风暴岩研究述评兼论兴文风暴岩研究的意义

风暴岩自1973年G.Kelling提出以来,其研究得以迅速发展,特别是建立的风暴流理论与50年代出现的浊流理论一样,被公认为沉积学乃至地质学发展的里程碑。本文回顾了国内外风暴岩研究的历程、现状,着重综述了国内外对风暴岩研究的起源、定义,及风暴岩的沉积成因、沉积序列、沉积构造和研究意义;分析了风暴岩的形成环境和研究尺度,对未来风暴岩研究的启示,并探讨了兴文风暴岩研究对兴文世界地质公园的意义。     

Tempestite facies models for the epicontinental Triassic carbonates of the Betic Cordillera (southern Spain)

This study focuses on storm deposits in the Muschelkalk facies of the Betic Cordillera (southern Spain) and interprets their deposition mechanisms. Three types of storm deposit are distinguished: (i) pot/gutter casts; (ii) tempestite beds; and (iii) storm‐winnowed deposits. Each deposit provides information about the carbonate platform environment in which it was deposited. The tempestite models proposed are: (i) the bypass‐zone tempestite model, occurring in a muddy ramp at the epicontinental basin margin. This model is characterized by potholes and gutters that form in a shoreline bypass‐zone during storms; (ii) the gradient‐current tempestite model in which frequent tempestite beds are related to storm gradient currents. Thickness and grain size decrease towards the deep distal ramp; and (iii) the winnowed deposit tempestite model whereby storm deposits are winnowed and deposited in the same environment with only short lateral transport having occurred. This model evokes more restricted and shallower conditions, lagoons or inland seas. The distribution of all these deposits in the stratigraphic sections studied corroborate the eustatic third‐order cycle identified, although the different features of the storm deposits and their positions in each section indicate a subsidence varying in time and space. In the transgressive stage, the margins of the epicontinental basin were a well‐developed ramp with potholes and gutters. In contrast, during the high sea‐level stage, storm deposits generated tempestite beds or storm‐winnowed deposits in the different areas. The epicontinental carbonate platform with ramp edges evolved into a complex depositional system of coastal and shallow‐marine environments with lagoons and restricted inland seas. Thus, the epicontinental platform underwent substantial change from the Late Anisian to the Late Ladinian and this is reflected in its storm deposits.     

湘西北渔塘地区寒武系清虚洞组风暴岩及其地质意义

在湘西北渔塘地区,下寒武统的清虚洞组下部发育一套地质特征典型、沉积序列特殊的风暴岩。其底面侵蚀构造清楚,覆盖于底面上的各层段厚度变化较大,在各层段内由下向上碎屑粒度依次变细,并相继出现叠加式丘状交错层理、平行层理和浪成沙纹层理等沉积构造,是典型的浅海风暴岩。该风暴沉积的发现,对建立湘西北地层的沉积学剖面、探讨该区风暴沉积模式的空间变化、明确成矿环境和成矿地质特征等具有重要意义。     

鲁南新元古界石旺庄组风暴岩特征及其意义

鲁南地区新元古界石旺庄组为一套以白云岩为主的地层,其中发育多层竹叶状砾屑灰岩,同时还发育丘状层理、粒序层理等沉积构造以及波状、不规则状、含V字形、U字形槽模等底面构造所代表的冲刷面,表现为较典型的风暴岩特征。研究表明,石旺庄组竹叶状砾屑灰岩形成于缓坡型台地的浅缓坡环境之中,为揭示鲁南新元古界岩相古地理特征提供了重要依据。竹叶状砾屑灰岩所代表的风暴岩在前寒武纪碳酸盐岩地层、尤其是潮下缓坡相碳酸盐岩沉积中较为普遍,对该类型沉积及其共生的沉积构造进行系统描述将有助于前寒武纪古环境的恢复。     

Lacustrine tempestite and its geological significance in the Cenozoic study of the Qaidam Basin

