从海洋内部研究海洋

几百年来,人类总是从海洋外面——在船上或者岸上研究海洋。随着技术的最新发展,人类现在可以从海洋内部来研究海洋。简要讨论了海底观测系统和活动观测平台为各领域的海洋研究提供的空前机遇,并指出中国发展海洋科学必须对这一新趋势给予密切注意。     

海洋科学研究15年回顾与展望

1　海洋科学的研究对象和主要任务海洋科学是一门认识海洋的科学。海洋科学不仅研究巨大的海洋水体部分 ,也研究 :海岸带、河口和滨海湿地———通过这里淡水连续不断地进入海洋 ;海洋与大气界面———这里发生着海气间物质和能量的交换 ;海水和沉积物界面及海底岩石圈等。由于海洋的观测难度大且花费高 ,海洋学家始终致力于大力发展快速、高效和先进的观测仪器和技术 ,并且依托海洋科学调查船、卫星和自动观测系统 (如锚系浮标等 )实施海洋观测。海洋科学主要研究海洋中的物理过程、生物过程、化学过程和地质过程及其相互作用。其分支学科…     

自适应海洋观测

“自适应海洋观测”指固定或移动的海洋观测平台能够根据海洋环境和信号的变化,自主调节测量和运行参数,获取最关键的海洋信息.自主水下航行器运用自适应检测和采样技术,在研究上升流锋面等实验中显示出前所未有的观测准确度和效率.一个海洋观测系统的综合效能,取决于固定平台和移动平台的功能互补以及自适应观测能力的增强.     

海底CORK观测30年:发展、应用与展望

过去50年深海钻探计划(DSDP)、大洋钻探计划(ODP)及综合大洋钻探计划(IODP)等国际间综合深海钻探计划的实施,使我们对地球和海洋的认识取得了显著进步。海底井控观测装置(CORK)的研发和应用是上述深海钻探计划带给我们的最宝贵财富之一。目前地球科学和海洋科学已由过去的间断性观测模式升级为现在的连续性原位观测模式,海底CORK观测系统为地球科学、海洋科学与生命科学领域的科学家对海底洋壳复杂而又相互关联的深部过程进行数秒至数十年时间尺度的研究提供了新手段和新机遇。通过对海底CORK观测系统的发展演变、在ODP和IODP航次中的使用以及在此过程中获得的科学经验和教训进行总结,对CORK系统如何应用于我国洋壳地质学、水文学、微生物学及生物地球化学过程研究提出看法。     

我国极地海底观测系统的发展与展望

极地海洋特殊环境对观测技术提出了更高的要求.随着海底观测技术的日趋成熟,极地海底观测系统也得到了一定的发展,但后勤保障的高要求制约了系统的发展,目前广泛使用的仍是潜标系统.受国家高技术研究发展计划、国家海洋公益性行业科研专项经费项目和南北极环境综合考察与评估专项等支持,我国发展了极地在线近岸海洋环境监测系统、极地潜标和极地大型海—气耦合浮标等海床基观测系统,对我国的极地海洋学观测与研究做出了积极贡献.但总体而言,我国的极地海底观测仍未形成真正意义上的网络体系.未来有望在北冰洋太平洋扇区和南大洋普里兹湾率先建立海床基观测体系,系统观测并揭示该海域的环境变化特性.     

海洋涡旋在模态水形成与输运中的作用

模态水在全球气候变化中有着重要作用.但是由于缺乏海洋次表层的高分辨率观测,对空间尺度为百公里的海洋中尺度涡旋如何影响空间尺度大于千公里的模态水的认识仍然欠缺.为了解决这一科学难题,在科技部的支持下,实施了一次成功的海上观测试验.系统梳理了基于该观测数据所发表的有关涡旋影响模态水潜沉和输运的主要研究成果:①捕捉并揭示了中尺度涡导致混合层水潜沉的过程和动力机制;②发现了中尺度涡携带模态水迁移的新路径;③阐明了模态水多核结构的形成机制.研究结果揭示了黑潮延伸体海域中尺度涡旋影响大尺度模态水的物理本质,为该海域多时空尺度海洋—大气相互作用作出了一定的贡献.通过对该次观测试验结果的分析和总结,得到了如下新的科学推论:海洋次中尺度过程对模态水的形成和耗散也具有重要影响.     

