长三角地区电离层变化的GPS监测

利用GPS双频观测量可获取电离层总电子含量(Total Electron Content,TEC),以监测区域上空电离层的分布和变化特征,从而可以发现不同尺度的电离层异常。该文采用2004年上海地区GPS综合应用网(SCGAN)以及中国地壳运动监测网络(CMONC)的部分台站的观测,计算得到1年时间序列的TEC数据,来研究长三角地区上空的电离层TEC的变化与活动。应用这些数据,综合利用高斯权函数和滑动平均等几种数据处理方法,重点分析和讨论了长三角地区上空电离层的周日变化、周年变化和季节性变化特性,揭示了电离层冬季异常等现象。同时,通过对1年时间序列TEC进行谱分析,得到了其相应的变化周期。     

电离层TEC对GRB041227的响应

2004年12月27日世界时21时30分,一个非常强的γ射线暴扫过地球,它使得暴露在这次事件中的地球高层大气产生额外电离.在爆发期间,地球上多个甚低频(VLF)电波台站都同时观测到了电离层突然骚扰(SID)事件.对GOES卫星的X射线数据、ACE卫星的太阳风和行星际数据以及理论分析表明,地球上观测到的SID事件是由GRB041227引起的.另外,利用国际GPS服务网(IGS)提供的观测数据,采用相干求和的数据处理方法研究了电离层总电子含量(TEC)对这次γ射线暴的响应.结果表明,SGR1806-20产生的GRB041227对地球电离层产生了明显的影响.在爆发期间,平均电离层TEC有一定的增加,其最大增加值约0.04TECU(1TECU=10~(16)el/m~2),产生效果与一个C级或者低于C级的太阳耀斑相当.计算结果还表明了遥远的天体也能对地球的近地空间环境产生或多或少的影响.     

利用GPS探测电离层异常中的高斯过程处理方法

平静状态下电离层总电子含量（TEC）随时间的变化通常可以视为平稳随机过程。然而，太阳或地球的突发事件（如太阳耀斑、地磁场的扰动）会引起电离层的扰动，破坏该平稳过程，从而引起其统计参数的变化。依据平稳随机过程——高斯过程的相关性质，利用其自协方差函数和TEC时间系列，构建了独立同标准正态分布的观测样本，并利用X^2假设检验的方法来探测电离层异常现象。此外，还利用了2000年7月14日太阳耀斑期间我国国际IGS跟踪站武汉GPS跟踪站的数据，进行了实例分析。结果表明，该方法可以有效地探测电离层异常现象。     

GPS实时监测和预报电离层电子含量

GPS能高精度地实时监测电离层总电子含量(TEC)变化，对纠正单频GPS接收机电离层延迟和监测电离层活动及其所反映的太阳活动规律具有重要意义．上海地区GPS综合应用网的建立，为监测长江三角洲地区电离层变化提供了宝贵的资料，利用这些双频GPS接收机的连续观测资料，可近实时地监测和预报该地区电离层总电子含量，其内外符精度和外推预报30分钟的精度均优于0.4m．     

太阳耀斑引起的突发电离层骚扰(英文)

太阳活动第22周峰年期内,我国组织了日地系统整体行为的联合观测研究,中科院武汉物理研究所开展了多项电离层观测,见表1,监测太阳活动在电离层中不同高度上的效应。垂测记录的形式为频高图;长波观测中为Loran—c信号的相位和振幅变化。由武昌、天门和安陆三个站组成的台阵,记录了BPM时号的三维多普勒频谱结构,还同时记录了电子总含量(TEC)的变化。 本文讨论SID,主要观测结果列在表2。表2按确认的SFD事件排列。这种记录虽是全天候的从未中断过,但由于短波传播条件的各种特殊变化,不能认为已收入了全部SFD事件。长波观测有少数缺记情况,TEC记录虽未中断,但它的灵敏度低,只能检测大耀斑。表中的耀斑事件也不全,可能漏掉了一些对电离层效应很灵敏的急剧变化的短暂事件。从表2中得出下列主要结论:(1)SFD是一种很好的光耀斑指示器;(2)SPA是X射线耀斑的指示器;(3)出现特强的SFD和SPA,并出现可检测的SITEC常暗示着1—3天内,将出现电离层暴或大尺度TID。由于记录是连续实时显示的,这种观测在日地空间环境监测、预报和研究中是很有用的。     

