北京市老年人口迁移意愿及影响因素研究

北京正处于快速老龄化阶段,随着城市化进程的加深,迁移老年人的生活环境发生着剧烈的变化。分析北京市城市功能拓展区中老年人的迁移意愿及其影响因素,具有重要的实践意义。选择北京城市功能拓展区中4个新建小区为案例区,收集有效调查问卷353份,采用描述性统计和Logistic回归研究北京市老年人口的迁移意愿及其影响因素。研究发现：已迁移老年人中,71.4%的老年人愿意迁移。与子女居住距离的变化、孙辈的出生以及居住条件的改善是自主迁移老年人迁移的主要原因。老年人生命历程的变化对迁移行为有重要影响。老年人的身体健康、经济条件、与子女居住距离和居住环境对其迁移意愿影响显著。本文的研究意义在于结合老年人迁移的影响因素与宜居社区建设政策,为构建老年宜居社区提供科学依据。     

Migrating to learn and learning to migrate: a study of the experiences and intentions of international student migrants

"The research reported here evaluates whether students come to the UK mainly for educational reasons, and therefore perceive their stay as temporary, or whether emigration for study is being used as part of a conscious strategy by people intending to become future labour migrants.... The simplest interpretation of the results appears to be that migration, experienced as a result of international moves for study purposes, does not influence planning of further migration moves. But the research also indicates that migration for education is closely tied to other types of population redistribution and should be treated by population geographers as an integral part of international migration systems." Data were collected by questionnaire survey from 349 engineering students at Hong Kong universities and 82 Hong Kong students studying engineering in the UK.     

广东纯石灰岩山区人口外迁后的环境保护与旅游开发设想

分布在广东省西北部的纯石灰岩山区自然资源十分贫乏，自然条件十分恶劣，土地的人口承载力十分低，已采取外迁人口，以求从根本上解决其极端贫困的措施。人口外迁以后的石灰岩山区应继续发展林业，改善生态环境，创造条件建成国家森林公园或自然保护区，并适当发展旅游业，变无用地为有用地。     

基于农户调研的中国农村居民点空心化程度研究

基于中国范围的乡村人居环境调研数据,分析了中国农村宅基地空心现象。结果表明：① 中国农村宅基地空心化严重,93.5%的调研村庄有空心化现象,平均空心化率达到10.2%。② 省域农村宅基地空心化差异明显,其中华北、华东、华中地区普遍较高;③ 多种因素导致农村宅基地空心化,认为是“外出务工”、“户口迁移”、“房屋年久失修”及“一户多宅” 的受访者分别占39.94%,19.51%,25.73%和14.82%。④ 中国农村空心化宅基地再利用潜力巨大,但再利用难度大,需要从改革城乡二元体制和乡村空间重构的角度进行空心村整治。     

American viticultural areas: A problem in regional geography

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to examine a particular type of formal geographic region—the viticultural region—to promote an understanding of the geographical bases of wine production. The authors have found that the viticultural area is an excellent vehicle for teaching students how geographers construct and analyze regions. Although the wine industry in the United States is concentrated overwhelmingly in California and secondarily in a belt running from New York across Pennsylvania and into Ohio, most of the lower 48 states have at least one officially recognized viticultural area. The following problem has been developed to be used “as is” or to be modified for any state or region in the country. By the end of the problem, students have gained hands-on experience in defining regions, correlating physical geography with human activities, and thinking about the importance of place names and scale.     

What kind of quantitative methods for what kind of geography?

This paper asks why we teach what we teach to geography undergraduates in quantitative methods courses. We re-consider the origins of quantitative geography and note how partial and historically contingent the traditional syllabus is. From this basis, we suggest that other approaches should be considered in order to provide a broader training in quantitative methods. We then propose an example syllabus that attempts to integrate a range of quantitative methodologies within a common, applied context that is also connected to relevant social, economic and political issues. We conclude that students with a better understanding of methods in physical and social science could be very valuable to the betterment of society, but to achieve this may require a change to our quantitative methods teaching.     

Illustrating the Concepts of the Contour Symbol,Interval, and Spacing VIA 3-D Maps

Abstract

Although topographic maps are commonly used, few readers seem to understand them adequately. In this paper we attempt to develop a teaching strategy to remedy this deficiency. The teaching strategy is founded upon a group of integrated illustrations which take the reader from data-gathering through to the final map. We believe that these illustrations are simple enough to be understood by grade school children, yet sophisticated enough to satisfy adults.     

Lærerstudenters myter om befolkning og miljø

This article discusses perceptions of linkages between population and environment among Norwegian teacher trainee students. It is based on experiences from teaching, the examination of more than 1500 written examination papers, and a questionnaire to students. The conclusion is that students generally hold neo-Malthusian views of environmental crisis as the inevitable consequence of population increase. These perceptions, which we characterise as 'myths', contrast with results of recent research. The article discusses some of the sources of these myths as well as reasons for their apparent robustness.     

