东亚三次典型沙尘过程移动路径和特征

东亚地区沙尘移动路径主要有三条,即西北路径、偏西路径和偏北路径,利用CALIPSO卫星的Level 1和Level 2两级数据产品,对不同移动路径沙尘天气的沙尘在远距离传输过程中的空间特征进行对比研究。结果表明:西北和偏西路径沙尘天气过程中,沙尘气溶胶垂直分布高度较偏北路径沙尘天气高;偏西路径较西北路径的沙尘天气而言,污染性沙尘粒子有所增多;不同的沙尘源区和移动路径导致大气中气溶胶粒子类型占比不同;西北和偏西路径的沙尘退偏振比均值相近,表明这两次沙尘天气沙尘成分可能相同。     

北京两次重污染沙尘天气成因及动力传输特征的对比研究

应用气象、空气质量和ERA-Interim再分析资料,结合HYSPLIT后向轨迹模型和地理信息,对比分析了2018年北京两次重污染沙尘天气的成因、传输特征及影响要素等。结果表明:两次过程的沙尘源地均为蒙古国,但3月28日沙尘天气由蒙古气旋引发,传输出现折向,以东北和偏东两条路径输送入京,5月28日沙尘受低涡和发展的低压冷锋影响,为典型的西北传输路径;高空的引导气流与低层冷空气的强度以及地形是导致沙尘传输出现显著差异的主要影响因素;高空为偏西气流,低层冷平流较弱,受到山脉的阻挡,沙尘气团东移至地势较低的区域后,在气压梯度力的驱动下传输方向发生转折,以偏东路径绕流进入北京;高空的偏北气流和低层冷平流较强,沙尘气团可直接翻越山脉从西北路径入京,沙尘粒子的运移高度相对较高。     

兰州春季沙尘过程PM10输送路径及其潜在源区

将2001-2008年分为沙尘天气相对多年和相对少年,计算兰州市春季逐日4个时次的4d气团后向轨迹。通过聚类分析得到春季到达兰州市区的主要气团轨迹组,结合可吸入颗粒物PM10日均质量浓度资料,通过计算潜在源贡献因子PSCF（potential source contribution function）和浓度权重轨迹CWT（concentration-weighted trajectory）,得到影响兰州市春季PMlo质量浓度的潜在源区以及不同源区对兰州市春季PM10质量浓度贡献的差异。结果表明,在沙尘天气相对多年,西路径和西北路径发生比例最高,分别占总轨迹的33％和19．4％,其中有50％以上为污染轨迹,是造成兰州市春季高质量浓度PM10污染的主要输送路径。沙尘天气相对少年的主要输送路径是西路径,其次是北路径,分别占23．6％和18％。影响兰州市春季大气PM10质量浓度的潜在源区分布在新疆塔里木盆地、吐鲁番盆地、青海柴达木盆地、甘肃河西走廊、内蒙古中部和西部的沙漠戈壁地区。     

兰州春季沙尘过程PM10输送路径及其潜在源区

将2001-2008年分为沙尘天气相对多年和相对少年,计算兰州市春季逐日4个时次的4 d气团后向轨迹。通过聚类分析得到春季到达兰州市区的主要气团轨迹组,结合可吸入颗粒物PM₁₀日均质量浓度资料,通过计算潜在源贡献因子PSCF(potential source contribution function)和浓度权重轨迹CWT(concentration-weighted trajectory),得到影响兰州市春季PM₁₀质量浓度的潜在源区以及不同源区对兰州市春季PM₁₀质量浓度贡献的差异。结果表明,在沙尘天气相对多年,西路径和西北路径发生比例最高,分别占总轨迹的33%和19.4%,其中有50%以上为污染轨迹,是造成兰州市春季高质量浓度PM₁₀污染的主要输送路径。沙尘天气相对少年的主要输送路径是西路径,其次是北路径,分别占23.6%和18%。影响兰州市春季大气PM₁₀质量浓度的潜在源区分布在新疆塔里木盆地、吐鲁番盆地、青海柴达木盆地、甘肃河西走廊、内蒙古中部和西部的沙漠戈壁地区。     

2000～2002年青岛地区沙尘天气分析

利用气象台沙尘天气常规观测资料和micaps天气图资料,借助美国国家海洋和大气局(NOAA)后向轨迹模式(HYSPLIT),分析了影响青岛市的沙尘来源、移动路径,以及沙尘粒子的干沉降通量.结果表明:青岛市沙尘天气主要发生在春季,一天中出现沙尘频率最高时刻是14时.影响青岛的沙尘暴天气主要爆发于蒙古国,在境内的浑善达克沙地、科尔沁沙地以及蒙晋冀长城沿线得到加强后到达青岛.影响青岛的沙尘天气移动路径主要是偏西和偏北两条路径,偏西路径是爆发于蒙古国的沙尘暴由内蒙古中部入侵,沿着山西北部-河北-山东-青岛的路径到达青岛;偏北路径是爆发于蒙古国的沙尘暴由内蒙古东部入侵,经内蒙古东部的浑善达克沙地或科尔沁沙地至河北北部,再沿京津地区-山东-青岛的路径到达青岛.每年由青岛入黄海的沙尘粒子干沉降通量为51.3 g m-2a-1,春季的干沉降通量为o.20 g m-2d-1,整个黄海每天的总干沉降量为7.58×105g.     