利用地基GPS网高精度实时监测电离层TEC

地基GPS网是监测电离层总电子含量(TEC)的有效手段之一,本文基于上海综合GPS应用网建立了高时空分辨率(0.5h×0.1°×0.1°)的垂直TEC格网模型,用于实时地监测该地区上空电离层TEC变化.该模型每30min给出一幅电离层TEC图,详细地反映了区域电离层分布和变化情况,并可用于实时地改正该地区单频GPS接收机的电离层延迟.     

ROTI计算策略的初步分析比较

由电离层闪烁和TEC(Total Electron Content)监测仪获取的振幅闪烁指数S4和相位闪烁指数σ?是电离层闪烁研究中最常用的参数,由双频GNSS(Global Navigation Satellite System)接收机获取的电离层TEC变化率指数ROTI(Rate of TEC Index)与S4指数的相关性已得到很多相关研究的验证,ROTI也是电离层闪烁研究的一个有效参数,这样就使利用全球分布的大量GNSS观测数据开展电离层闪烁研究成为可能.但是在不同的研究中计算ROTI所使用数据的采样率和计算间隔有所差异,对于计算策略的选择尚无定论.利用海南三亚1 s、15 s和30 s采样率的GNSS双频观测数据与电离层闪烁和TEC监测仪获取的S4指数,分析了在电离层闪烁发生时,不同计算策略获取的各类ROTI与S4指数的相关性,分析比对了几类ROTI对电离层闪烁的敏感性.分析结果表明:各类ROTI与S4指数都具有较强的相关性,在大多数情况下,不同种类ROTI都可以在闪烁发生期间响应S4指数的变化;不同采样率的ROTI在响应S4指数变化时,判断是否发生电离层闪烁事件的阈值有所差异;由于ROTI和S4指数监测电离层闪烁的机理不同,也会出现几个参数不能同时反映电离层受扰动的情况,在进行电离层闪烁监测、预报和预警时,建议同时采用多个参数综合分析;在同等的电离层条件下,15 s和30 s采样率的ROTI在数值上比较接近,但是两者明显小于1 s采样率的ROTI.使用GNSS接收机进行电离层闪烁观测时,建议采用高于1 s采样率的GNSS观测数据.     

GPS监测电离层活动的方法和最新进展

全球定位系统(GPS)可以快速、准确地提供电离层总电子含量(TEC)信息。简要介绍了GPS技术精确测量TEC、监测电离层的原理和方法，指出进行TEC绝对量估计时求解差分群延迟(DCB)的重要性，以及建立多层和实时电离层监测模型的必要性。分析了影响TEC估计的主要误差源，着重介绍了目前GPS监测电离层的最新成果和进展。     

1989年4月9日的3级大耀斑

本文对1989年4月9日发生在小黑子活动区的3B级大耀斑作了形态分析,得到如下结果。1.耀斑具有双带结构,活动暗条被耀斑的双带包围在中间。2.和耀斑有关的S形活动暗条在耀斑爆发前后有明显变化,最终全部消失。3.耀斑的X—射线事件引起电离层2级和1级扰动(SID)各一次。4.离带观测表明存在着物质的下降运动。5.黑子半影具有旋涡结构。     

区域GPS网实测电离层变化和卫星硬件延迟的可靠性研究

根据高精度卫星导航定位的实际需要,介绍了利用中国GPS区域网双频相位平滑伪距实测数据,准实时监测区域网电离层电子总含量(TEC)变化和GPS卫星硬件延迟(DCB)的方法和结果.着重研究了区域网独立测定DCB的可靠性,利用中国境内的GPS站点分别构造了3个大小不同的区域网,通过实测DCB和垂直电子总含量(VTEC)与CO...     

