重庆市麻柳嘴滑坡复活机制探讨

重庆市麻柳嘴滑坡是一顺层发育的大型滑坡，总体积2574×104m3，因其体积大，加之位于三峡工程库区而倍受各方的关注。麻柳嘴滑坡是典型的暴雨诱发型滑坡，文章在结合分析滑坡形态、结构特征的基础上，综合考虑了影响滑坡变形复活的主要因素，对滑坡的形成机制进行了有益探讨，并总结了滑坡的变形破坏特征；在滑坡位移监测的基础上，分析了滑坡的稳定现状及变形发展趋势，为滑坡治理工程提供了依据。     

湖北省清江杨家槽滑坡防治工程

清江是长江三峡出口后的第一条较大支流,杨家槽滑坡位于清江左岸,距隔河岩大坝约23km,它是水库库岸重要滑坡体之一,湖北省长阳县鸭子口乡政府所在地,居住人口千余人。滑坡由上下两个滑坡体组成。上滑坡体高程360～570m,面积约0.13km2,体积约300×104m3。形态为:滑坡外围东、西部为山脊地形,北部为斜坡山体,岩层倾向北,倾角30～45°,后缘及两侧弧圈地形明显,平面呈喇叭形。下滑体剪切出口高程130m,面积约0.17km2,体积约410×104m3,滑坡平面呈喇叭形,后部较宽,前部较窄,垂直清江河流。滑体下部坡角30°,中部坡角15°,呈平缓台阶面,上部坡角28…     

四川美姑拉马阿觉滑坡复活特征与影响因素分析

工程建设的扰动成为老滑坡复活的重要因素,老滑坡复活反过来影响了工程建设及其安全运营。四川美姑拉马阿觉滑坡属于前缘复活的巨型老滑坡,通过现场监测和数值模拟手段,对滑坡复活变形特征与影响因素进行了分析,结果表明:（1）降雨及人类工程活动是诱发老滑坡复活的主要因素,复活滑坡位于老滑坡体前缘,滑坡蠕滑变形的体积约为255.6×104 m3;（2）滑坡体呈刚性滑动,表现出单滑面及岩质滑坡的特征,且滑动面大体位于基覆界面位置;（3）经过前后两期治理,抗滑桩阻挡滑体的效果明显,滑体稳定性得到了明显提高,目前滑体变形趋于稳定,可以满足电力设施正常工作的稳定性要求。文中的研究是基于工程实例开展的,其研究成果为滑坡的稳定性评价、防治工程设计、治理后工程效果评价提供一定的理论依据。     

地震滑坡编目图误差分析

地震滑坡编目是地震滑坡区域研究的基础。近年来,单次地震事件后的地震滑坡编目工作成果多有出现,然而,地震滑坡编目误差分析,尤其是滑坡的面积与体积误差分析研究却是一项空白。本文提出了一种基于遥感影像空间分辨率的地震滑坡编目误差分析方法,并分别对2010年4月14日玉树Mw69级地震触发的2036处滑坡、2010年1月12日海地Mw70级地震触发的30828处滑坡、2008年5月12日汶川Mw79级地震触发的197481处滑坡编目图进行误差分析。结果表明玉树地震滑坡面积为1191 km2,误差范围是1153 ~1229 km2（9681%~10319%）,体积为2012×106m3,误差范围是1947×106~2078×106m3（9677%~10328%）;海地地震滑坡面积为15743km2,误差范围是15118 ~16368 km2（9603%~10397%）,体积为29698×106m3,误差范围是28594×106~30821×106m3（9628%~10378%）;汶川地震滑坡面积为1160025km2,误差范围是1072258 ~1248424km2（9243%~10762%）,体积为4693159×106m3,误差范围是4372957×106~5033739×106m3（9318%~10726%）。遥感影像分辨率与滑坡编目误差的关系分析表明不同分辨率遥感影像对地震滑坡编目图误差有明显影响,地震滑坡强频分布与滑坡编目误差的关系分析表明滑坡规模对地震滑坡编目图误差也有明显影响。该地震滑坡编目图误差分析方法可以推广应用于更多的地震滑坡事件。     