建立高效机制 提供服务保障——解读《广西海洋观测预报业务体系发展规划》

2013年1月29日,广西海洋局出台了《广西海洋观测预报业务体系发展规划（2011-2020）}（以下简称《规划》）。《规划》的出台,为全面加强广西海洋观测预报业务能力建设,建立高效的运行机制,促进海洋观测预报业务体系的持续、健康、稳定发展提供了有力依据,为广西沿海社会经济建设提供更加有效的服务保障。     

物理海洋观测研究的进展与挑战

从当今物理海洋所面临的若干前沿科学问题出发,重点探讨了物理海洋观测研究所面临的任务与挑战,包括大洋边界流系统、海洋湍流及跨等密度面混合以及海洋热含量和淡水平衡等.在已有的基础上,对我国在深海研究领域特别是物理海洋观测方面提出了几点针对性的建议.     

全球实时海洋观测网(Argo)与上层海洋结构、变异及预测研究

围绕国家重点基础研究发展计划项目“基于全球实时海洋观测计划(Argo)的上层海洋结构、变异及预测研究”,首先介绍Argo这一新型全球海洋观测网给海洋和大气科学带来的发展机遇以及我们面临的挑战,接着阐述项目重点研究区域西北太平洋和热带印度洋—太平洋的国内外进展,最后给出了项目的关键科学问题和主要研究内容。     

中国海洋科学学科发展战略研究报告

在阐述海洋科学范畴与发展历史的基础上，强调了海洋科学在海洋开发利用，海洋权益保护以及全球变化研究等社会经济持续发展中的作用，详细介绍了现代海洋科学研究的特点世界海洋科学的发展现状和趋势；并在回顾我国近代海洋科学发展概况的基础上提出了我国海洋科学的发展，近中期主攻方向与重点以及实施对策。     

Fifteen Years of Ocean Observations with China Argo

For 15 years since the beginning of China Argo project, China has deployed over 350 profiling floats in Pacific and Indian ocean, and constructed China Argo ocean observing network. Moreover, we have setup the Argo data receiving, processing and distributing system, and developed various Argo data products using Argo observations, which has promoted the progress of ocean data sharing in China. The abundant Argo data have become a main data source in oceanic and atmospheric basic researches and operational applications. A batch of important achievements in basic research and operational application have been brought, e.g. in aspects of tropical cyclone (typhoon), ocean circulation, meso-scale eddy, turbulence, heat/salt storage and transport and water mass, as well as in ocean, atmosphere/climate operational forecasting and predicting. With the extension of the international Argo program from “Core Argo” to “Global Argo”, we are faced with great challenges in the long-term maintaining and sustained developing of our Argo ocean observing network. It is suggested that we should take the opportunity to construct China regional Argo ocean observing network as soon as possible in adjacent northwestern Pacific and Indian ocean using Chinese BeiDou profiling floats, which will make us to take responsibility and obligation of a big country for addressing global climate changes and preventing natural disasters.     

洋岛-海山研究进展及其对于重建洋板块的意义

在中国区域大地构造研究中,对洋岛-海山/洋底高原的识别尚未引起足够重视.为深入研究中国大陆洋板块构造,系统回顾了洋岛-海山/洋底高原的基本概念、基本特征和增生造山过程.洋岛-海山/洋底高原是在海底扩张、大洋壳演化过程中由于地幔热点/柱作用形成的有异常厚度洋壳的区域,是大洋岩石圈的重要组成部分.洋岛-海山/洋底高原在垂向上具有典型的二元结构,下部以镁铁质、超镁铁质岩石为主,上部以碳酸盐岩建造为主.现今大洋盆地中大面积分布着正在演化中和正在俯冲的洋岛-海山,根据比较大地构造学原理,古洋岛-海山的存在指示古大洋盆地的存在,是研究造山带的重要载体.认为地史时期大洋盆地中有相当数量的洋岛、海山,在俯冲增生碰撞造山过程中保留下来的古洋岛-海山残块以构造岩片（块）形式夹持在俯冲增生杂岩中,随大洋盆地关闭;其作为缝合带的重要组成部分,是识别对接带的重要判别依据之一.      