During the Cenozoic a typical lacustrine tempestite deposition was developed in the Lulehe and Xichagou sections of the Qaidam Basin. The sedimentary structures of these two sections above are examined here in detail, which consist of storm erosion, storm tear, storm wave and rapid storm-generated sedimentary structures after storm processes, such as groove casts, scour structures, cutoff structures, hummocky cross-stratification (HCS), parallel bedding and graded bedding. On the basis of these sedimentary characteristics and the vertical facies sedimentary sequence, the causes of the sedimentary succession are analyzed and a Cenozoic sedimentary model of the Qaidam Basin containing shallow proximal, transitional and deep distal tempestites is established. According to the tempestite scale and HCS wavelength, the Cenozoic storm was obviously more intense in the basin’s Upper Ganchaigou formation than that in the Lower Youshashan formation. This variation indicates that a paleoclimatic transition largely corresponded with the second uplift of the whole Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The discovery of a Cenozoic tempestite in the Qaidam Basin is significant in the paleogeographic, paleoclimate and paleostructural fields, which provides a new insight in further study of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau uplift.     

重庆凉风垭飞仙关组风暴流沉积

本文根据重庆中梁山凉风垭下三叠统飞仙关组中风暴岩的特征,讨论了在风暴作用下的沉积环境中形成一系列独特的沉积物类型和沉积标志。一个完整的风暴流沉积序列,由底部、中部和顶部三个部分六个层段组成。并根据剖面上各单元风暴层各层段发育程度和滞留砾石特点不同,划分出原地型滞留砾石近积风暴岩、异地型滞留砾石近积风暴岩和迭加型近积风暴岩三种类型。     

华北燕山中—新元古代震积岩系列及其地震节律

在燕山北缘河北平泉地区中，上元古界中，鉴别出一系列震积岩。主要类型有脆性型，塑性型，液化型及复合型四种。提出了啸积岩与风暴岩的鉴别标志，指出鲍马序列模式的真正拥有者是啸积岩与风暴岩，而非典型的半深海浊积岩。根据其在纵向上出现的类别和频率，划分出10个地震活跃期，其地震节律为60－80Ma，这一地震节律反映了燕山裂陷槽裂陷的历程，裂陷高峰期在高于庄至雾迷山期。     

塔里木盆地西北缘震旦纪风暴岩成因探讨

本文首次论证了塔里木盆地西北缘震旦纪风暴岩的存在。就风暴岩的结构特征、沉积序列、成因模式作了探讨。震旦纪风暴岩具有底面侵蚀-充填构造、无规则排列的砾屑灰岩层、粒序层及丘状层理,以及水平纹理和纹状交错层。风暴岩可分为二种类型:钙屑风暴岩为强的风暴产生的风暴浪和风暴流而形成,由-套砾屑灰岩及泥灰岩、泥岩组成;砂屑风暴岩是由强度相对较弱的风暴离岸回流将风暴高峰悬浮起的砂屑物带到浪基面以下的地方沉积而成,由砂岩、粉砂岩及粉砂质泥岩组成。     

黔东北地区寒武系清虚洞组钙质风暴岩及其地质意义

在黔东北铜仁-江口地区下寒武统清虚洞组下部发育一套特征典型、序列特殊的钙质风暴岩.该风暴沉积的底面侵蚀构造清楚,板片状泥晶灰岩砾石呈菊花状排列,发育丘状交错层理、负载构造、递交层理和小波纹层理等沉积构造,为典型的浅海风暴岩.该风暴沉积序列的最大特点是含有大量钙质鮞粒.另外,不同的、类似于近源和远源的风暴沉积序列出露于同一剖面的相邻层位,可能反映了风暴登陆路径或者风暴流强度的差别.该风暴沉积的发现,对建立与黔中和湘西北同期地层的沉积学对比剖面、探讨风暴沉积模式的空间变化具有重要意义.     

