省级气象计量管理服务系统

根据气象计量管理服务工作的实际需要，综合运用软件工程的观点、方法，分析了气象计量管理服务系统的需求，基于C／S（Client／Server）以及B／S（Browser／Server）模式，采用ASENET等技术，开发了省级气象计量管理服务系统。该系统不仅在气象系统内部实现了信息共享和业务网络化管理，而且通过Web与外界的信息交换，为社会各类用户迅速提供了全面、准确的信息服务，具有完善的服务功能、较强的实用性和可操作性。省级气象计量服务管理系统的建立，为气象计量检测部门提供了一个智能化的业务平台，使得仪器检测、查询等实现了由手工操作到自动化处理的转变，提高了工作效率，取得了较明显的社会和经济效益。     

全国综合气象信息共享系统的设计与实现

为满足对海量气象数据管理和服务的需求,国家气象信息中心设计开发了全国综合气象信息共享系统 (CIMISS)。该文描述了系统基本设计思路、功能结构、基础平台体系结构、信息流程,阐述了系统为用户提供的基础数据使用环境。系统由数据收集与分发系统、数据加工处理系统、数据存储管理系统、数据共享服务系统、业务监控系统5个业务子系统组成,承担数据收集、加工处理、存储管理、共享服务和业务监控任务。系统设计和开发采用了一系列现代信息技术,包括基于消息和文件共享的平台内信息交换、气象数据标准化分类、数据处理作业调度和算法的动态扩展、元数据的设计和应用、公共配置信息管理、全流程业务监视和调度控制、面向服务的多维度数据存储策略、全局数据访问视图和统一访问接口设计等。该系统为我国国家级和省级气象业务提供了统一规范的气象数据使用环境。     

专业气象服务业务工作平台实现

根据省级专业气象服务的需求和业务工作流程的需要,设计开发了业务系统工作平台,平台针对专业气象服务产品制作数据来源的多元化,进行了资料采集的实时数据监测及分类处理,具有专业用户分类管理和用户权限相结合的统一集成的专业气象服务产品多功能制作界面,能动态生成每天专业气象服务产品制作流程,系统可对用户制作的产品进行产品预览、存储、发布和系统用户日志管理等操作,实现了集数据信息采集处理、产品加工制作、产品分类发布、业务功能管理等功能的省级专业气象服务业务工作平台.     

省级外网气象大数据服务平台研究与实现

随着社会经济发展，气象大数据已成为国家大数据基础性战略资源的重要组成部分。然而各省市集约化气象大数据环境均建设于气象业务内网，面向社会的气象数据服务则存在集约化程度低、时效性差、数据量少、安全隐患多等问题，因此，建立外网环境的统一、高效、安全的气象大数据中心是气象业务社会化服务发展的迫切需求。本文建立了外网气象大数据服务平台,采用GoldenGate和sersync+rsync技术实现内网与DMZ区(Demilitarized Zone,两个防火墙之间区域)实时稳定的触发式秒级数据同步；跨平台、多语言开发，标准化调用的统一访问接口设计，可实现高并发、稳定的数据响应请求；分时分类的用户数据访问控制，可实现数据权限的安全控制。该平台通过防火墙双网段控制，向互联网环境用户提供高效、安全、权威的气象大数据服务。     

基于Hadoop的数值预报产品服务平台设计与实现

数值预报产品数据与日俱增,采用传统的关系型数据库对其进行存储和管理存在效率低和存储能力不足的问题。另外,基于文件的存储方式在数据存储处理、数据读取和算法计算等方面存在性能瓶颈。针对这一问题,基于Hadoop技术体系设计了分布式的数据存储模型,实现了数值预报产品数据的分布式存储和处理,开发了数值预报产品数据接入处理模块;并实现了基于Rest Web Service的获取数值预报产品要素场数据访问接口、时间序列数据访问接口、数据下载接口等业务应用接口。多业务用户的实际业务测试表明, 该平台在诸如数值预报产品气象数据处理和业务应用方面较传统技术架构具有一定优势。     