Going beyond location: Thematic maps in the early elementary grades

Abstract

Cartographic research has long suggested that preschool and early elementary children possess advanced mapping behaviors in terms of interpreting, making, and using locational and wayfinding maps. To improve instruction in geographic concepts, it is necessary to see if these advanced mapping behaviors apply to thematic or special purpose maps as well, as an understanding of these types of maps is integral to the five fundamental themes of geography. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the thematic mapping abilities of second-grade students. Students viewed maps at the neighborhood, city, and national scales displaying different types of symbolization and presented in a random order. Results indicated that the map tasks were appropriate for this age level, and a statistical test of reaction times did not identify a best symbol type or scale, as all were appropriate for this age level. Responses to discussion questions indicated the students also have the ability to describe spatial patterns. The interpretation of quantitative information on maps is within the ability level of second grade students, and materials currently used in second grade should be revised to include these maps.     

Linking teaching and research in undergraduate physical geography papers: The role of fieldwork

Undergraduate teaching should be informed by research. The extent to which this is the case and how this is best practised is the subject of this paper. Learning strategies that seek to embed research within the undergraduate programme from an introductory level are discussed. The degree of success in these strategies is informed by input from postgraduate students who have ‘come through the ranks’. Their views, obtained via a focus group, suggest that research is rigorously embedded at every level of the programme and is most clearly linked to teaching in research-based third-year papers with a strong fieldwork component.     

A NEW TYPE OF FAMILY HOMELESSNESS: SURVEY FINDINGS,PERCEPTIONS, AND LOCAL POLITICS IN MADISON,WISCONSIN

An increasing number of homeless families in Madison, Wisconsin, have lived in other places before becoming homeless in Madison: these families are the focus of this paper. While their demographic and socioeconomic characteristics fit the generally accepted understanding of homeless families, the reasons explaining their situation differ from those most frequently cited, which suggests that a new type of family homelessness has to be considered. Most families had housing in the places from which they moved. But extremely stressful environments, like the ghettos of Chicago, and the wish to raise the children in a better place, led to the decision to move away. These families intentionally use homeless shelters as a stepping-stone to a new and better life. Families relocating in Madison's homeless shelters comprise only part of an increasing number of poor and black migrants, especially from Chicago. The expected continuation of this influx is changing the racial and class composition of the white, middle-class city. A secondary thrust of this paper examines perceptions and attitudes of Madisonians toward, and the problems of integration for, these migrants and discusses the ensuing conflicts and policy approaches.     

胡焕庸线两侧人口的空间分异性及其变化

胡焕庸线作为人地关系的重要地理大发现之一,揭示了中国人口分布东密西疏的重要特征,是人文与经济地理学对社会的重要贡献之一。本文采用地理探测器等定量方法,以人口普查数据为基础,对胡焕庸线两侧人口分布的分异性特征进行了深入讨论,并尝试解释中国人口分布特征变化的原因及其机制。结果表明：① 胡焕庸线作为中国最重要的人口分界线仍基本保持稳定,但从空间统计学分异特征来看该分界线仍可进一步优化调整;② 胡焕庸线两侧内部人口集聚模式发生着明显变化,东南半壁人口分布由改革开放之前和初期的相对均衡状态,转变为以长三角、珠三角等少数区域为中心的集聚模式;而西北半壁人口分布的集聚程度则趋于下降;③ 从人口空间分布的影响因素看,尽管总体上,经济发展类因素对于人口空间分布影响不断增强,但三大阶梯等自然地理本底条件依然对中国人口分布有着重要影响。     

基于GIS 的城市内部人口空间结构研究 ——-以深圳市为例

社会科学开始借助于地理信息系统(GIS) 的空间统计分析方法, 来研究社会现象的空间 模式和非常态分布, 研究社会科学中的空间结构问题。人口是城市空间结构演变中最为活跃的因 素之一, 同时也较易获取、容易做到时空连续, 因此往往是衡量城市内部空间结构的重要指标之 一。借助于GIS 技术, 以20 世纪90 年代以来深圳市城市内部人口空间结构研究为例。研究结果 表明深圳市城市内部人口空间结构总体表现为集聚。具体来说: 1990 年和2000 年深圳市人口密 度均以特区内东门街道为最高, 特区外各街道人口密度增长较快; 1990~2000 年人口重心向西北 移动约4km; 1990 年人口密度函数和2000 年人口密度函数均以反函数模型拟合较好, 从市中心 随着距离增加, 人口密度递减; 空间相关性分析结果表明在市中心附近具有较大的向心效应, 带 来周边邻近区域人口的增长, 而在东部郊区人口分布相对稀疏, 出现部分离心效应。     

The Girls' Home, Bangkok, Thailand: Developing Thoughts on Democracy

This paper describes an exercise with children in the implementation of housing rights. Based on the argued opinion that housing rights cannot be exercised without participation and that participation without knowledge is pretence, a Kids and Architecture programme was initiated with a group of 40 children — displaced from homes in the Klong Toey slum in Bangkok — at a girls' home run by the Human Development Foundation (HDF). The programme, developed in two phases and involving students from the King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), School of Architecture, set about to teach these children some of the elements of architecture so that they could participate in the design of their own housing. From this experiment a number of conclusions are drawn about the implementation of housing rights and about the teaching of architecture, both to children and architecture students.     

