海洋观测能力建设的现状、趋势与对策思考

海洋观测是海洋科学发展的基础和重要支撑,海洋科学的创新发展在很大程度上依赖于海洋观测能力的提升.介绍了国际海洋观测能力的现状和趋势,提出了目前海洋观测能力建设所面临的挑战.针对我国海洋科学发展的需求和海洋观测能力存在的差距,提出了对策思考.     

从海洋内部研究海洋

几百年来,人类总是从海洋外面——在船上或者岸上研究海洋。随着技术的最新发展,人类现在可以从海洋内部来研究海洋。简要讨论了海底观测系统和活动观测平台为各领域的海洋研究提供的空前机遇,并指出中国发展海洋科学必须对这一新趋势给予密切注意。     

美国的两大海洋观测系统:OOI与IOOS

介绍美国两大海洋观测系统:基金委员会支持的”大洋观测计划”即OOI计划,和大气海洋署组织的”整合海洋观测系统”即IOOS计划,两者相关但不相同,十分值得我国在建设海洋观测系统中学习参考.     

底基三脚架在深海观测中的应用

底基三脚架是海底观测的平台之一,它能装备多种观测仪器,长期、稳定地立于海底,进行几乎无干扰的原位观测.底基三脚架已成功应用于深海化学、物理、生物和地质过程的现场观测,取得了大量的重要成果,但在我国的深海研究中还未开展.简述了底基三脚架的概念和发展历史、工作原理、应用及前景等,希望引起我国海洋工作者的兴趣和关注,推动底基三脚架在我国深海观测中的应用和发展.     

海洋浮游生物原位观测技术研究进展

原位观测技术在生物海洋学过程研究中的应用,从海洋生物多样性、海洋生物的生理生态响应和宏观的生态过程及其变动机制等方向的研究中得到迅速的发展,极大提高了对海洋生物学、生态学以及不同时空尺度生物地球化学过程的认识.包括原位光学检测技术、水下显微摄像与自动化鉴定技术、水下流式细胞技术、分子生物传感器等新型原位观测技术,拓宽了各类型观测平台的研究对象范围.重点阐述生物海洋学原位观测技术的发展现状、应用实例及其在立体海洋观测系统中的应用前景.     

全球海洋观测系统展望

一、引言 海洋在全球变化中起着关键性的作用。为了弄清海洋的作用我们必须进行长期的全球资料收集,并由此进行全球性的海洋观测,这需要熟悉海洋以及海洋与大气、陆地耦合的基本知识,以及必须的技术与人力、物力来发展和负担长期的海洋观测活动。 全球海洋观测系统的主要任务是长期、系统地收集物理、化学及生物学的观测资料,从而提供全球海洋现时状况,这些资料也能提供全球气候耦合模式的初始条件。在1990年8月的一份报告中,Henry Stommel曾指出:希望在2000年能得到完善的海洋“动态”模型,以此用来预测海洋涡流事件、厄尔尼诺事件、深水和中间层水构造的异常现象以及污染物扩散等问题,同时也可提供气候模式边界条件。     

北阿拉伯海的光纤海洋观测网络:成功、挑战和机遇

2005年夏,一个先进的海洋观测网络——包括实时的光纤海洋观测系统和内部存储的自动化观测系统——被投放在了阿曼海和北阿拉伯海并运行至今.在2010年初,其中的自动化观测系统被升级到了新的深水光纤观测系统.这个海洋观测网络是在阿曼农业和渔业部的资助下,由美国的Lighthouse R&D公司设计、开发、安装和维护的.这2个观测系统作为一个整体已经连续工作了7年多的时间.所采集数据包括海流、温度、盐度、压力、溶解氧和浊度等.该海区是一个多水团的汇合区,波斯湾的高盐水和阿拉伯海的低盐水在这里汇合并蔓延南下到印度洋.对采集的数据研究表明,这一观测网络对研究该区域的物理和生物过程具有重要价值.在此,将系统介绍整个观测网络,并简要阐述已经完成和接近完成的4个研究主题:①对阿拉伯海有记载以来最强热带气旋“古怒”的海洋响应的研究;②阿曼海北部的季节性缺氧现象的季节及年际变化和成因分析;③深海声散射层的时空演变;④阿曼海和北阿拉伯海的高温高盐现象的成因.该观测网络采集的长期、连续的时间序列对这一地区的海洋动力研究、水文的季节性变化,以及气候的长期变化等研究都有很大帮助.此外,如果观测网络可以完成25年的设定观测目标,这将对验证和改进海洋环流模式和海气耦合模式具有重要意义.     