大洋钻探与大洋地壳研究

近代地球科学有两大发展趋势：一是向地球深部延伸，目的于探查地球深部的物质组成与作用过程，其代表性学科即地球动力学；二是向全球性扩展，把区域性的地学问题同全球变化联系起来，研究大气圈，生物圈，水圈和冰冻圈的变化及其复杂的相互作用，代表性学科即广义的环境科学。由于海洋占地球表面的７１％以上，洋壳只有５～６ＫＭ，海底又有丰富的矿产资源，因此人类目前比以往任何时候都更加重视海洋科学的研究。多国合作、学科光     

Distribution,Compositions and Significance of Oceanic Red Beds

Oceanic red beds are widely distributed in the global oceans and across the entire Phanerozoic period, which mostly appeared after oceanic anoxic events. They represent typical oxygen-rich sedimentary environment and play a significant role on ocean science research. Numerous studies have been carried out since the oceanic red beds were discovered. However, previous studies mainly focused on the Cretaceous oceanic red beds, and the understanding of the characteristics and scientific significance of oceanic red beds are not comprehensive. Therefore, we here summarized the global distribution characteristics and compared mineral and element compositions of various lithological oceanic red beds, including marly, clayey and cherty oceanic red beds. The main mineral and element components of oceanic red beds have no direct relationship with the color of the sediments, and mainly are affected by the regional environment and provenances. Therefore, the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of oceanic red beds should be analyzed in combination with the regional background. The red coloration of oceanic red beds is controlled mainly by hematite, goethite and manganese-bearing calcite, which have two main mechanisms: ① Colored minerals formed in oxic conditions; ② Colored minerals formed due to low deposition rates. These two mechanisms are not completely independent, but complement one another with either dominance in most oceanic red beds. Lithological characteristics of oceanic red beds are controlled by three factors, including water depth, productivity and nutrients. Therefore, the formation of oceanic red beds should be considered with global changes and regional events. The unique origin mechanism and global distribution characteristics of long time-scale oceanic red beds can be used to indicate sedimentary paleoenvironment, paleo-oceanic current, and paleoclimate change. In addition, hydrothermal or magmatic activities on the ocean floor could also produce red-color deposits that are strongly different from sedimentary oceanic red beds. Based on the existing research, we also put forward the future in-depth studies on the oceanic red beds from multidisciplinary perspectives.     

West Pacific and North Indian Ocean Seafloor and Their Ocean-Continent Connection Zones: Evolution and Debates

