黄土丘陵区土地整理项目的规划设计研究

黄土高原地形地貌复杂,土质疏松,暴雨频繁,气候较干旱,降水集中,植被稀疏,是我国乃至世界上水土流失最严重、生态环境最脆弱的地区。选取具本区典型特征的山西省汾西县对竹镇作为案例进行黄土丘陵区土地整理项目的规划设计研究,探讨在这一地区开展土地整理的一些理论和实践的问题。     

低山丘陵区土地资源质量的影响因素分析：以朝阳地区为例

我国低山丘陵地区具有丰富的土地资源和较大发展潜力,但也存在着经济发展水平落后,生态环境脆弱以及土地荒漠化,水土流失造成土地资源退化等不利因素,直接威胁经济可持续发展,朝阳地区为较典型的低山丘陵区,气候,地质背景,植被,水文以及社会历史背景,区域经济发展水平等自然和社会经济因素对该区土地资源质量具有不同程度的影响,正确认识并科学分析这类地区土地资源质量的各类影响因素,对于合理利用并有效保护珍贵的土地     

论新疆木垒县英格堡河流域治理的措施

英格堡河是木垒县6条山溪性河流之一,为前山丘陵区。水土保持工作要以保护改善生态环境为中心,以治理水土流失为重点,建设秀美山川为目标,突出预防为主,坚持以小流域为单元的综合治理,依靠科技,深化改革,加快水土流失防治步伐,创建良好的生态环境,还木垒以清山绿水,使小流域的综合治理得到了前所未有的发展机遇。     

贵州省岩溶地区石漠化的形成及其生态治理

随着西部大开发的推进，生态环境问题已经引起高度重视，土地膜漠化的形成及其治理也逐渐成为岩溶工作者、生态学家的研究热点。由于贵州地区岩溶分布广，地势起伏较大，土壤贫瘠，加之人为因素的影响，植被遭受破坏，水土流失严重，土地石漠化愈演愈烈。通过分析贵州石濮化形成原因，提出了一系列石漠化生态治理措施，为保证贵州省、西南岩溶区植被顺向演替，生态逐步恢复提供决策参考。     

遥感技术在坝上西部地区土地沙化变化趋势分析中的应用

利用卫星遥感技术对坝上西部地区的土地沙化变化趋势进行对比分析，可以看出三北防护林体系建设好的地区土地沙化向轻缓方向发展，局部地区加剧恶化，指出尽快建立土地沙化动态监测系统，加强综合治理，改善坝上地区的生态环境。     

乌鲁木齐生态环境及相关防治对策

近50年来，由于人类对自然资源、特别是水资源开发利用不当，使乌鲁木齐地区生态环境恶化．河流缩短、湖泊干涸、萎缩；地下水位下降；地表水、地下水水质恶化：土地沙漠化、盐渍化扩大；水土流失加剧；草场退化、草地破坏，21世纪，若不加强生态环境保护及防治，将难以实现可持续发展．     

湖南洛塔岩溶山区水土流失影响因素分析

水土流失是一个全球性的灾害问题,严重的水土流失不仅导致侵蚀区土壤退化、土地资源遭到破坏、岩溶石山区石漠化,而且还会通过淤积河道、污染水质等过程来破坏下游地区的生态环境。本文根据湖南洛塔岩溶山区不同生态环境水土流失监测成果,对岩溶山区水土流失影响因素进行分析,为湖南湘西及西南岩溶石山地区石漠化治理与生态建设,有效控制水土流失,实现生态系统可持续发展提供了理论依据。      

旬阳县水保生态治理思路及成效探析

旬阳县地处陕西省东南部,秦巴山区东段,生态环境脆弱,水土流失严重。依据旬阳县水土流失特点、成因及危害性,结合长期工作实践,提出分区治理、以小流域为单元、川道浅山丘陵区域相结合的综合治理措施。治山治水,造田造地,植树种草,蓄水保土成效显著;涵养水源,山变绿了,水变清了,生态环境得到了改善;整合资源,精准扶贫,维护生态,亲近自然,产业结构得到了调整;进行生态移民搬迁,改善人居环境,加快了新村建设步伐,实现人与自然和谐共处。通过规划、治理、监督、管理相结合,效益分析效果很明显,可成为陕南土石山区加大水保生态治理的成功借鉴范文。     