龙门山甘溪组谢家湾段风暴岩沉积特征及其意义

通过野外剖面测量、采样和室内鉴定,建立了甘溪剖面泥盆系岩石学、古生物学和沉积构造等沉积相标志,对甘溪剖面泥盆系甘溪组风暴岩进行系统研究。本剖面风暴岩沉积特征很典型,各种与风暴流有关的沉积构造非常发育,可划分出近源和远源风暴流沉积2个类型。风暴岩的发现有利于加深对该区沉积相的认识,风暴岩的频繁发育,表明研究区在泥盆系沉积时,曾经处于易受到古大洋气候影响的低纬度区域,由于风暴作用是瞬时间的等时性事件,风暴沉积序列可以作为"明显的等时意义"地层对比的重要标志。因此,该项研究成果对重塑龙门山地区古海洋学、古气候学的研究,对恢复古板块位置等都十分重要。     

龙门山地区中泥盆统养马坝组风暴沉积中的遗迹化石及其环境意义

龙门山地区泥盆纪地层中含有种类丰富、数量众多的海相遗迹化石。以野外剖面实测为基础,对北川甘溪石沟里剖面中泥盆统养马坝组风暴沉积中的遗迹化石进行了系统描述,共识别出5种类型的遗迹化石属种,包括Chondrite、Changchengia、Rhizocorallium、Skolithos和Zoophycos。根据遗迹化石的组合特征,将其划分为Chondrites-Zoophycos遗迹化石组合类型,反映了受风暴影响的浅水沉积环境。通过遗迹化石的分布位置、相互间的切割关系,建立了龙门山地区石沟里剖面养马坝组风暴岩中各种遗迹化石形成的先后顺序,依次为Chondrites、Zoophycos、Rhizocorallium、Changchengia和Skolithos。发育于风暴岩中的Chondrites和Zoophycos遗迹化石,具有鲜明的机会种特征,对沉积环境有重要的指示意义。保存于龙门山地区泥盆系养马坝组风暴岩中丰富的具细小分支直径的Chondrites遗迹化石,反应水体氧含量并非控制Chondrites潜穴直径大小的唯一控制因素,可能与造迹生物生活环境的恶劣与否间存在着一定关系;风暴沉积中发育的Zoophycos遗迹化石,指示其在泥盆纪可以沉积于浅海环境。     

花垣县李梅地区早寒武世清虚洞期碳酸盐岩中的风暴沉积

扬子地台东南缘的花垣李梅地区,早寒武世晚期清虚洞组钙质风暴岩分布广泛,表现为层数众多,剖面类型丰富,识别标志清楚,颇具特色。风暴作用强度和侵蚀力按地层层序自下而上有由弱到强的规律性变化,与本区清虚洞期陆棚浅滩化演变过程相对应。早寒武世晚期的风暴事件与本区岩相、岩性的分布,均有密切联系。     

中国扬子地台西缘寒武纪风暴事件与磷矿沉积

中国扬子地台及邻区海域,在早寒武世至中寒武世早期,风暴活动频繁,地理位置由西向东,由南向北,地层层序自下而上三个组段发现有风暴岩和风暴沉积物,其中以下寒武统梅树村组的磷质风暴岩最典型。风暴活动冲击川滇岛陆及牛首山岛陆的内侧,从而使两个岛陆间的海面下降,造成外海海水填充并形成上升洋流。富磷海水随着上升洋流运移,为磷质沉积提供来源。因此,风暴和风暴流作用不仅形成和加速了上升洋流的循环和补给,同时又是磷矿簸选富集的物理驱动力。风暴流向海的流动和上升洋流通过的方向,沿着扬子地台西缘形成了我国重要的磷质富集带与工业磷矿分布区。     

Episodic sedimentation on an early Silurian, storm-dominated carbonate ramp, Becscie and Merrimack formations, Anticosti Island, Canada