DESIGNER SHELTERS AS MODELS AND MAKERS OF HOME: NEW RESPONSES TO HOMELESSNESS IN URBAN AMERICA

As the number of homeless people grew over the 1980s, so did the number of homeless shelters. Given that these recently established shelters are smaller, more specialized, and tend to assist those segments of the homeless population more likely to be mainstreamed, they are intentionally designed to be a model of a middle-class home for the people they serve. This paper examines the process by which designer shelters became part of the contemporary urban scene. It explores the notion that in and through these institutions poor and homeless people are being told how to live. Evidence of how designer shelters have become a model of a middle-class home, and how designer shelters reproduce this model through their policies and practices, is gathered from various sources. City planning documents and shelter mission statements obtained from Wilmington, Delaware illustrate the process of creating model homemakers out of homeless people. Some of the spatial and social implications of this process are discussed.     

策勒绿洲植被覆盖动态变化遥感研究

使用经严格配准的2个时相的TM和HRV图像数据为基础底料编制规一化植被指数图（NDVI），根据策勒绿洲特有的生态环境特征，研究植被指数灰度级与盖度级的对应函数关系，将其转换成植被盖度图。最终利用植被盖度图像所提供的各盖度级的数量和空间分配状况来评价图像所包括时段，即1990年至1998年期间植被环境质量的变化，为该区域生态环境综合治理提供新的研究方法。     

怒江州农村特困人口现状及工程移民扶贫研究

移民扶贫开发是我国政府解决贫困问题的重要手段之一。怒江州特困人口数量多、分布广,生存条件恶劣,属于典型的生态贫困型,大多数特困人口需要实施异地搬迁扶贫。与移民扶贫开发相比工程移民补偿高,移民后期扶持力度大。结合国家水电建设,利用国家工程移民的各种政策,把工程移民和移民扶贫开发相结合,做好工程移民的规划、选址和安置,处理好移民区的土地、生产以及发展问题,可以解决怒江州部分生态贫困型特困人口的贫困问题,加快怒江州的脱贫步伐。     

The Persistence of Segregation in Buffalo,New York: Comer VS. Cisneros and Geographies of Relocation Decisions Among Low-Income Black Households

Debates about the causes of segregation continue to consider the role that own-race preferences have in understanding the persistence of racial residential segregation in American cities. In this paper, I offer an alternative to the own-race preference model. I argue that segregation of low-income Black households from Whites persists in Buffalo, New York, because the spatial rootedness of Blacks' survival strategies leads households to choose housing in the central city, where their social networks and most Black households live. I illustrate this argument by exploring the multiple reasons for why a group of African American households, who were prompted to move through the settlement of a high-profile housing discrimination lawsuit, chose to relocate to neighborhoods in the central city in Buffalo. I adopt a context-sensitive perspective in making the argument and further argue that such approaches are ultimately useful in capturing the complex reasons that underlie the persistence of segregation.     

Constraints of Housing Age and Migration on Residential Mobility

This paper investigates the role of housing age in constraining residential mobility, measured as the percent of households that have moved into their homes in the past 15 months. The leading explanation for why mobility rates differ so much among regions of the United States has been the overall level of growth. The present analysis shows that the growth effect operates through both the newness of population (migration) and the newness of housing available for occupancy by all local residents. The posited explanation for this housing age effect is that progressively older units contain increasingly settled occupants, yielding fewer opportunities for in-movers in areas with older housing. It is empirically demonstrated that households in older housing have lower likelihood of recent mobility even after controlling for age, tenure, migration status, and state location of residence. The analysis reveals the temporal interdependency of mobility, migration, person age, and housing age.     

The geography of tyranny and despair: development indicators and the hypothesis of genetic inevitability of national inequality

Development geography has long sought to understand why inequalities exist and the best ways to address them. Dependency theory sets out an historical rationale for under development based on colonialism and a legacy of developed core and under-developed periphery. Race is relevant in this theory only insofar that Europeans are white and the places they colonised were occupied by people with darker skin colour. There are no innate biological reasons why it happened in that order. However, a new theory for national inequalities proposed by Lynn and Vanhanen in a series of publications makes the case that poorer countries have that status because of a poorer genetic stock rather than an accident of history. They argue that IQ has a genetic basis and IQ is linked to ability. Thus races with a poorer IQ have less ability, and thus national IQ can be positively correlated with performance as measured by an indicator like GDP/capita. Their thesis is one of despair, as little can be done to improve genetic stock significantly other than a programme of eugenics. This paper summarises and critiques the Lynn and Vanhanen hypothesis and the assumptions upon which it is based, and uses this analysis to show how a human desire to simplify in order to manage can be dangerous in development geography. While the attention may naturally be focused on the 'national IQ' variables as a proxy measure of 'innate ability', the assumption of GDP per capita as an indicator of 'success' and 'achievement' is far more readily accepted without criticism. The paper makes the case that the current vogue for indicators, indices and cause–effect can be tyrannical.