Evaluation of LEO based GPS slant TEC using a simulation technique

With the increased number of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites equipped with Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver, the LEO based GPS slant total electron content (STEC) data play a more important role in ionospheric research due to better global coverage. The accuracy of LEO TEC is hardly evaluated by comparison with the independent TEC measurement simultaneously. We propose an approach based on the simulated data to verify the accuracy of TEC determination. The simulated data (i.e., the pseudorange and carrier phase observations) was generated based on the consideration of the effect of the ionosphere, the so-called differential code bias (DCB) and observational noise. The errors of carrier phase to code leveling process and DCB estimation are analyzed quantitatively. Also, the effect of observational noise, solar activity and LEO orbit altitude on the accuracy of TEC determination will be discussed in detail. The accuracy of TEC determination is relative to solar activity and LEO orbit altitude, the higher LEO orbit and lower F10.7 index, the higher accuracy of TEC determination. It is found by the first time that, with the amplification of the pseudorange noise, the accuracy of leveling process and TEC determination declines almost linearly. With the LEO missions in the near future, it is hoped that the GPS satellite DCBs estimated based on LEO observations would be better than those based on ground-based observations.     

Response of the Total Electron Content of Terrestrial Ionosphere to GRB041227

At 21:30 UT on 2004 December 27 an extremely strong gamma-ray burst swept across the earth and caused the part of the terrestrial upper atmosphere exposed to it to produce extra ionization. Sudden ionospheric disturbance (SID) events were simultaneously observed at many of the very low frequency (VLF) electric wave observing stations. Analyses of the X-ray data of the GOES satellite as well as the solar wind and interplanetary data of the ACE satellite with the relevant theories show that the observed SID event observed was indeed caused by GRB041227. We calculated the response of the total electron content (TEC) of the terrestrial ionosphere to this γ-ray burst using the observed data provided by the international GPS service network (IGS) and the data processing method of coherent summation. The result indicates that the GRB041227 produced by the SGR1806-20 had an evident effect on the terrestrial ionosphere: in the course of the burst the average ionospheric TEC increased, to a maximum size of about 0.04 TECU (1 TECU = 10¹⁶ el/m²), equivalent to a solar flare with importance of C or lower. The calculated result demonstrates once again that a remote celestial body can also affect the terrestrial space environment to some extent.     

Anomalous variation in GPS TEC prior to the 11 April 2012 Sumatra earthquake

On 11 April 2012, a strong earthquake of magnitude Ms8.6 occurred near the west coast of Northern Sumatra, Indonesia. In this paper, we investigated the morphological characteristics of anomalous variations in Global Positioning System Total Electron Content (GPS TEC) prior to the earthquake by the method of the statistical analysis. It was found the TEC anomaly was firstly decreased, then, it became more enhanced, finally, it decreased, the peak of anomaly enhancement arose from 13:00–17:00 LT on April 5 lasted for ～4 hours and the anomalous ionospheric regions extended to ～40^° in longitude and ～20^° in latitude, its location did not coincide with the vertical projection of the epicenter, but lies at the north and south of the geomagnetic equator, meanwhile, corresponding ionospheric anomalies are also observed in the magneto conjugate region. Potential causes of these results are discussed,eliminating the ionospheric anomalies that may be caused by solar activities and magnetic storms, it can be concluded that the observed obvious anomalous variation in GPS TEC on April 5 were possibly related to the earthquake.     

GPS全球电离层TEC的并行算法建模及初步结果分析

根据高精度卫星导航定位和全球电离层活动监测的需要,利用全球370多个GPS基准站的双频相位实测数据,监测全球电离层总电子含量变化和GPS卫星及接收机的DCB。由于数据量大、数据处理时间长,很难实现高精度快速建模,为此我们采用OpenMP并行算法来加快数据处理速度。实验表明,相对于串行处理,并行处理在8核服务器下能加速7倍以上,在48核服务器下能加速超过40倍。将本文的初步建模结果与CODE、JPL等分析中心的结果进行比较,表明用该方法建立的模型是可靠的。其卫星DCB结果相对于CODE发布的结果精度为0.4ns,相对于JPL发布的结果其精度达到0.3 ns。其测站DCB相对于2个分析中心结果的精度均优于2 ns,垂直总电子含量相对于各分析中心的GIM产品的精度都在5.3TECU以内,相对于CODE的结果的精度最高,达4 TECU。     