荆门市冬季PM2.5传输轨迹及潜在源分析

对2015年3月至2018年2月共36个月荆门市PM2.5浓度值按月和季节作特征分析，利用HYSPLIT轨迹模型对污染最为严重的冬季进行后向48h气团轨迹模拟。结果表明：PM2.5月均浓度表现为1月最高，达到107μg/m3，7月最低，为30μg/m3，冬季平均值为92μg/m3，显著高于其它季节，并且冬季高浓度PM2.5主要与本地地面5—11m/s的偏北（N、NNE）大风伴随出现；气团轨迹分为西南、东北、西北三个路径，近地面传输的东北路径和高空传输的西南路径气团均引起PM2.5浓度升高，而西北路径气团整体上对污染物具有一定清除作用；东北路径方向的河南以及靠近荆门市的西北、西南向地区为48h的潜在源贡献大值区。在通过气象条件定性判断荆门未来的PM2.5浓度变化时，因东北路径近地面传输的特性，应关注上游潜在源区内地面站点PM2.5的浓度值；对于高空传输的西南路径，应关注高空水汽的输送情况，以及轨迹高度下降地区即水汽的沉降区是否在潜在源区；西北路径为干冷空气的高空传输，在较接近荆门时轨迹高度才开始明显下降，应关注西北方向近距离潜在源区的地面站点PM2.5的浓度值。     

大连沙尘天气及预报模型分析

通过对位于东北亚沙尘暴天气下游的大连近7年的沙尘天气统计分析,以及应用天气学方法进行预报模型分析,揭示出大连地区沙尘的主要特征和预报着眼点.大连沙尘天气主要出现在春季,变化趋势同全国基本一致;沙尘天气的源地有4个,有三条影响路径.沙尘影响时,平均相对湿度都较低,以西北风为主.西北路径是影响大连地区产生沙尘天气最多的路径.在北路系统影响下,有三种天气类型;西路系统和西北路系统也分别有三种和四种天气类型.大连的沙尘天气预报着眼点首先要关注其上游的起沙情况,然后结合三路影响系统的预报模型进行分析;三路影响系统有不同的起沙关注区和不同的天气系统位置和移动方向.     

近年来强沙尘暴天气气候特征的分析研究

2000～2002年春季(3～5月)中国北方有12次强沙尘暴天气过程发生,其中11次与蒙古气旋有关.作者从干旱气候背景、环流状况、沙尘源、沙尘路径及天气系统等方面进行了分析,并集中对引发强沙尘暴的蒙古气旋进行了诊断分析.结果表明:在这3年中,春季我国北方强沙尘暴天气主要与蒙古气旋的发展移动有关,气旋冷锋后的大风是强沙尘暴天气发生的主要动力因子;蒙古国南部、巴丹吉林沙漠、腾格里沙漠、乌兰布和沙漠和毛乌素沙地是强沙尘暴过程的主要沙尘源地;影响我国的强沙尘暴的沙尘路径至少可分为3种类型,即偏西路径、西北路径和南疆盆地型,以西北路径居多;我国北方春季的连续干旱、气温偏高及冷空气活跃是强沙尘暴天气形成的重要气候背景.     

影响北京的一例沙尘天气过程的起沙沉降及输送路径分析

本文选取2012年4月27-28日影响北京的一次沙尘天气过程进行分析,发现在本次过程中,沙源地区的沙尘暴主要发生在地面冷锋和500 hPa槽后,在近地层强烈的感热加热与中低层冷平流的共同作用下,形成了不稳定层结及深厚的混合层,最高可达600 hPa,是沙尘天气能够影响下游地区的重要条件。本文还通过分析等熵混合层厚度变化及其平流过程来追踪沙尘天气的输送路径和定位沉降地,发现本次过程有两种传输路径,一种是沿辽宁北部向东而后转向东北方向,主要沿等熵混合层平流向下游移动,之后随着等熵混合层的接地沉降到近地层,该路径影响高度较高;另一种是沿辽宁南部向东南方向移动,混合层平流较清楚,但沉降时与东北路径明显不同,在辽东半岛东部地面辐散气流及下沉运动的作用下发生沉降,并随冷锋后冷高压南侧的东风回流向西输送影响北京地区。另外,由于混合层之上的稳定层明显下压,使沙尘输送高度偏低。运用HYSPLIT模式模拟的前、后向轨迹证实了上述两种输送路径,表明北京的扬沙天气是由东风回流造成的。     

京津冀地区一次强沙尘天气过程的成因及特征

利用常规污染物监测资料、卫星资料和再分析资料等,对京津冀地区在2017年春季遭遇的一次强沙尘天气过程进行分析。结果表明,此次过程是由地面冷锋过境,高空槽后冷空气持续补充引起,沙源地主要位于巴丹吉林、腾格里沙漠,随后以西北路径输送至京津冀地区。前期沙源地感热通量迅速增大,与中低层冷平流叠加,导致不稳定层结增强,助于起沙;高空强风速带加强并向下延伸,中低层次级环流发展,不但使沙尘传输并下降至地面,而且使高层高动量和高位涡冷空气下传,促进低空急流形成、低层系统发展,使大风及沙尘天气维持;沙尘过境时,地面至4 km高度存在沙尘型气溶胶,PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度变化趋势较一致并达到重度污染水平,且气溶胶光学厚度(Aerosol Optical Depth,AOD)与空气质量指数(Air Quality Index,AQI)具有较好的时空匹配关系,重污染时段AOD值大于1,污染减弱时AOD值降至0.6以下。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on