凹凸棒石粘土处理城市废水的实验

目前的城市废水处理方法有活性污泥法及粉末活性炭投料－活性污泥性,但两者皆存在不足之处。凹凸棒石具独特的结构和良好的吸附、脱色、净化和过滤性能。通过实验对其用于城市废水处理作了技术可行性研究,并进行了相应的经济可行性分析,认为凹凸棒石粘土可替代粉末活性炭处理城市废水且成本很低。     

SBR、PAC-SBR反应器处理制药废水污泥变化特征

探讨了SBR和PAC-SBR反应器处理盐酸林可霉素原料液生产废水过程中活性污泥特征的变化.随着废水投加量的增加,PAC-SBR反应器的污泥性能始终优于SBR反应器,但是由于盐酸林可霉素原料液生产废水对生物有较强的抑制作用,PAC-SBR反应器和SBR反应器中污泥的活性均发生恶化,COD去除率已明显下降,单独采用SBR或PAC-SBR法处理已难以达到排放标准,必须进行工艺的组合.PAC-SBR反应器较SBR反应器在污泥性质及处理效率上均有一定的改善,对处理盐酸林可霉素原料药生产废水有一定的优势.     

活性污泥法处理中浓度味精废水的研究

采用活性污泥法处理人工味精废水。实验前污泥进行驯化培菌 ,在驯化所得污泥指标适宜情况下 ,再对废水处理。结果表明 ,在曝气时间 12h ,搅拌时间 15min ,温度 2 5℃ ,pH值为 7.0 ,污泥体积为 80 % ,污泥指数为 42 %的工艺条件下 ,此方法对生化处理浓度为 2 0 0 0～ 40 0 0mg·L- 1 的味精废水的主要污染指标CODCr和氨氮都具有较好的降解能力 ,能达到排放标准的要求     

膨润土的改性及在有机废水处理中的应用

膨润土是一种以蒙脱石为主要矿物的粘土岩，应用广泛，目前已越来越多的应用于废水处理中，但未经处理的膨润土吸附脱色的性能较差，故一般用于废水处理的膨润土往往要经过一次或两次改性处理，以增大其比表面积，改善其吸附能力，常用的改性方法有两种：活化法，添加改进剂法，改性膨润土具有吸附脱色性能优良，废水处理效果好等特点，从而扩大了其应用范围。     

壳聚糖和PDMDAAC改性膨润土用于处理含油废水的研究

含油废水污染范围广,对人类和生态环境危害大。采用常规方法(如浮选法、絮凝法、电化学法、膜分离法和生物法)处理的除油率不高于91%,成本较高,因此急需开发一种高效低廉的吸附剂。膨润土是一种优良的吸附剂,但用其直接处理含油废水的效果较低。本文选用壳聚糖和PDMDAAC两种有机物作为改性剂,对钠基膨润土改性,使膨润土能有效地处理含油废水。通过实验比较了两种有机改性膨润土处理含油废水的最佳去除条件,探讨了表征对其吸附性能的影响。去油效果结果表明:壳聚糖改性膨润土的除油率可达87.8%,PDMDAAC改性膨润土的除油率可达89.3%,处理所需时间少于15 min;除油效率和处理时间都优于常规方法。吸附性能表征结果显示,两种改性剂均以负载的方式和钠基膨润土颗粒结合,吸附性能良好;相比而言,PDMDAAC改性膨润土的处理效果比壳聚糖改性膨润土更好。PDMDAAC应用于含油废水的处理,具有成本低、效率高、操作简单的特点,在含油废水处理领域具有较好的应用前景。     

混凝法处理煤泥水的试验

煤泥水难于自然沉降。通过煤泥水性质分析和混凝效果对比实验,选择PAC--NPAM 联用处理煤泥水。正交试验具体分析凝聚剂投加量、絮凝剂投加量、搅拌速度和搅拌时间对混凝法处理煤泥水的影响,得出最佳工艺条件; 即: 采用PAC--NPAM 混凝法处理煤泥水有较好的效果,COD 和SS 的去除率均＞ 95%,处理后水质的各项指标均能达到国家相关排放标准,且能满足洗煤工艺的用水要求。     

混凝-催化氧化处理含油污水实验研究

采用复合化学混凝及催化氧化联合工艺对油田生产废水进行了实验研究.结果表明:含油废水经混凝处理后,剩余ρ(CODcr )可以达到300 mg/L左右,剩余悬浮物质量浓度小于10mg/L;再经活性炭载Cu、Pd催化剂的深度处理,含油污水中的ρ(CODcr )值由315 mg/L降至50 mg/L以下,达到了国家的相关排放标准.催化剂可以再生重复使用.     

废水的矿物学处理

废水的矿物学处理鲁安怀（中国地质大学,北京,１０００８３）废水的处理方法通常分为物理处理、化学处理及微生物处理,前两种方法主要应用于无机性废水处理,而后一种方法对处理有机性废水甚为有效。当前废水处理研究正朝着处理效率好、成本低、质量高、占地面积小等综...     