The Indian Ocean and the West Pacific Ocean and their ocean-continent connection zones are the core area of "the Belt and Road". Scientific and in-depth recognition to the natural environment, disaster distribution, resources, energy potential of “the Belt and Road” development, is the cut-in point of the current Earth science community to serve urgent national needs. This paper mainly discusses the following key tectonic problems in the West Pacific and North Indian oceans and their ocean-continent connection zones (OCCZs): 1. modern marine geodynamic problems related to the two oceans. Based on the research and development needs to the two oceans and the ocean-continent transition zones, this item includes the following questions. (1) Plate origin, growth, death and evolution in the two oceans, for example, 1) The initial origin and process of the triangle Pacific Plate including causes and difference of the Galapagos and West Shatsky microplates; 2) spatial and temporal process, present status and trends of the plates within the Paleo- or Present-day Pacific Ocean to the evolution of the East Asian Continental Domain; 3) origin and evolution of the Indian Ocean and assembly and dispersal of supercontinents. (2) Latest research progress and problems of mid-oceanic ridges: 1) the ridge-hot spot interaction and ridge accretion, how to think about the relationship between vertical accretion behavior of thousands years or tens of thousands years and lateral spreading of millions years at 0 Ma mid-oceanic ridges; 2) the difference of formation mechanisms between the back-arc basin extension and the normal mid-oceanic ridge spreading; 3) the differentials between ultra-slow dian Ocean and the rapid Pacific spreading, whether there are active and passive spreading, and a push force in the mid-oceanic ridge; 4) mid-oceanic ridge jumping and termination: causes of the intra-oceanic plate reorganization, termination, and spatial jumps; 5) interaction of mantle plume and mid-oceanic ridge. (3) On the intra-oceanic subduction and tectonics: 1) the origin of intra-oceanic arc and subduction, ridge subduction and slab window on continental margins, transform faults and transform-type continental margin; 2) causes of the large igneous provinces, oceanic plateaus and seamount chains. (4) The oceanic core complex and rheology of oceanic crust in the Indian Ocean. (5) Advances on the driving force within oceanic plates, including mantle convection, negative buoyancy, trench suction and mid-oceanic ridge push, is reviewed and discussed. 2. The ocean-continent connection zones near the two oceans, including: (1) Property of continental margin basement: the crusts of the Okinawa Trough, the Okhotsk Sea, and east of New Zealand are the continental crusts or oceanic crusts, and origin of micro-continent within the oceans; (2) the ocean-continent transition and coupling process, revealing from the comparison of the major events between the West Pacific Ocean seamount chains and the continental margins, mantle exhumation and the ocean-continent transition zones, causes of transform fault within back-arc basin, formation and subduction of transform-type continental margin; (3) strike-slip faulting between the West Pacific Ocean and the East Asian Continent and its temporal and spatial range and scale; (4) connection between deep and surface processes within the two ocean and their connection zones, namely the assembly among the Eurasian, Pacific and India-Australia plates and the related effect from the deep mantle, lithosphere, to crust and surface Earth system, and some related issues within the connection zones of the two oceans under the super-convergent background. 3. On the relationship, especially their present relations and evolutionary trends, between the Paleo- or Present-day Pacific plates and the Tethyan Belt, the Eurasian Plate or the plates within the Indian Ocean. At last, this paper makes a perspective of the related marine geology, ocean-continent connection zone and in-depth geology for the two oceans and one zone.     

全球洋岛和洋底高原海山中的中酸性岩——数据挖掘及其意义

洋岛类型的海山和洋底高原类型的海山主要由玄武岩组成, 中酸性岩出露很少, 因此很少引起学术界的关注。 我们认为即便中酸性岩很少, 研究他们也是很有意义的, 因为这些中酸性岩不仅可能与洋岛和洋底高原玄武岩的构造背景有关, 也可能与洋岛和洋底高原在形成中酸性岩时的温度和压力变化有关, 这对正确认识洋岛和洋底高原形成的地球动力学背景是很有意义的。 本次研究收集了 GEOROC 数据库中的数据总量为 44 404 个, 经过清洗留下有效数据 3 908 个, 分为洋岛中酸性岩（OIG）、洋底高原中酸性岩（OPG）和洋底高原中酸性岩中的岛弧部分（OPAG）3 类。 学术界通常认为, 洋岛代表热点, 洋底高原温度相对较低, 属于大火成岩省。 然而, 本文对全球洋岛和洋底高原的中酸性岩浆岩的研究表明, 分布在洋岛和洋底高原的中酸性岩主要是板内环境的富碱性的粗面岩和碱性流纹岩, 洋底高原边缘可能受俯冲带的影响, 部分中酸性岩具有岛弧的地球化学特征。 按照中酸性岩的 Sr-Yb 分类, 可知洋岛中酸性岩大多属于南岭型和广西型, 洋底高原海山中酸性岩主要属于南岭型, 广西型很少, 指示洋底高原中酸性岩形成的深度比洋岛浅, 温度也比洋岛低, 同时表明中酸性岩大多形成的压力较低而温度很高, 指示伴有高热中酸性岩的洋岛和洋底高原是地球上的热点。 本文认为, 洋岛和洋底高原中酸性岩并非学术界普遍认为的是玄武岩和碧玄岩分离结晶形成的, 因为洋岛和洋底高原岩浆岩如果是双峰式分布的话, 则不大可能是分离结晶的, 其中的酸性岩部分可能是玄武岩部分熔融形成的。 同时有些岩浆演化的关系表明, 中酸性岩在哈克图解中与玄武岩受不同因素制约, 说明并非演化的关系。     

