基于农户调研的中国农村居民点空心化程度研究

基于中国范围的乡村人居环境调研数据,分析了中国农村宅基地空心现象。结果表明：① 中国农村宅基地空心化严重,93.5%的调研村庄有空心化现象,平均空心化率达到10.2%。② 省域农村宅基地空心化差异明显,其中华北、华东、华中地区普遍较高;③ 多种因素导致农村宅基地空心化,认为是“外出务工”、“户口迁移”、“房屋年久失修”及“一户多宅” 的受访者分别占39.94%,19.51%,25.73%和14.82%。④ 中国农村空心化宅基地再利用潜力巨大,但再利用难度大,需要从改革城乡二元体制和乡村空间重构的角度进行空心村整治。

Rural Household Survey Based Analysis of Hollowing of Rural Residential Land in China

As urbanization in China has increased rapidly in recent decades, large numbers of people have moved from rural areas to urban areas in China. As a result, a great number of rural residential land are abandoned or inefficiently used, which becomes a serious problem in China. Based on the data from a nationwide rural ecological landscape survey, called “thousand villages survey”, this study analyzes the status, change modes, causes and the reuse potential of hollowing of rural residential land. Major conclusions of this study are as following: 1) Village-hollowing has been a universal phenomenon in China rural areas, where 93.5% villages have this phenomenon. The average hollowing rate of rural residential land of the surveyed villages is about 10.2%, and 14.9% rural residential land is inefficiently utilized. Therefore, village-hollowing now becomes a great challenge to rural development. 2) The hollowing rate of rural residential land varies significantly across space, where villages in north central and eastern China usually have higher hollowing rates. Therefore, it is an urgent demand to formulate regionally differentiated management and reutilization solutions of rural settlement. 3) There are many reasons related to village hollowing. The survey shows that 39.94% surveyed people believe that rural labor migration is the major reason to village hollowing. 19.51% surveyed people accuse the reason to urbanization of rural people. 25.73% surveyed people think dilapidated houses lead to village hollowing and 14.82% surveyed people trend to believe “One household, multiple housing lands” cause village hollowing. 4) It is large of potential to reuse the idle and abandoned rural housing land to meet future residential land demands from newly increased rural population, although it’s difficult and costly. The survey shows that rural people have strong wills to reutilize the hollowing rural residential land. 34.22% surveyed people choose to change the hollowed rural residential land to public green space. 14.45% and 13.08% surveyed people believe that the hollowed rural residential land should be changed into cultivated land and forest land. Therefore, policy makers should pay more attentions to following three aspects, including improving regulatory and policy for rural residential land management, strengthening the village planning and promoting the construction of beautiful country, and making feasible and differentiated rural residential land reuse schemes. Regional differences of man-earth relationship should be considered in future differential recycling schemes of rural residential land use. However, the abandoned and idle rural residential land are usually scattered in rural resident areas, which make it is difficult to renovate them into farmland in large-scale. Therefore, more attention should be paid to rural settlement planning and improvement of rural living environment.