混凝法用于污水处理的实验研究

用混凝法处理洗浴污水，并把处理后的水作为中水回用。影响污水处理效果的因素有混凝剂的种类，混凝剂投加量，水力条件等方面。混凝法处理洗浴废水的最佳条件是：选择比较便宜易得的混凝剂（硫酸铝）采用适宜混凝剂浓度（5％），强化混凝反应强度和时间（强搅拌 较长的反应时间），投加适量的混凝剂（90mg/L)。在最佳试验条件下，可以使处理后的洗浴废水达到中水回用标准和生活杂用水标准。     

处理灌注桩质量缺陷的压浆加筋法介绍

结合两个工程实例,介绍了用压浆加筋法处理两种不同类型的基桩质量缺陷的设计、施工工艺方法,并对加固处理后的效果进行了分析     

电凝聚法处理含苯并三唑废水的条件优化实验

应用电凝聚法处理含苯并三唑废水显示出良好的实用前景, 对其影响因素进行探讨可以为制定实际废水处理方案提供依据.采用室内实验方式, 利用人工配制的模拟废水, 通过改变某个影响因素的实验条件获取系列实验数据.结果发现, 电流密度、极板间距、电解时间、原水的酸碱度(pH值)、原水初始COD、极板数与池容比、絮凝反应时间以及废水组分等均对处理效果产生影响.在实验结果基础上优化了各影响因素的实验条件, 并通过实际废水实验验证了优化条件的可行性和电凝聚法处理含苯并三唑废水的实用性.      

利用天然矿物处理造纸黑液

实验使用未经处理的天然矿物处理草浆黑液 ,然后用其沉渣烧制陶瓷制品 ,形成一条与其他草浆黑液处理方法不同的思路。处理过程中 ,用硫酸溶液调节黑液的 pH值 ,再用天然矿物进行处理 ,处理效果最好的条件是 :pH =3,凹凸棒石粒度小于 6 0目 ,用量为 1g/ 10mL黑液 ,此时 ,COD值去除率约为 50 %。以处理废液后的天然矿物沉渣为主要原料 ,通过不同配方和不同工艺条件可烧制出合格的建筑陶瓷材料 ,这对小型浆厂具有一定的实用性 ,既处理草浆黑液 ,又利用天然矿物沉渣 ,不会造成二次污染。     

Isolation and application of a wild strain photosynthetic bacterium to environmental waste management

A new photosynthetic bacterium isolate was morphologically identified as a non-motile rod-shape gram-negative bacterium. It produced a dark red culture under phototrophic condition, reproduced by budding and formed a lamellar intracytoplasmic membrane system parallel to cytoplasmic membrane, which contained bacteriochlorophyll a and caratenoids. It’s physiological and nutrient requirement tests gave indication that the isolate thrived and multiplied in varied environmental conditions. It was consequently named Z08 and identified as Rhodobacter sphaeroides by 16SrDNA. Adaptation of Z08 to biodegradation of two environmentally concerned wastewaters, i.e. soybean and pharmaceutical wastewaters, attested its potential in wastewater bioremediation. Z08 adaptation in a suspended batch photobioreactor treating pharmaceutical wastewater at 3500lx radiation recorded best result after wastewater dilution of 1:4 with concomitant chemical oxygen demand reduction, biomass yield and specific growth of 50 %, 780 mg/L and 0.015/h, respectively at the lowest hydraulic retention time of three days. Furthermore, gas chromatography mass spectra analyses of treated and raw pharmaceutical wastewater indicated that high molecular weight recalcitrant compounds found in the pharmaceutical wastewater were transformed to less toxic and acceptable lower molecular weight substances through biodegradation. Whilst Z08 treatment of soybean wastewater under natural light intensity radiation recorded 80 % reduction, 1540 mg/L and 0.025/h for chemical oxygen demand, biomass and specific growth rate respectively regardless of the food to microorganism ratio. This preliminary investigation showed that isolate Z08 has some toxic tolerance level which could detoxify refractory substances with great potential for cell protein recovery in high organic strength wastewater. Therefore, strain Z08 could be employed in biodegradation of contaminated wastewater streams.     

Improvement in nitrification through the use of natural zeolite: influence of the biomass concentration and inoculum source

A batch nitrification process was studied using synthetic wastewater as substrate and Chilean natural zeolite as biomass carrier at ambient temperatures (20 °C). Three groups of experiments were carried out: a first experimental set (I) with and without added zeolite using initial biomass concentrations of 1,000 and 2,000 mg VSS/L; a second set of experiments (II) with added zeolite and at the same initial biomass concentrations. In these two experimental sets, biomass from an activated sludge process located in an urban wastewater treatment plant at La Farfana, Santiago de Chile, was used as inoculum (1). Finally, a third set of experiments (III) was carried out with zeolite at an initial biomass concentration of 1,000 mg VSS/L using an inoculum derived from an activated sludge process treating wastewater from a paper mill (inoculum 2). Nitrifying biomass concentration values in the range of 13,000–18,800 mg VSS/L were achieved when initial biomass concentrations varied between 1,000 and 2,000 mg VSS/L. Inoculum (1) generated higher biomass concentrations than inoculum (2). Ammonium N removals higher than 70 % were obtained in experimental sets II and III when zeolite was used. For both initial biomass concentrations tested, an exponential biomass growth was observed up to the second day of operation, and a slight decrease was evident afterwards, achieving stationary values after 10–12 days of operation. The third experimental set (III) revealed that the highest N consumption took place between days 11 and 16 of digestion.     