我国极地海底观测系统的发展与展望

极地海洋特殊环境对观测技术提出了更高的要求.随着海底观测技术的日趋成熟,极地海底观测系统也得到了一定的发展,但后勤保障的高要求制约了系统的发展,目前广泛使用的仍是潜标系统.受国家高技术研究发展计划、国家海洋公益性行业科研专项经费项目和南北极环境综合考察与评估专项等支持,我国发展了极地在线近岸海洋环境监测系统、极地潜标和极地大型海—气耦合浮标等海床基观测系统,对我国的极地海洋学观测与研究做出了积极贡献.但总体而言,我国的极地海底观测仍未形成真正意义上的网络体系.未来有望在北冰洋太平洋扇区和南大洋普里兹湾率先建立海床基观测体系,系统观测并揭示该海域的环境变化特性.     

数字化地下水单井综合观测平台的结构设计

为地震地下水前兆观测技术实现数字化和综合化这一发展目标 ,性能先进的数字化观测仪器和功能优良的综合观测平台是相辅相成的两个基本方面。本文在分析已有综合观测体系模式的基础上 ,应用最新研究成果 ,提出了新一代综合观测模式 ,给出了单井综合观测平台结构设计。该平台在与地下水各测项的数字化观测仪器对接后 ,可实现静水位、水化学和水温三者均处在理想观测状态条件下的自动化单井综合观测     

基于剖面声呐的海底微地貌观测研究*

海底地貌是海水覆盖下的固体地球表面形态的总称。海底地貌巨变往往与海底地质灾害息息相关,会对海底管线和海上平台等海洋工程设施造成危害,因而对海底地貌进行原位观测具有重要意义。本研究基于前人研究成果和团队常年自主研发仪器经验,研制出了剖面声呐海底微地貌原位观测系统,详细介绍了观测系统的组成、功能、工作原理和工作模式,并提出了观测数据的处理分析方法;然后,使用观测系统进行了标志物检验实验,通过将观测系统测量数据与其他设备测量数据相对比,验证了观测系统的可行性和数据准确性;最后,使用观测系统在舟山海域朱家尖滑坡区进行原位观测,进一步验证了观测系统的可行性。观测结果进一步表明剖面声呐观测系统可以用于海底微地貌的观测研究。     

Carbon-isotope stratigraphy in shallow-water carbonates: implications for Cretaceous black-shale deposition

A Barremian to Albian succession on Mount Kanala, part of a Tethyan isolated carbonate platform, was investigated for its δ¹³C variations. The limestone sequence is composed of a series of peritidal shallowing-upward cycles with clear petrographic evidence for strong early diagenetic overprinting related to repeated subaerial exposure. Despite significant impact of diagenesis, the observed changes in δ¹³C can be very well correlated with deep-water sections from different ocean basins and shallow water carbonate platforms in the Middle East. This lends further support to the applicability of δ¹³C variations for stratigraphic purposes in shallow-water limestones. Using the δ¹³C signal, time resolution in Lower Cretaceous platform carbonates can be significantly increased, independent of bio-zonations often hampered by ecological variability.
Cyclostratigraphic analysis of the Aptian part of the section shows that strong positive excursions of the cumulative departure from mean cycle thickness of the peritidal shallowing-upward cycles coincide with global positive δ¹³C excursions. This, and the fact that positive shifts in the δ¹³C record are preserved within shallow water limestones, provide evidence that black-shale accumulation in the ocean basins occurred during sea-level rise and flooding of platform tops. Integration of carbon-isotope-, cyclo- and sequence-stratigraphic results from different carbonate platforms indicate that strong positive global δ¹³C shifts and concurrent organic-carbon burial during black-shale deposition are ultimately caused by rapid rises of eustatic sea level. Hence, the rate of change of eustatic sea level is considered to play a crucial role in black-shale accumulation in the global ocean basins during the Cretaceous.     