唐古拉至拉萨段铁路沿线水土流失现状及防治对策

青藏铁路所经地区生态环境十分脆弱并呈退化趋势，在此地区建设铁路。由于工程建设大面积地扰动地表和植被，大量的土石方开挖，必将产生一系列的环境问题。通过对青藏线唐古拉至拉萨段铁路沿线水土流失现状及水土保持现状的综合分析，结合铁路工程特点和环境特征，提出了青藏铁路唐古拉至拉萨段水土流失防治对策及建议，达到遏制铁路沿线水土流失的进一步发展，改善当地生态环境，维护铁路工程正常运营的目的。     

晋陕蒙能源基地榆神府矿区水土流失综合评价

晋陕蒙能源基地榆神府矿区，地处鄂尔多斯盆地东北部的黄土丘陵区和毛乌素沙地．自然条件恶劣，生态环境脆弱，水土流失是该区主要环境地质问题之一。根据1987年、1992年和1999年三期TM卫星遥感影像解译成果，在地理信息系统空间数据库功能的支持下，应用层次分析法，评价了该区水土流失现状，初步揭示了水土流失影响因素和发展规律。结合调查成果，研究了矿山开发等对水土流失的影响，并进行了初步预测评价，为该区环境保护和水土流失的防治提供了依据。     

Advances in Researches of the Effects of Grassland Vegetation on Soil Erosion in Loess Plateau

Soil erosion is a serious global environmental problem which limits the survival and development of human beings. In our country, due to the special physical geography and socio-economic conditions, soil erosion intensity is great, which is particularly prominent in Loess Plateau region. Therefore, preventing and controlling soil erosion, as well as reducing soil erosion in Loess Plateau have become the key to solving environmental problems in the region. Soil erosion on Loess Plateau is serious, and grassland vegetation has good effects on soil and water conservation, which can improve ecological environment well. After the implementation of the project about returning farmland to grassland on Loess Plateau, the ecological benefits mainly focused on soil and water conservation benefits, soil improvement benefits, water conservation benefits and species diversity benefits, etc. Grassland vegetation has an irreplaceable role in the construction of the ecological environment on Loess Plateau. Therefore, the role of grassland in preventing soil erosion has received more and more attention. Scholars have done lots of research involved in the relationship between grassland coverage and soil erosion, impacts of grassland on hydrodynamic parameters, effects of grassland on soil properties, reduction effects of grassland on runoff and sediment, and soil erosion process on grassland slope. However, there is little research on erosion effect induced by grassland cover. This paper mainly pointed out the following questions: First, grassland cover is influenced by many factors, but the relationship with soil erosion from the dynamic mechanism is rarely discussed; Second, there is no well-developed theory of overland flow erosion at present, which limits the study of hydrodynamic parameters on grassland slope; Third, establishment of mathematical model between grassland cover and soil resistance can accelerate the quantitative analysis of grassland influence on erosion; Fourth, comprehensive analysis of influencing factors on water reduction and sediment reduction effect on grassland are insufficient; Fifth, there are not many mechanisms to analyze the erosion process of grassland slope by using the hydrodynamic characteristics of slope; sixth, research results on grassland-induced erosion are mainly focused on leading to soil dry layer and we should continue to strengthen in the future. This paper summarized the previous results, and supplemented some studies about erosion caused by grassland, then pointed out the existing problems in current research and the areas that need to be strengthened in the future, aiming at reducing soil erosion on the Loess Plateau.     

遥感技术在四川省生态环境遥感综合调查中的应用

在研究调查全省范围各生态环境因子、要素的基础上，首次建立了四川省综合生态环境分析系统，并完成了四川省生态环境区划。通过遥感调查进一步印证、明确了四川生态环境存在的主要问题是水土流失及地质灾害，它们影响甚至破坏了四川东部的生态环境。提出了建立盆缘生态环境保护圈的意见。     

Study on rain-runoff process in the peripheral mountainous area of the Sichuan Basin