纳滤膜在工业废水处理中的应用

钠滤膜作为一种新型的技术,在处理废水的同时能够回收有用物质,因而在工业废水处理中得到了越来越广泛的应用。本文重点对纳滤膜在印染废水、食品．Y-业废水、重金属废水、石油工业废水、造纸废水、化学工业废水和放射性污染废水等废水处理中的应用,作了较全面的综述。     

粉煤灰矿物学资源属性和环境属性

粉煤灰一直被认为是固体废物,其资源属性和环境属性未能得到认可。本文从矿物资源角度,将粉煤灰"传统"的固体废物概念转变到"非传统"的矿物资源上来,提出了粉煤灰的矿物学资源属性和环境属性,探讨了它作为矿物资源在建材、化工和农业等领域的应用,阐明其环境属性。粉煤灰的环境效应体现在对陆地生态系统和水生生态系统影响与危害。然而,粉煤灰在治理环境污染和保护生态方面也有着积极的作用,如处理废水、烟气脱硫和合成环境功能材料等。     

Treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater in upflow anaerobic filter under low upflow velocity

The wastewater discharged by poultry slaughterhouse industries are characterized mainly by high biochemical oxygen demand, high suspended solids and complex mixture of fats, proteins and fibers requiring systematic treatment prior to disposal. In this study, the performance of an upflow anaerobic filter reactor for treating Indian poultry slaughterhouse wastewater under low upflow velocity of 1.38 m/day at mesophilic temperature (29-35 °C) was investigated. The reactor was inoculated with anaerobic non-granular sludge from an anaerobic reactor treating the poultry slaughterhouse wastewater. The reactor took 147 days for complete start-up with removal efficiencies of total chemical oxygen demand and soluble chemical oxygen demand of 70 and 79 % respectively. The maximum total chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency of 78 % was achieved at an organic loading rate of 10.05 kg/m³/day and at an hydraulic retention time of 12 h. The average methane content varied between 46 and 56 % and methane yield at maximum removal efficiency was 0.24 m³ CH₄/kg COD_removed·day. Sludge granules of 1–2 mm were observed in between the packing media. Scanning electron microscope analysis revealed that sludge granules are composed of clumps of Methanosarcina clustered with less intertwined Methanosaeta fibre of granules. The lower velocity used in this study has achieved better performance of the reactor by creating active microbial formation with stable pH upto an organic loading rate of 14.3 kg/m³/day. This has proved that the poultry slaughterhouse wastewater can be treated using anaerobic filter reactor under low upflow velocity.     

Evaluation of hydrophilic cotton processing wastewater treatment methods and giving the optimum method for it

We studied the methods of wastewater treatment of hydrophilic cotton producing industries. Several major cotton producing countries, such as India, have provided very stringent environmental standards for these industries, and it is expected that these standards are becoming more stringent day by day. This is necessary for monitoring and control facilities, in order to minimize problems and difficulties associated with treated wastewater disposal. Unit processes of these industries are: pretreatment, dyeing, printing and other complementary processes. In this industry, aside from considerable amounts of energy and water consumption, considerable quantity of wastewater is also produced. This article discusses all types of waste producing hydrophilic cotton processes; we have also advanced wastewater treatment methods, such as electrical oxidation, membrane processes, biological and photochemical treatments. Results showed that traditional methods of wastewater treatment are compound methods including physical–chemical and biological methods, and requires substantial investment and operational costs. Compared to traditional methods, membrane systems are very effective methods and are a good substitute. Investigation showed that hybrid treatment methods that include absorption and absorption by nano-filtration can play an effective role in improving treated wastewater quality. Moreover, advanced treatments such as ion exchange systems can improve wastewater quality to the extent that it can be recycled to the production processes for second usage.     

粉煤灰对污水处理的效果及其环境影响试验研究

循环流化床燃烧产生的粉煤灰按不同比例与污水充分混合,其对污水中P的去除率可达90%以上;对COD的去除率为45%左右;对NH3-N的去除效果较差,最高不超过11%。由于粉煤灰含有大量钙,可以与粉煤灰中的磷酸盐形成沉淀,故采用循环流化床产生的粉煤灰可以有效处理含P较高的污水。文章研究了粉煤灰中重金属在污染水中释放规律,如Pb、Cd、Cu、Cr及Ni等,由于粉煤灰与污水浸泡后pH值呈碱性,且污水中含有大量有机物质,使反应体系呈还原状态。因此,粉煤灰中的重金属可以稳定存在,粉煤灰在污水中几乎不释放重金属,所以未加任何处理的粉煤灰在浸泡过程中不会对环境产生重金属污染。为此,粉煤灰可用于井下采空区回填,也可用于路基填充等。由于粉煤灰中少量碱性物质溶于水中,可使地下水pH值升高。