The Early Cretaceous drowning unconformities of the Apulia carbonate platform (Gargano Promontory, southern Italy): local fingerprints of global palaeoceanographic events.

Drowning successions which cap carbonate platforms and flanks bear palaeoenvironmental information which is useful for genetic stratigraphy; they constitute predictive key-markers in regional to global correlations. An Early Cretaceous platform-to-basin transition has been investigated in Apulia (southern Italy) and two drowning unconformities, dated as early Valanginian and late early Aptian, have been documented. They occur at the base of thick pelagic tongues wedging toward the platform and mark the base of two depositional sequences showing distinct transgressive–regressive cycles. Timing of drowning processes, based on biostratigraphy and dynamic stratigraphy, allows the correlation of unconformities with global-scale palae- oceanographic events marked, among others, by positive spikes of well-established δ¹³C curves. Drowning signatures in the Apulia carbonates fit the stratigraphic, palaeoecological and possibly geochemical evidence found in global records at the same stratigraphic levels. Moreover, it is proposed that the observed drowning events were caused by palaeoceanographic crises affecting factory productivity.     

Orbitally forced sedimentary rhythms in the stratigraphic record: is there room for tidal forcing?

The imprint of orbital cycles, which result from the varying eccentricity of the Earth’s orbit and changes in the orientation of its axis, have been recognised throughout the Phanerozoic rock record. Variations in insolation and their effect on climate are generally considered to be the sole transfer mechanism between the orbital variables and cyclic sedimentary successions. Common oceanographic principles, however, show that the ocean tide also responds to variations in the orbital parameters. The ocean tide has not yet been considered to be a valid, additional transfer mechanism for the orbital variations. In geological studies of Milankovitch cycles in sedimentary successions the insolation paradigm offers satisfying explanations, and the role of long‐term variations of the ocean tide has not yet been appreciated. Variations in the ocean tide, related to changing eccentricity (at present 0·0165, theoretical maximum 0·0728), affect a variety of oceanographic and sedimentary processes. In addition to the widely accepted paradigm of orbitally forced insolation changes, the tidal transfer of orbital signals may explain certain less well‐understood aspects of orbitally induced cycles in the stratigraphic record related to ocean mixing, organic productivity, and tidal processes in shallow seas and deep water. Variations of the ocean tide in relation to the 18·6 year lunar nodal cycle, which has no insolation counterpart by which they may be obscured, indeed show that these relatively small variations can produce significant effects in sedimentary environments that are sensitive to variations in the strength of the ocean tide. In analogy with the 18·6 year lunar nodal cycle, orbital variations of the tide on Milankovitch time scales are likely to have affected sedimentary systems in the past.     

地震海洋学研究进展

传统船舶调查获取海洋水体温盐资料的方法在水平方向上分辨率较低,而用反射地震探测海洋水体特性的方法--地震海洋学,能有效提高海水温盐资料在水平方向上的分辨率.概述了近5年来地震海洋学的发展过程,重点介绍了地震海洋学方法在海洋锋面观测、水团边界划分、海洋内波分析、中尺度涡旋等方面的研究成果,以及AVO、全波形反演等反射地震处理方法在海洋水体特性研究中的应用.比较了地震海洋学方法与声层析技术、高频声技术等声学方法应用于海洋水体特性研究的异同.并展望了下一步研究工作的重点:①有关地震反射剖面的各种参数与海洋水体温盐结构物理模型的联系及其定量分析;②以研究海洋水体特性为目标的地震反射剖面的处理方法;③海洋地震调查历史数据的应用.     