基于智慧气象的数据接口的实现

物联网、云计算、移动互联、大数据等新一代智能技术的迅猛发展,为智慧气象产品提供了技术支撑。由于气象信息系统数据类型多种多样,且来自多个部门、跨越多个系统平台,数据结构和格式也不相同,因此数据读取与处理是一项异常复杂的工程。为了解决该问题,开发了基于智慧气象的气象服务数据接口。基于智慧气象的数据接口,具有跨平台性、良好的响应速度、通用的数据交换格式,可使各种应用之间相互通信,并能创建新的应用。基于智慧气象的气象服务数据接口为RESTful风格,返回格式为JSON。数据接口的开发采用JAVA语言,基于Spring MVC+Spring Security Oauth2开发框架实现。数据存储采用Oracle数据库,分为冷、热两种数据。客户端对数据接口的访问,采用HTTP GET的方式发出数据请求,访问服务资源地址,获得JSON格式的数据返回结果。为加强数据接口访问的安全性,采用HTTPS POST方式访问授权接口获取访问令牌。基于智慧气象的数据接口,已为微信、微博、手机APP、网站等多个系统及保险公司、市政等多个单位提供数据支撑,且气象服务数据接口系统安全性高,具有较好的用户体验和兼容性。     

基于大数据云平台的天山气象APP设计与应用

为提升大数据云平台与移动互联网的耦合气象服务质量,满足气象防灾减灾移动可视化需求,推进新疆气象信息化事业高质量发展,亟需开发一款专业气象服务APP。该APP在“云+端”业务模式下充分利用气象业务现有数字化成果,采取多源存储、接口调用、控制反转和数据交互技术,对全疆天气自动站的地面观测、格点实况融合、雷达回波、灾害预警等气象资料进行加工处理和移动展示。天山气象APP可按用户需求提供疆内基于实时位置的天气实况、精细化预报、预警详情、雷达拼图、实况要素产品和统计值要素产品,同时继承大数据云平台服务接口高额承载能力,实现毫秒级响应,在全疆天气自动站应急保障与气象防灾减灾服务中应用成效显著。     

基于C/S-B/S联合模式的气象计量管理系统

根据目前各省对外气象计量服务工作普遍存在的自动化程度差、管理工作仍处于人工手动记录、电话联系的落后状况,提出了基于C/S(Client/Server)与B/S(Browser/Server)相结合的模式、采用SQL服务器数据库和VB 6.O可视化编程语言以及ASP.NET等技术,开发了省级气象计量管理服务系统.经过一段时间试运行,表明,该系统不仅在气象系统内部实现了信息共享和业务网络化管理,而且通过Web与外界信息进行相互交换,为社会各类用户迅速提供了全面、准确的信息服务,具有完善的服务功能、较强的实用性和可操作性.     

公共气象服务集约化业务研究与平台设计

为提升公共气象服务基础技术支撑能力,对服务业务流程进行了概括,综合分析了气象服务过程中的"时间、空间、内容、表现、协同"等要素特征及在业务平台设计中的应用,提出了集约化平台物理共享及逻辑独立的内涵。以SOA为基础架构,提出了平台设计总体业务流程架构,依托省局气象大数据资源平台,构建面向服务应用的轻量化数据支撑环境,设计开发了产品处理、前端应用及业务协调管理等子系统,建立了基于互联网应用的公共气象服务集约化业务技术支撑平台,可为各级气象部门的气象服务提供数据接口和产品展示服务,实现服务产品在各类服务应用中的及时性、准确性、统一性和稳定性目标。项目成果已应用到江西省气象政府网站、江西天气微信服务及专业气象服务网站等系统,实践证明,平台的业务应用稳定可靠、便捷高效。     

基于B/S架构的气象科技管理信息系统

根据气象科技管理工作的实际需要,综合运用软件工程的观点、方法分析了气象科技管理信息系统的需求,完成了系统功能模块设计、逻辑设计,开发基于B/S(Browser/Server)模式、运用JAVA、JSP(Java Server Page)、JFree Chart、POI等技术实现的气象科技管理信息系统(简称HNMSTMIS),实现了气象科技信息资源的共享和气象科技管理业务的网络运行,具有网上在线申报、成果评分、信息检索、统计分析、上传下载、图表显示等功能,建成了精简、高效的网上管理运作模式和气象科技工作流程管理平台。该系统不仅在内部实现了信息共享和业务网络化管理,而且通过Web实现与外界的信息交换,为各类用户迅速提供了全面、准确的信息服务,具有完善的服务功能、较强的实用性和可操作性。该系统已在河南省气象科技管理工作中应用,并已推广到云南省气象局等部门,取得了较明显的社会和经济效益。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on