到南极冰盖冰雪物质变化的空间分布,结果表明西南极Amundsen区域明显地负增长,南极半岛存在着负增长。估算2003年1月-2007年12月南极冰盖冰雪消融的等效体积变化,变化区间为-76km3/a--69km3/a,对应海平面的贡献变化区间为0.17mm/a-0.21mm/a。     

联合卫星重力和卫星测高确定南极绕极流

联合基于GRACE重力卫星观测资料恢复的重力场模型(EIGEN-GL04S1)和卫星测高推求的平均海面高模型(KMSS04)来构造南极绕极流区域的平均海面动力地形,并利用小波滤波方法去掉短波及噪声信号,进而推算大、中尺度的绕极流。与非卫星重力场模型、同化资料及海洋水文资料确定相应结果的验证分析表明:基于新的卫星重力场模型推算的南极绕极流区域的海面动力地形、PF、SAF和表层流场等都与海洋学结果相吻合,且局部特征更加清晰。表明卫-卫跟踪重力卫星计划确定的地球重力场模型较之以前存在的重力场模型在中长波部分精度有较大提高,从大地测量(从空间)角度来探测南极绕极流已达到较高的精度。     

基于GRACE重力卫星反演地表负荷形变及GPS验证研究

利用前60阶GRACE重力卫星时变重力场资料和"去相关"、高斯滤波方法解算了中国区域内72个月(2005年1月-2010年12月)的地表负荷形变。为验证GRACE解算结果的可靠性,将解算结果与区域内27个GPS台站实际观测的形变量数据进行对比分析,精度验证表明:1)利用GRACE反演地表负荷形变量是可行的,52%的GPS台站与GRACE估计的相关系数r30%,55%的GRACE解算结果RMSE6mm;2)在中国区域内南部地区的形变反演效果优于北部地区,这可能是由于降水充沛的南部区域的水储量变化比北部大。     

联合GNSS和GRACE数据分析南极跟踪站的径向形变

利用南极大陆12个累积观测数据超过3年的GNSS跟踪站的监测序列,比较分析了其径向的形变趋势与GIA(Glacial Isostatic Adjustment)模型预测形变,并且与GRACE(Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment)估计的径向位移结果进行相关性分析。GNSS结果显示跟踪站的径向形变多呈现上升趋势,少量出现下降的跟踪站多分布在东南极沿海区域,下降速度较小。与GRACE计算结果相比,两者的相关系数在0.241—0.663之间,表明两种观测手段得到的结果总体呈现较强的相关性。GNSS形变趋势与最新的GIA模型(W12a)预测形变趋势有一定的偏差,但总体吻合。     

智能机器人技术在南极科学考察事业中的试验应用

智能机器人技术在极地科学考察事业中有着广阔的应用前景。2007／2008年度第24次南极科学考察中,我国开发的冰雪面移动和低空飞行机器人在南极成功实现了首次应用。扼要介绍国外开发的应用于南极的智能机器人技术,重点介绍我国开发的冰雪面移动和低空飞行机器人及其在南极现场的试验应用情况。此外,作者思考了我国南极考察事业对智能机器人技术的一些潜在需求,以期能对未来的机器人技术开发提供参考。     

2003—2012年新疆陆地水储量时空变化

利用2003年1月至2012年12月120个月的GRACE数据,基于高斯平滑和平滑滤波手段,辅以TRMM降水量、河网分布、蒸散发、径流等数据,反演了新疆陆地水储量,分析了10年间陆地水储量的时空变化情况.结果表明:2003—2012年新疆地区陆地水储量持续减少,但后半期水储量的减幅有所减缓;陆地水储量具有明显降低趋势的地区范围逐步向新疆东部迁移,水储量具有上升趋势的面积有逐渐增加的倾向,但是这种显著上升趋势所涵盖的面积没有占据研究区的主导地位;GRACE的年周期值和陆地水储量深度值的波动趋势一致;TRMM降水变化趋势与GRACE反演的陆地水变化趋势相辅相成,相互验证.该项研究可为新疆合理用水及缺水地区水资源合理的开发等提供理论依据.     