On tectonophysical interpretation of recent vertical crustal movements

Recent crustal movements are components and the direct continuation of some neotectonic movements i.e. the Neogene-Quaternary stage of the earth's development. According to geodetic and oceanographic data these crustal movements are constantly taking place everywhere on the continents and probably on the ocean floor. Their velocity and velocity gradients are certainly different on platforms from that in orogenic regions. Orogenic regions are characterized by higher velocity, varying from several mm to several cm per year, and to an even greater degree by the different character of the movement. The velocity gradient in these regions reaches values of 10^?6–10^?5/year.A peculiar indication of recent movements is their irregularity in time. Periodic movements are typical for platforms; orogenic regions are characterized by sharp increases in velocity by 1–2 orders of magnitude and their gradients by 2–3 orders, close to the time occurrence of earthquakes.The deep processes generating the measured recent crustal movements are manifested also in earthquakes, the state of stress of rocks and anomalies of gravitational and other fields. Thus estimations of recent tectonic activity should be based on the whole complex of quantitative data, such as the velocity and velocity gradients of recent movements, values of stress in mines, and seismicity.To study the deep processes causing the present tectonic activity, it is necessary to determine the types of crustal deformation occurring in different geotectonic regions. The relationships between recent movements and the distribution of earthquakes in the regions with a high degree of crustal activity allow to identify four types of movement: pleistoseismic, hyposeismic, kryptoseismic and teleseismic.     

Dispersal of river sediments in coastal seas: Six contrasting cases

The fate of sediment seaward of river mouths involves at least four stages: supply via plumes; initial deposition; resuspension and transport by marine processes; and long-term net accumulation. The processes that operate at each stage, and relative roles of each stage in governing the long-term accumulation patterns, vary appreciably with river regime and coastal ocean environment. To illustrate the diversity and illuminate the process of dispersal, information is synthesized for six systems: Amazon, Changjiang, Mississippi, Columbia, Purari, and Huanghe. These systems differ markedly in terms of water discharge, sediment discharge, and coastal energy regime and much of the diversity of dispersal patterns is attributed to these differences as well as to the temporal sequencing of river discharge relative to oceanographic transport processes. Although the sediment: water ratio of the discharge of the Mississippi River is 70 times less than that of the Huanghe, both of these systems exhibit rapid deposition and accumulation of sediments near the river mouths. In contrast, sediments dispersed by, the other four systems are transported greater distances from the mouths by oceanographic processes, and are accumulating over relatively wide areas.     

数据同化在海洋生态模型中的应用和研究进展

将数据同化方法引入海洋生态系统动力学模型研究,利用现有的观测数据,获得最佳的模式参数、初始场或提高状态模拟,是当前多学科交叉研究的热门领域。本文依据国内外研究进展,主要就海洋生态模型研究中所采用的变分伴随、卡尔曼滤波、模拟退火法方法进行了介绍,总结了数据同化在我国的海洋生态系统研究中的现状和发展趋势。     

Fifteen Years of Ocean Observations with China Argo

For 15 years since the beginning of China Argo project, China has deployed over 350 profiling floats in Pacific and Indian ocean, and constructed China Argo ocean observing network. Moreover, we have setup the Argo data receiving, processing and distributing system, and developed various Argo data products using Argo observations, which has promoted the progress of ocean data sharing in China. The abundant Argo data have become a main data source in oceanic and atmospheric basic researches and operational applications. A batch of important achievements in basic research and operational application have been brought, e.g. in aspects of tropical cyclone (typhoon), ocean circulation, meso-scale eddy, turbulence, heat/salt storage and transport and water mass, as well as in ocean, atmosphere/climate operational forecasting and predicting. With the extension of the international Argo program from “Core Argo” to “Global Argo”, we are faced with great challenges in the long-term maintaining and sustained developing of our Argo ocean observing network. It is suggested that we should take the opportunity to construct China regional Argo ocean observing network as soon as possible in adjacent northwestern Pacific and Indian ocean using Chinese BeiDou profiling floats, which will make us to take responsibility and obligation of a big country for addressing global climate changes and preventing natural disasters.