Studies on rain-runoff process in the peripheral mountainous area of the Sichuan Basin, which is regarded as a key ecological shelter, will contribute to flood control and environmental protection for the Upper Yangtze River Basin. In two typical catchments--the Fujiang River Catchment and the Wujiang River Catchment, rainfall simulations have been conducted to study the rain-runoff processes of yellow soil and limestone soil in three types of land use--forestland, farmland and grassland. Results showed that （1） within the same rainfall process, overland flow occurs first on farmland, then on grassland, and finally on forestland; （2） soil surface coverage has a great impact on the occurrence and amount of overland flow. The runoff amount can increase 2-4 times after the coverage is removed; （3） the infiltration before the occurrence of overland flow will decrease because of higher gravel contents of soil, but it takes no effect on infiltration once overland flow becomes stable; （4） the runoff coefficient of the limestone soil forestland is greater than that of the yellow soil forest land, but less than that of the farmland; （5） three empirical infiltration models, including Horton＇ model, Kostiakov＇ model, and modified Kostiakov＇ model, were compared by using the observed results under rainfall simulation. The results showed that the Kostiakov＇ model performed better than both the Horton＇ model and modified Kostiakov model. According to the results of this research, the Kostiakov＇s model can be used to simulate rainfall infiltration when water erosion is modeled in the peripheral mountainous area of the Sichuan Basin.     

Study on rain-runoff process in the peripheral mountainous area of tne Sichuan Basin

Studies on rain.runoff process in the peripheral mountainous area of the Sichuan Basin,which is re-garded as a key ecological shelter,will contribute to flood control and environmental protection for the Upper Yang-tze River Basin.In two typical catchments--the Fujiang River Catchment and the Wujiang River Catchment,rainfall simulations have been conducted to study the rain-runoff processes of yellow soil and limestone soil in three types of land use-forestland.farmland and grassland.Results showed that(1)within the same rainfall process,overland flow occurs first on farmland,then on grassland,and finally on forestland;(2)soil surface coverage has a great im-pact on the occurrence and amount of overland flow.The runoff amount Can increase 2-4 times after the coverage iS removed;(3)the infiltration before the occurrence of overland flow will decrease because of higher gravel contents of soil.but it takes no effect on infiltration once,overland flow becomes stable;(4)the runoff coefficient of the lime-stone soil forestland iS greater than that of the yellow soil forest land,but less than that of the farmland;(5)threeempirical infiltration models,including Horton'model,Kostiakov'model,and modified Kostiakov'model,were compared by using the observed results under rainfall simulation.The results showed that the Kostiakov'model per-formed better than both the Horton'model and modified Kostiakov model.According to the results of this research,the Kostiakov's model Can be used to simulate rainfall infiltration when water erosion is modeled in the peripheral mountainous area of the Sichuan Basin.     

Effects of vegetation restoration on soil physical properties of abandoned farmland on the Loess Plateau,China

To improve the ecological environment in China, the Chinese government implemented a country-wide ecological protection and reforestation project (namely the “Grain for Green Project”) in 1999 to return cultivated land with slopes of 25° or more to perennial vegetation. Vegetation restoration reduces soil erosion mainly by changing the soil physical properties. Different vegetation restoration methods might produce different impacts on soil physical properties. In this study, two vegetation restoration methods (i.e., natural restoration and artificial restoration) were compared on abandoned farmland in the typically hilly and gullied areas of the Loess Plateau of Northwest China. In the natural restoration method, the farmland was abandoned to natural vegetation succession without irrigation, fertilization or other artificial disturbances. In the artificial restoration method, the farmland was planted with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) and watered and cultivated for the first two years. Three soil physical properties (i.e., soil moisture, bulk density and aggregation) were investigated under the two vegetation restoration methods. The results showed that the soil moisture and soil bulk density were higher under artificial restoration than under natural restoration within the first three years of vegetation restoration. By the fourth year, the soil moisture and soil bulk density were higher under natural restoration than under artificial restoration. For the stability of soil aggregates?>?0.25 mm, the soil aggregates in the 0-20 cm soil layer were more stable under artificial restoration than under natural restoration, while the results were the opposite for the 40-60 cm soil layer. Overall, the soil physical properties were continuously improved during the restoration of vegetation on abandoned farmland. In choosing between vegetation restoration methods, natural restoration is preferable to artificial restoration, but artificial intervention is needed during the first three years.     