基于GRACE卫星和GLDAS系统的地下水水位估算模型——以和田地区克里雅河流域为例

地球重力场的变化是导致陆地水储量变化的重要因素之一,利用GRACE(Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment)重力场恢复与气候实验重力卫星数据,结合GLDAS(Global Land Data Assimilation Systems)全球陆面数据同化系统和实测地下水位数据,反演和田地区克里雅河流域11年间四季和田地区的陆地水储量动态变化,模拟计算地下水等效水高变化趋势,构建了地下水水位估算模型。研究结果表明：和田地区春、夏两季的陆地水储量呈现出增加趋势,而秋、冬两季出现亏损状态;GRACE地球重力卫星所反演的陆地水储量比GLDAS同化系统所模拟的水资源变化更为剧烈,但2类数据的动态变化拟合度很高;GLDAS水资源等效水高二阶微分、GLDAS水资源变化倒数一阶微分、GRACE陆地水储量变化倒数变化、地下水储量变化一阶微分的敏感程度最高,构建的多元逐步回归模型明显优于线性函数,且水位深度越浅,该估算模型的适用性越高。     

利用FG5绝对重力仪进行南极长城站绝对重力测定

在南极地区进行重力测量是建立高程基准的基础,2005年,在南极长城站进行了绝对重力测量,观测仪器采用FG5绝对重力仪,经固体潮改正、海潮改正、极移改正及气压改正等,精度达±3×10-8m s-2,并同时利用2台LCR相对重力仪进行了重力垂直梯度测量和水平梯度测量。长城站绝对重力测量的实施,对于新一代卫星重力计划如CHAMP、GRACE和GOCE的地面校准及建立南极地区的高精度、高分辨率的大地水准面模型提供了基础数据。     

基于Landsat-8的东南极达尔克冰川季节性表面消融信息提取

冰盖表面消融是气候变化和全球变暖的敏感指示剂。冰雪消融会降低地表反照率进而影响全球能量平衡,表面融水会加剧裂隙的传播,降低冰架稳定性进而影响冰盖物质平衡。当前,高时空分辨率消融区分布数据的缺乏限制了南极冰盖消融发生机理和时空特征的深入探索。围绕南极冰盖大范围消融区(蓝冰、湿雪和融水)的提取研究,提出了一种基于改进的冰雪归一化消融指数(Modified Normalized Difference Water Index Adapted for Ice, MND WI_(ice))的消融区自动提取方法,采用2016年9月—2017年4月18景30 m分辨率的Landsat-8数据,获取了消融区自动提取的MND WI_(ice)阈值,并以东南极达尔克冰川为例,实现了高空间分辨率的季节性消融信息提取和分析。结果表明:在云和地形阴影干扰较小的情况下,基于Landsat-8反射率数据计算的MND WI_(ice)采用单一阈值(0.136)对消融区的提取精度在67.7%—94.2%之间,平均精度为81.5%;达尔克冰川消融面积、消融区MND WI_(ice)均值表现出明显的季节性时空变化特征;消融发生的时间不晚于Landsat-8数据观测的最早时间(9月7日);消融最早出现和主要分布区在地形下降剧烈的东部接地线处。     

南极陨石研究的启示Ⅹ:南极陨石的居地年龄

到目前为止,陨石学者已考察了约2500km2的南极蓝色冰区,并在南极冰盖不同的地区回收到约30000个陨石样品.在过去20年,主要根据36Cl或14C的浓度测定了几百个南极陨石的居地年龄.每个搁浅区的陨石显示不同的居地年龄分布,并提供陨石局部堆积机制的信息,在蓝色冰表面南极陨石的密度取决于许多因素,如陨石的降落率、冰的消融率、雪的堆积率等.大多数南极陨石的居地年龄范围从小于10ka到1000ka,Yamato山地冰区陨石的居地年龄可高达200ka,而Lewis Cliff及Allan Hills陨石的居地年龄分别高达500ka和1000ka,新近发现两个陨石的居地年龄分别为2Ma及2.35Ma,表明它们深埋于靠近冰川底部,且冰流率比表面低得多,同时也表明陨石堆积进入目前的搁浅区至少始于2Ma以前,这与东南极冰盖为稳定和持续性假设是一致的.陨石的居地年龄是确定陨石历史的一个重要参数,同时也可用以估计陨石的搬运时间及平均风化寿命.     

Interpretation of the GRACE-derived mass trend in Enderby Land, Antarctica

Monthly gravity solutions of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) reveal three areas in Antarctica with striking interannual mass trends. The positive mass trend in Enderby Land, East Antarctica, is poorly understood because of uncertainties in the surface ice-sheet mass balance, post-glacial rebound (PGR), and processing of GRACE data. In this study, we compare the GRACE mass trends with values estimated from in situ snow-stake measurements, and Ice Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) data. The mass trends estimated from ICESat data show a strong correlation with GRACE mass trends. In contrast, the snow-stake data show discrepancies with temporal variations in GRACE mass, especially in 2006. The discrepancies are probably associated with basal ice-sheet outflow, which is difficult to observe using snow stakes. We conclude that the bulk of the GRACE mass trend can be explained by snow accumulation and basal ice-sheet outflow.     