Effective recombination coefficient and solar zenith angle effects on low-latitude D-region ionosphere evaluated from VLF signal amplitude and its time delay during X-ray solar flares

Excess solar X-ray radiation during solar flares causes an enhancement of ionization in the ionospheric D-region and hence affects sub-ionospherically propagating VLF signal amplitude and phase. VLF signal amplitude perturbation (ΔA) and amplitude time delay (Δt) (vis-á-vis corresponding X-ray light curve as measured by GOES-15) of NWC/19.8 kHz signal have been computed for solar flares which is detected by us during Jan–Sep 2011. The signal is recorded by SoftPAL facility of IERC/ICSP, Sitapur (22^° 27′N, 87^° 45′E), West Bengal, India. In first part of the work, using the well known LWPC technique, we simulated the flare induced excess lower ionospheric electron density by amplitude perturbation method. Unperturbed D-region electron density is also obtained from simulation and compared with IRI-model results. Using these simulation results and time delay as key parameters, we calculate the effective electron recombination coefficient (α _eff ) at solar flare peak region. Our results match with the same obtained by other established models. In the second part, we dealt with the solar zenith angle effect on D-region during flares. We relate this VLF data with the solar X-ray data. We find that the peak of the VLF amplitude occurs later than the time of the X-ray peak for each flare. We investigate this so-called time delay (Δt). For the C-class flares we find that there is a direct correspondence between Δt of a solar flare and the average solar zenith angle Z over the signal propagation path at flare occurrence time. Now for deeper analysis, we compute the Δt for different local diurnal time slots DT. We find that while the time delay is anti-correlated with the flare peak energy flux ? _max independent of these time slots, the goodness of fit, as measured by reduced-χ ², actually worsens as the day progresses. The variation of the Z dependence of reduced-χ ² seems to follow the variation of standard deviation of Z along the T _x -R _x propagation path. In other words, for the flares having almost constant Z over the path a tighter anti-correlation between Δt and ? _max was observed.     

Temporal and spatial distribution of GPS-TEC anomalies prior to the strong earthquakes

Earthquakes are one of the most destructive and harmful natural disasters, especially in recent years, the 2008/5/12 Wenchuan M7.9 earthquake, the 2011/3/11 Tohoku M9.0 earthquake and the 2012/4/11 Sumatra M8.6 earthquake have caused a significant impact to the human life. In this paper, we make a study of the temporal and spatial distribution of the Global Positioning System Total Electron Content (GPS TEC) anomalies prior to the three strong earthquakes by the method of statistical analysis. Our results show that the pre-earthquake ionospheric anomalies are mainly positive anomalies and take the shape of a double-crest structure with a trough near the epicenter. The ionospheric anomalies do not coincide with the vertical projection of the epicenter of the subsequent earthquake, but mainly localize in the near-epicenter region and corresponding ionospheric anomalies are also simultaneously observed in the magnetic conjugate region prior to the three earthquakes. In addition, the amplitude and scale-size of the ionospheric ΔTEC are different with the magnitude of the earthquake, and the horizontal scale-size of the greatest anomalies before the Tohoku M9.0 earthquake is ～30^° in longitude and ～10^° in latitude, with the maximum amplitude of TEC disturbances reaching ～20 TECu relative to the background. The peak of anomaly enhancement usually occurs in the afternoon to sunset (i.e. between 14:00 and 18:00 local time) which lasts for approximate 2 hours. Possible causes of these anomalies are discussed, and after eliminating the effect of solar activities and magnetic storms it can be concluded that the detected obvious and regular anomalous behavior in TEC within just a few days before the earthquakes is related with the forthcoming earthquakes with high probability.