贵州岩溶山区井采煤矿水土流失问题及防治对策探讨

贵州煤炭丰富,开采活跃。据统计,贵州已探明的煤炭储量约500亿t,2005年,有煤矿2143对,其中乡镇小煤矿1 700多对。煤矿开采占压土地普遍,水土流失严重,其中,仅煤矿整合、技改和新建占压土地和引起水土流失面积约达250～300 km2,新增水土流失量达100万t以上;特别是煤矿建设施工引起的水土流失最为严重,平均侵蚀模数大多高于7 500 t/a?km2,个别地段有的甚至大于15 000 t/a?km2。贵州煤矿整合新建过程中多存在“三同时”制度落实不到位、防治责任范围界定不合理、防治措施覆盖不够、树种选择不当、水土流失防治技术手段落后、水保投入不足等问题。为此,今后的井采煤矿区水土流失防治应与区域水土保持有机结合,加强岩溶山区环境与矿山水土流失关系研究,增强防治措施的科学性。同时,在水土流失方案编制时应适当扩大防治责任范围和提高预算单价。      

岩溶石漠化山地不同退耕模式土壤抗蚀性及其与结构体分形关系研究

通过对岩溶石漠化山地中小尺度范围内的现有三种主要退耕模式及对照地土壤抗蚀性主成分分析及与各级结构体分形维数关系研究,结果表明: ( 1)研究区退耕地在3～ 6年内土壤抗蚀性均发生了比较明显的变化,但都介于传统耕地与马尾松次生灌丛之间,其中以具有复式结构的退耕樟树+ 草被退耕模式的抗蚀效果较理想; ( 2)与传统旱耕地不同,各退耕模式土壤抗蚀性均是A层土壤强于B层土壤,表明退耕有利于A层土壤抗蚀性迅速提高,尤其是草本+ 乔灌模式对A层土壤抗蚀性的提高更为显著; ( 3)> 0. 25mm 水稳性团聚体含量及破坏率、水稳性指数、有机质含量为评价土壤抗蚀性的最佳四指标; ( 4)微团聚体、风干团聚体分形维数表征土壤抗蚀性有一定的局限性,而机械组成、水稳定性团聚体分维数与抗蚀性综合分值相关性较高,尤其是水稳性团聚体分形维数可较好地反映出土壤的抗蚀特性。      

黄河流域（河南西部）土壤侵蚀环境特征研究

豫西黄河流域是黄河流域土壤侵蚀较强烈的地区之一,严重的水土流失不仅使区内土壤贫瘠、生态环境日益恶化,也是黄河下游泥沙、洪水问题的主要诱因。通过土壤侵蚀地质环境条件及侵蚀形态类型调查研究,分析了豫西黄河流域控制土壤侵蚀的主要地质环境特征。在此基础上,依据不同地质环境特征及侵蚀形态特征,对区内土壤侵蚀类型进行了划分。     

贵州贞丰—关岭花江喀斯特石漠化地区土壤厚度的空间分布特征

土壤厚度与石漠化发展程度有着密切的关系,土壤也是石漠化地区生态恢复以及农业生产的基础。为了研究典型高原峡谷中-强度石漠化地区的土壤厚度空间分布规律,在土壤厚度野外调查的基础上,利用地统计学方法分析了贵州典型石漠化地区——贞丰—关岭花江小流域土壤厚度空间分布特征及主要影响因素。结果表明:（1）研究区土壤平均厚度仅为26 cm,土壤平均厚度表现为坡耕地>荒地>林地;（2）土壤厚度空间变异性以强度为主,荒地的土壤厚度空间分布连续程度优于林地和坡耕地,林地的土壤厚度空间分布有明显突变性,坡耕地的土壤厚度具有点状分布特征,有耕作物附近土壤厚度较大;（3）土壤厚度与海拔、基岩裸露率、坡度之间均有明显负相关关系;（4）自然和人为因素综合影响下的土壤强侵蚀是研究区土壤厚度分布极为不均的主要原因,对该区域石漠化的治理可以采用工程措施与生物措施相结合的方法。研究结果对研究区石漠化因地制宜地防治及其他地区水土流失防治、生态恢复、农业合理生产具有一定的参考价值。     

西北地区水热条件分析及生态恢复对策

西北地区深居内陆干旱地区，固特殊的地形，地貌，气候条件限制，水热不同地，匹配不完全：高山地带降水充沛，热量相对不足；盆地内部热量资源丰富，但降水稀少，气候干燥，恶劣的气候环境严重的限制了植被，土壤的发育，地表生态系统极其脆弱，大部分地区表现出明显的荒漠化特征。笔者通过分析研究区水热条件，阐述区内主要环境问题，并就此提出生态环境恢复的主要措施和对策。