The 150–160 m thick lowermost Silurian (Rhuddanian) Becscie and Merrimack formations of Anticosti Island, Canada, represent continuous deposition on a shallow, open marine carbonate ramp. Several rock types are identified: (a) laminated and homogenous mudstone; (b) laminated and homogenous packstone; (c) argillaceous mudstone and packstone; (d) calcareous shale; (e) laminated calcisiltite; (f) medium- to fine-grained grainstone; and (g) bio/intraclastic rudstone. These rock types are arranged into five distinct lithofacies: (LF1) calcareous mudstone-shale; (LF2) laminated-homogenous mudstone; (LF3) calcareous grainstone-shale; (LF4) laminated mudstone-grainstone; and (LF5) laminated calcisiltite-grainstone. The sequence reflects deposition on a low-energy, muddy, carbonate to argillaceous ramp subject to short-lived, episodic high-energy storms. These events produced fining-upwards storm units 5–80 cm thick, or tempestites, consisting of: a sharp scoured base overlain by intra/bioclastic rudstone grading upwards into medium-grained grainstone, finely laminated calcisiltite and mudstone, or shale. These are interbedded with low-energy, fairweather mudstones and calcareous shales. Deposition progressed from a carbonate mud-dominated ramp in the Becscie Formation to an argillaceous mud-dominated ramp in the Merrimack Formation. Lateral tempestite proximality trends and lithofacies distribution indicate that the Anticosti Basin deepened to the south-east into the Iapetus Ocean and shallowed towards a SW—NE-orientated shoreline to the north-west. Vertical tempestite proximality trends and lithofacies changes identify third-order eustatic sea-level changes. After an initial deepening at the base of the formation, a shallowing-deepening event dominated the sequence. Several higher order fluctuations, defined by lithofacies and tempestite proximality trends, are superimposed on these changes. The fluctuations identified with the aid of tempestite proximality trends are of an order of magnitude higher than those identified by either lithofacies or palaeontological methods.     

Depositional processes on oceanic island shelves – Evidence from storm‐generated Neogene deposits from the mid‐North Atlantic

Oceanic islands – such as the Azores in the mid‐North Atlantic – are periodically exposed to large storms that often remobilize and transport marine sediments along coastlines, and into deeper environments. Such disruptive events create deposits – denominated tempestites – whose characteristics reflect the highly dynamic environment in which they were formed. Tempestites from oceanic islands, however, are seldom described in the literature and little is known about storm‐related sediment dynamics affecting oceanic island shelves. Therefore, the geological record of tempestite deposits at oceanic islands can provide invaluable information on the processes of sediment remobilization, transport and deposition taking place on insular shelves during and after major storms. In Santa Maria Island (Azores), a sequence of Neogene tempestite deposits was incorporated in the island edifice by the ongoing volcanic activity (thus preserved) and later exposed through uplift and erosion. Because it was overlain by a contemporary coastal lava delta, the water depth at the time of deposition could be inferred, constituting an excellent case‐study to gain insight on the still enigmatic processes of insular shelf deposition. Sedimentological, palaeontological, petrographic and palaeo‐water depth information allowed the reconstruction of the depositional environment of these sediments. The sequence typifies the characteristics of a tempestite (or successive tempestites) formed at ca 50 m depth, in a steep, energetic open insular shelf, and with evidence for massive sediment remobilization from the nearshore to the middle or outer shelf. The authors claim that cross‐shelf transport induced by storm events is the main process of sediment deposition acting on steep and narrow shelves subjected to high‐energetic environments, such as the insular shelves of open‐sea volcanic islands.     