The spatial and seasonal distributions of air-transport origins to the Antarctic based on 5-day backward trajectory analysis

Transport of moisture-bearing air to the Antarctic is one of the important factors that control the mass balance of the ice sheet. Here, we investigate the distribution of air-parcel transport using a backward trajectory analysis over the entire Antarctic ice sheet, based on whether the air parcel was located inside or outside of Antarctica at 5 days before arrival. At this time, we considered the air from outside Antarctica to be moisture rich. Oceanic air was found to dominate in West Antarctica throughout the year, whereas air from inland was more prominently distributed around East Antarctica, especially in summer. In East Antarctica, there was a significant seasonal variation: air from inland dominated in summer, while air of oceanic origin dominated in winter. The distribution of air parcels that came from oceanic/inland sources was similar to the accumulation map (based on satellite data), which indicates that oceanic air parcels could be a substitute for moisture transport to the Antarctic. To determine the future impacts of climate change (e.g., sea level rise), more precise predictions of the variations in the surface mass balance will be required. Our results contribute towards the improved understanding of the spatial distributions of accumulation and aerosols found in Antarctic snow and ice cores.     

Interhemispheric observations of field line resonance frequencies as a continuous function of ground latitude in the auroral zones

In the austral summer of 2006–2007, the 48th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE-48) installed two unmanned low-power magnetometers to form a closely spaced magnetometer network in combination with the permanent sites at Japan's Syowa Station in Antarctica. To identify field line resonances (FLRs), gradient methods are applied to the data from three adjacent sites in Antarctica and data from conjugate points in Antarctica and Iceland. By analyzing the data from the Antarctic and Icelandic sites individually, the structure of FLRs with high coherence is clearly identified. However, by analyzing the data from closely spaced Antarctic sites, it is more difficult to identify the signature of FLRs because of the inclusion of multiple signals related to the local geomagnetic pulsations over a broad frequency range. The frequency and resonance width of FLRs are determined by applying the amplitude phase gradient method (APGM) to the data from Antarctic sites. This yields the eigenfrequency as a continuous function of ground latitudes in the area surrounding Syowa Station. The mass density in the equatorial region at the L of the auroral zones is estimated from the obtained FLR frequency by numerically solving the standing Alfvén wave equation. The mass density thus obtained is consistent with observational results from previous in situ measurements by spacecraft. The results of the present study demonstrate that data from geomagnetic conjugate points are helpful in identifying FLR in cases in which the magnetometers are too close to each other to enable identification. Once FLR is identified, APGM can be applied to the identified FLR, yielding the FLR frequency as a continuous function of ground latitudes. Therefore, the magnetospheric equatorial mass density is readily estimated with high spatial resolution.     

南极洲政治前景浅析

南极洲的政治前景问题,即南极洲向何处去,或南极洲属于谁的问题。就这个问题的核心和实质而言,也可以说是在新的世界政治、经济格局中和南极条约体系运作的框架下,人类将如何应对和寻求解决南极洲的领土主权归属和资源开发利用的问题。自南极洲发现至今,乃至将来,这一问题都是各国政治家、外交家和社会历史学家们十分关注而又极难应对的棘手问题,也是人们普遍关注的热点问题。由于南极洲独特的自然地理、生态环境、富有资源的特殊性和政治背景的复杂性。时至今日,对南极洲国际事务处理和管理的最好办法,仍然是《南极条约》和南极条约协商国组织及其会议。那么,南极洲究竟属于谁呢?可以肯定,在相当长的时间里是很难找到肯定答案的。本文着重分析了过去和现在决定或影响南极洲政治前景的三种力量,尝试对“南极洲的政治前景”作一探索分析,以期对关注这一问题的人们有所裨益。     

The tidal signals extraction from GPS data on the Amery Ice Shelf, Antarctica

Tidal motion is the source of short-term vertical motion that an ice shelf experiences, and hence has a significant impact on ice shelves. During the 2003/2004 Austral summer season, five days of GPS measurements were carried out on the front of the Amery Ice Shelf （AIS）, East Antarctica, by the 20th Chinese National Antarctica Research Expedition （CHINARE）. The GPS data was processed using GAMIT/GLOBK software with 2-hour static data segment and the vertical precision is less than 0.18 m. To verify our results for the vertical component, we compare the ice shelf GPS tidal signal with a tidal result derived from tide gauge measurements at China＇s Zhongshan Station on Antarctica. Comparison of the GPS results with the tide gauge were in good agreement in amplitude at the few cm level, which indicates that the tide under the front of Amery Ice Shelf is irregular semidiurnal tide, the maximal tidal differences is approximately 2 m. GPS data can be used to validate the ocean tide model around the Antarctic area and such studies are important to improve our knowledge of the Antarctic ice shelf mass balance and dynamical models of ice sheet/ocean interaction.     