造山带板内洋岛-海山残片的识别及地质意义

板内洋岛-海山残片是造山带“洋壳残片”的重要组成部分,对恢复造山带所代表的古洋盆的构造演化具有重要意义.然而,如何在造山带中识别板内洋岛-海山残片并通过其恢复古洋盆的构造演化等问题并不清楚.在综述现今板内洋岛-海山的岩石层序、岩浆岩类型、地球化学和同位素特征等的基础上,结合对青藏高原班公湖-怒江缝合带数个板内洋岛-海山残片研究的成果,初步总结了造山带板内洋岛-海山残片的识别标志及其地质意义、时代的确定方法等基础地质问题.板内洋岛-海山记录了丰富的洋盆演化信息,且是大洋俯冲消亡时最易保存的地质体.因此,在古洋盆构造演化的恢复中,对造山带板内洋岛-海山残片的研究至关重要.      

滇川西部金沙江古特提斯洋的威尔逊旋回

本文对滇川西部金沙江造山带被动大陆边缘、蛇绿岩、洋盆相放射虫硅质岩、岛弧岩浆岩和造山磨拉石建造的形成时代进行了综合研究,结合古生物化石和SHRIMP年龄,论证了金沙江古特提斯洋盆的威尔逊旋回,即大陆裂解(晚泥盆世)、洋盆扩张(石炭纪)、俯冲消减(二叠纪)和碰撞造山(三叠纪)。金沙江洋是滇川西部古特提斯多岛洋中重要的支洋盆。     

南海西南次海盆扩张期热液循环与洋壳增生的数值模拟

洋壳厚度受多方面因素的影响，前人大多关注地幔温度、地幔源成分等岩石圈深部因素，很少关注岩石圈浅层的热液循环对洋壳厚度的影响。利用基于有限元的数值模拟手段，对扩张期不同背景(洋中脊、拆离断层)、不同扩张速率的热液循环与洋壳增生的关系进行研究。结果表明：洋壳增生达到稳定前，热液循环导致理论洋壳厚度发生阶段性减薄，减薄量随时间改变，并且推迟了上地幔中熔融体出现的时间；当洋壳增生达到稳定后，热液循环下产生的理论洋壳厚度反而比无热液循环的更厚。结合洋壳增生过程中对流热通量的变化分析，在洋壳增生前期的上地幔温度低，驱动热液循环的热源小，产生的对流热通量相对较小且不稳定，热液循环缓慢冷却上地幔顶部的温度，进而推迟上地幔初始熔融的时间，减弱上地幔的熔融，并造成一定时间阶段内的生成理论洋壳比正常理论洋壳厚度更薄；当洋壳增生达到稳定后，对流热通量达到最大并稳定，热液循环持续快速的冷却上地幔顶部温度，导致上地幔深部的热向上地幔顶部补给，反而增大了上地幔顶部的温度和熔融量，进而增大了理论洋壳厚度。随着扩张速率的增大，理论洋壳厚度增大，对流热通量增大，热液循环导致的洋壳阶段性减薄的最大减薄量也增大，阶段性减薄的时间缩短。结合南海西南次海盆的洋壳结构特征分析：两条横跨南海西南次海盆的地震剖面显示，海盆内存在异常薄的洋壳区域，并且两条地震剖面的最薄洋壳厚度相差0. 85 km,推测海盆内异常薄洋壳和不同扩张时期的最薄洋壳厚度差异受到扩张期热液循环阶段性减薄洋壳作用的影响。