Microfacies of Deep-water Deposits and Forming Models of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling-SKII

Extensive transgression of lake water occurred during the Cretaceous Qingshankou Stage and the Nengjiang Stage in the Songliao basin, forming widespread deep-water deposits. Eleven types of microfacies of deep-water deposits have been recognized in the continuous core rocks from the SKII, including mudstone of still water, marlite, dolostone, oil shale, volcanic ashes, turbidite, slump sediment, tempestite, seismite, ostracoda limestone and sparry carbonate, which are divided into two types: microfacies generated due to gradually changing environments (I) and microfacies generated due to geological events (II). Type I is composed of some special fine grain sediments such as marlite, dolomite stone and oil shale as well as mudstone and Type II is composed of some sediments related to geological events, such as volcanic ashes, turbiditie, slump sediment, tempestite, seismite, ostracoda limestone. The formation of sparry carbonate may be controlled by factors related to both environments and events. Generally, mudstone sediments of still water can be regarded as background sediments, and the rest sediments are all event sediments, which have unique forming models, which may reflect controlling effects of climatics and tectonics.     

河北省平泉早奥陶世冶里组碳酸盐风暴沉积

河北平泉地区冶里组碳酸盐岩风暴沉积极为发育,含原地型风暴岩、异地型风暴岩、风暴浊积岩和生物截丘灰岩等4种类型.风暴沉积反映本区冶里组沉积时经历了一个完整的海进-海退旋回,当时区内古地理面貌为北高南低、海水北浅南深.此外,风暴沉积在露头层序地层划分中,对于海进体系域和高水位体系域的识别具有重要的指示作用.     

哈密翼龙骨骼及其蛋(胚胎)化石差异风化原因分析

翼龙骨骼及其蛋与胚胎化石对研究翼龙生殖和胚胎发育方面具有重要意义.在哈密戈壁发现的一件超过200枚翼龙蛋、胚胎和骨骼三位一体保存的哈密翼龙化石标本从极干旱强盐碱的戈壁滩搬运至相对潮湿的环境后,就会发生明显的风化破碎,表现为由外向内逐渐蚕食性风化,富含骨骼/蛋化石的区域风暴岩快速发生崩解,造成化石脱落,不含化石的区域砂岩...     

辽河盆地西部凹陷古近系沙四上亚段沉积相及演化

薄互层砂体研究是湖盆沉积学的研究难点。本文针对辽河西部凹陷沙四上亚段（Es^4上）薄互层砂体,以层序地层学、沉积学、测井地质学等理论为指导,综合岩心、测录井和地震等多种资料,对西部凹陷的薄互层砂体进行精细描述和深入剖析。结果表明,研究区主要发育辫状河三角洲和湖泊沉积相,其中,滩坝砂体是湖泊相的主力砂体。通过考虑不同沉积背景下滩坝在岩相组合、发育位置和成因机理的差异性,将滩坝划分成侧缘改造型滩坝、前缘改造型滩坝、基岩改造型滩坝、淹没改造型滩坝和风暴改造型滩坝5种沉积模式;对薄层滩坝砂体的控制因素进行分析,认为其受到"风场-物源-盆地"三端元的控制。     

西秦岭地区晚二叠世—早三叠世沉积相分析和沉积古环境再造

青海省同仁地区处于祁连和秦岭造山带的接合部，构造演化历史悠久。本次工作在该地区隆务河一带发现较好的二叠—三叠系剖面。将该剖面从下而上划分为上二叠统石关组、下三叠统果木沟组和江里沟组，其中江里沟组又进一步划分为下部的浊积岩段和上部的风暴岩段，初步确定了二叠—三叠纪的界线。沉积序列、沉积相和沉积物表明上二叠统石关组和下三叠统果木沟组为一套陆源碎屑浊积岩，下三叠统江里沟组下部为一套不纯的内碎屑浊积岩，而下三叠统江里沟组上部为风暴岩沉积。根据沉积相和火山岩夹层的地球化学特征认为该地区上二叠统石关组和下三叠统果木沟组处于半深海的活动大陆边缘，下三叠统江里沟组早期的浊积岩段处于较稳定的半深海大陆边缘。根据沉积相和遗迹化石，恢复了晚二叠世—早三叠世的海平面变化特征。