岷江上游槽谷曲流段大型古滑坡成因与复活性分析——以松潘县元坝子古滑坡为例

岷江上游靠近分水岭部位的槽谷曲流河段,由于地壳抬升缓慢,河谷宽、岸坡缓,降雨量相对偏少,通常被认为发生大型滑坡的可能性较小。但通过笔者近年来的调查发现,在岷江上游红桥关至西宁关的槽谷曲流段两岸大型滑坡密集发育,且大多具有地震滑坡的特征,同时个别滑坡受后期江水冲刷、工程开挖等因素影响复活。文章选取其中较为典型的元坝子滑坡为例进行解剖,元坝子滑坡位于岷江曲流凹岸,长780 m,宽480 m,体积293×104 m3。通过地质分析、测年鉴定和数值模拟,认为该滑坡是历史地震引发的大型岩质古滑坡,其发展经历了斜坡裂缝、地震滑坡、河流下切和前缘复活等阶段。稳定性计算结果显示,目前滑坡整体天然工况下稳定性好,极端暴雨工况下欠稳定,受江水冲刷、降雨、融雪等因素影响,出现局部变形复活。建议应加强滑坡变形监测,避免整体滑动造成堵江、威胁成兰铁路安全。     

天水锻压机床厂滑坡变形破坏机制及形成演化

天水锻压机床厂滑坡(1.4×106 m3)发生于1990年8月11日, 滑坡体主要由次生黄土组成, 滑床为第四系黄土和新近系泥岩, 滑坡沿黄土-泥岩接触面发生, 属黄土接触面滑坡。通过野外调查和工程钻探对锻压机床厂滑坡变形破坏机制及形成演化进行研究, 结果表明, 该滑坡变形破坏方式表现为滑移-拉裂式, 受区内二元斜坡结构控制, 是在工程切坡和降雨、灌溉等诱发因素作用下形成; 其形成演化经历了高陡边坡形成期→滑坡孕育期→滑动面贯通临界期→滑坡启动下滑堆积期→滑坡复活变形期等过程。该滑坡目前处于欠稳定状态, 遇地震或强降雨等作用, 极有可能再次复活下滑。研究成果可为该类滑坡的防治预警提供理论依据。      

鱼跳水电站陡石梯滑坡成因机制及稳定性研究

鱼跳水电站大坝为面板堆石坝,总堆筑量约200×104m3,陡石梯滑坡位于陡石梯人工料场下方的堆料区与砂石加工系统场地。坡体失稳不仅将危及砂石加工系统和堆料区场地的安全,而且影响场内和进坝交通,不利于工程的正常施工。文章在滑坡区工程地质勘察的基础上,针对该滑坡的具体特点,提出了综合整治措施,并在工程施工、运行中经受了检验。     

石家庄市应急水源地开采方案设计与优选

通过对石家庄市应急水源地设计不同开采规模的开采方案,进行水位预报,并对预报结果从水源地供水安全、对当地城市、农业用水影响等不同方面进行分析,优选出两种建议开采方案:小水量方案,即正定南化水源地的开采量为10×104m3 d,新乐曲都水源地的开采量为10×104m3 d,新乐西五楼水源地的开采量为5×104m3 d,总开采量为25×104m3 d;大水量方案,即正定南化水源地的开采量为10×104m3 d,新乐曲都水源地的开采量为15×104m3 d,新乐西五楼水源地的开采量为10×104m3 d,总开采量为35×104m3 d。     

封面照片说明

照片所示滑坡发生于2009年7月,位处云南省澜沧江小湾电站库区上游右岸,体积约900×104m3,涌浪高达7m,属于水利水电工程场区常见的库岸再造型滑坡。水利水电工程多位于河道峡谷,土石方工程量大,岸坡     

浅谈数字填图系统背景图层的参数调整技巧与方法

2011年11月4日,甘肃省陇南市白水江支流中路河某水电站引水隧洞出口段发生中型破碎岩石滑坡,体积23×104m3,破坏引水隧洞50m、前池、压力管道、35kV输电线路等,潜在威胁发电厂房、学校、道路。山坡地形高陡、组成岩性软弱、风化破碎是滑坡发生的地质基础;山坡内引水隧洞开挖、近50m隧洞发生强烈冒顶陷落,使坡脚抗滑支撑能力减弱是该滑坡发生的主要引发因素;地震和降水对其也有一定影响。该滑坡体稳定性差,还可能大规模复活滑动,危害严重,建议采取框架锚索、排水等措施综合治理。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the