The Cenozoic and Late Cretaceous evolution of the Indian Ocean Basin: uncertainties in the reconstructed positions of the Indian, African and Antarctic plates

Abstract Reconstructions of the relative positions of the Indian, African, and Antarctic plates and their uncertainties are given for the times of selected magnetic anomalies that could be identified on adjacent pairs of these plates. Among the most certain reconstructions are those for the Antarctic and African plates, which can be determined directly from recently published magnetic anomalies from both sides of the Southwest Indian Ridge. As Patriat and his colleagues reported, there was an important change in direction and a decrease in rate of separation between Africa and Antarctica between the times of anomalies 33 and 20. India moved rapidly away from both Africa and Antarctica in the Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary periods, but slowed markedly near the time of anomaly 20 (≅ 45 Myr). The positions of the Indian plate with respect to the others are poorly constrained between the times of anomaly 5 (≅ 10 Myr) and anomaly 23 (≅ 54 Myr), but using the reconstructions of the African and Antarctic plates, the uncertainties can be reduced. Despite the relatively large uncertainties, the positions of anomalies 5, 6, and 13 on the Antarctic and Indian plates apparently cannot be described by the same parameters that describe the history of separation of Australia and Antarctica. Therefore, Stein and Okal's contention that Australia and India lie on separate plates appears to be valid not only for the present, but for the last 35 Myr.     

南极潮汐测量及区域潮汐对冰架表面流速影响的研究进展综述

南极区域潮汐是计算南极物质平衡和南极冰架表面冰流速的重要影响因素,同时对于研究冰架崩解和全球气候变暖具有重要作用。南极潮汐测量的方法从最初的实时测量,发展到了卫星测高和遥感监测以及建立数值模型预测的阶段。已有研究表明潮汐周期与冰架表面流速间存在一定关联,例如Filchner-Ronne冰架和Ross冰架的潮汐变化与冰流速度的联系为:在大潮时冰流速度达到最快,小潮时冰流速度达到最慢。研究还对南极典型冰架区域潮汐特征及对冰架表面冰流速、高程变化等的影响进行了总结。今后的研究不仅需要继续关注西南极和南极半岛的潮汐变化,更加需要对东南极稀疏的区域进行潮汐观测,这对于构建整个南极潮汐数据库和提高数值模型的精度具有重要意义。     

The effect of low temperature on Antarctic endolithic green algae

Laboratory experiments show that undercooling to about -5 degrees C occurs in colonized Beacon sandstones of the Ross Desert, Antarctica. High-frequency temperature oscillations between 5 degrees C and -5 degrees C or -10 degrees C (which occur in nature on the rock surface) did not damage Hemichloris antarctica. In a cryomicroscope, H. antarctica appeared to be undamaged after slow or rapid cooling to -50 degrees C. 14CO2 incorporation after freezing to -20 degrees C was unaffected in H. antarctica or in Trebouxia sp. but slightly depressed in Stichococcus sp. (isolated from a less extreme Antarctic habitat). These results suggest that the freezing regime in the Antarctic desert is not injurious to endolithic algae. It is likely that the freezing-point depression inside the rock makes available liquid water for metabolic activity at subzero temperatures. Freezing may occur more frequently on the rock surface and contribute to the abiotic nature of the surface.     

Role of Antarctic ice mass balance in present-day sea-level change

The Antarctic ice sheet is arguably the most critical in terms of future sea-level rise, primarily because it contains 70% of the world's fresh water. While there exists evidence of accelerated ice-sheet ablation during the past decade, the possibility that the ice sheets contributed little to 20th century sea-level rise could result in Antarctica becoming the largest contributor to sea-level rise during the 21st century. Here we review the findings of studies published following the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) study, focusing on the role of Antarctica in present-day (1992–2006) sea-level rise. We show that the choice of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) model significantly affects GRACE-estimated Antarctic mass loss, adding 0.25–0.45 mm/yr to the estimate of sea-level rise. The current estimate of Antarctica's contribution to sea-level rise has a wide range: from −0.12 to +0.52 mm/yr. The discrepancy between observed sea-level trend of 1.8 mm/yr and those estimated from various geophysical sources (2.10 ± 0.99 mm/yr) is 0.30 mm/yr. The role of Antarctica in sea-level rise might be better constrained by lengthening satellite observations, using long-term GPS data to discriminate subglacial vertical motion from ice mass balance, and detecting the sea-level signal due to elastic loading from the melting ice-sheets.