有利于赤潮消亡的水文气象条件

本文收集整理了1980～2004年期间南海历次赤潮事件,以及这些赤潮事件结束前后对应的水文气象观测要素;结合学术界关于赤潮消退前后水文气象变化的研究成果,统计分析了南海赤潮消亡前后在气温、海温、气压、降雨、风向风速等方面的变化特征.研究显示:与有利于赤潮发生发展的水文气象变化相反的趋势是有利于赤潮消亡的环境条件;大部分赤潮事件在赤潮消亡前后有一种或多种水文气象要素出现明显的变化;赤潮持续时段天气系统的改变是赤潮消亡的有利环境条件,但不是唯一的影响因素:水温、气温过高或气压过低,同样可以抑制赤潮的维持或发展.     

广东沿海赤潮与海洋水文气象关系研究

根据广东沿海发生赤潮的实测资料,重点分析了1997年10月至1998年5月广东沿海赤潮发生与海洋水文气象的关系.结果表明：棕襄藻（Phaecystis cf globosa Scherffel）和三宅裸甲藻（Gynmodiniu mmikimoloi）最大增殖速率的发生条件为：海水温度（以下均是日平均值）21.9℃～26.9℃.盐度26.68～32.01,气温22.9℃～27.1℃、风速0.2-4.3m/s、气压1 002.2～1 011.9hPa、相对湿度83%～94%.认为1997-1998年赤道太平洋上层海洋水温异常变化,导致1998年中国东南沿海水温和气温偏高,风速偏弱,盐度偏低,相对湿度偏高,气压偏低,容易发生赤潮;而降水量多少对1998年广东沿岸海域赤潮形成和发展也有重要影响.发现春夏季当海平气压和盐度出现下降趋势,气温、水温和相对湿度呈上升趋势,风速呈减弱趋势时容易发生赤潮,赤潮发生海域主要位于500 hPa图上的副高北沿,赤潮发生海域均位于槽前.在850hPa图上,华南地区则出现较强的切变线环流.地面天气图上,赤潮发生时在南岭附近有锋面系统存在,海面风速较弱,风向偏东.     

近十年厦门湾赤潮发生与热带气旋的关系研究

利用2001-2010年历史赤潮记录、热带气旋、500hPa高空形势、地面形势以及逐日的气温、气压、相对湿度和风速等资料,分析研究了近十年厦门湾赤潮发生与热带气旋的关系.结果表明,在热带气旋外围暖舌的影响下,厦门湾往往会发生赤潮.热带气旋诱发厦门湾赤潮的时间主要集中在6-8月,诱发赤潮的热带气旋可归纳为南海西行型、台湾...     

2013年小岞杜厝海域赤潮发生过程分析

针对2013年5月15—17日发生在小岞、杜厝海域的2起赤潮过程,利用观测资料、数值模拟等方法,从气象、水文、水质等方面分析其发生及消亡原因。本文分析了赤潮发生前后事发附近海域的天气形势,气温、气压、湿度等气象资料的变化情况,同时结合浮标实测中水温、流向等水文资料,并利用数值模拟方法模拟该时段内风力、风向的变化,得出以下结论。(1)赤潮发生前副高北抬,南海夏季风爆发,此种天气形势带来了西南暖湿空气,气温、水温持续升高,风浪较小,在这种高温、高湿、无风浪的条件下,促进藻类繁殖,在小岞附近海域发生赤潮;(2)赤潮发展旺盛期内,出现阵性降水,偏南风风力明显增大,强劲的西南风造成水体不稳定,可能是造成藻种演替的原因;另外在杜厝新增一处赤潮区,推测可能由于西南风造成的藻种漂移。     

厦门西海域一次中肋骨条藻赤潮与水文气象的关系

采用常规水文气象观测与赤潮现场监测相结合的方法,探讨厦门西海域一次中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)赤潮的形成与水文气象的关系。结果表明,赤潮发生前,水温、盐度、气压、风速风向和潮汐的变化对赤潮生物的生长繁殖和积累产生重要的正面影响,从而促使该赤潮的发生。     

ENSO对我国海洋环境的若干影响

ＥＮＳＯ对我国海洋环境的影响大致可以归纳为以下四个方面：（１）ＥＮＳＯ期间我国沿岸水位出现较大偏低；（２）ＥＮＳＯ发生当年，全国登陆台风个数均少于常年，而翌年台风个数接近常年；（３）我国黄，东海及南海气旋发生频率与赤道太平洋表面温度和达尔文海海平面气压之间存在正相关；（４）ＥＮＳＯ发生当年，南海沿岸经流增大，气温、水温、盐度、ＨＰ值偏低，海水含氧量偏高，温、盐、密跃层强度增大，赤潮发生次数偏多，南     

南海大鹏湾海洋褐胞藻赤潮及其成因

于１９９１年３月２０－２１日在大鹏湾首次发生海洋褐胞藻赤潮。对此分析了赤潮发生前后海洋环境因素的变化及其与赤潮的关系；以风速，气压，盐度，温度，磷酸盐，硝酸盐，铵盐，铁离子等８项指标为基础，改变参数组合，对采自１９９１年３－５月特定站位（Ｓｏ）的各样方进行聚类分析和比较。结果表明，在盐度为３１－３２和水温为２０℃的适宜条件下，铁离子和风速是形成本次赤潮的主要环境要素；大量营养盐尤其是硝酸盐度的增加     

基于水质浮标在线监测的米氏凯伦藻赤潮过程及环境因子变化特征分析

相较于船舶走航监测, 海洋水质浮标在线监测的优势在于能够获取目标海域长期、连续监测数据, 能更好地反映环境状况的动态变化。为了厘清米氏凯伦藻赤潮的发生、发展动态, 本文以2017年6月南麂附近海域米氏凯伦藻赤潮为例, 分析海洋水质浮标获取的连续监测数据, 探讨米氏凯伦藻赤潮过程叶绿素a和水环境因子动态变化特征及其与气象要素的关系。赤潮期间, 水温为22.8~26.0℃、盐度为28.8‰~31.8‰、气温为20.4~27.3℃, 该温盐范围均适宜米氏凯伦藻的细胞生长; 较高的光照强度能够支持较高的藻类细胞密度。Pearson相关性分析显示, 米氏凯伦藻细胞密度与叶绿素a浓度呈显著正相关; 溶解氧(DO)及其饱和度(DO%)、pH、水温、气温等环境因子与叶绿素a浓度呈极显著正相关, 盐度与叶绿素a浓度呈极显著负相关。向岸风生海流有利于藻种向近岸较高营养区域汇集, 为赤潮的爆发创造有利条件。赤潮过程中, 叶绿素a浓度、溶解氧饱和度、pH发生了协同变化, 据此特征可以开展赤潮短期预警。     

南海夜光藻赤潮概况及其对水文气象的适应条件

本文根据1980~2004年的南海历次夜光藻赤潮事件资料,对这些赤潮事件在时间和空间的分布特征以及赤潮持续时间进行了分析;发现了夜光藻赤潮在1996年后被其它种类赤潮所更替的现象,并初步探讨其原因;统计、分析了夜光藻赤潮发生前后水文气象要素的变化范围和演变特征,提出了南海夜光藻赤潮的适温范围.     

第15章 MRI模式:日本气象研究所波浪预报模式

15.1 前言 MRI波浪模式是由日本气象研究所研制,作为日本气象厅例行日常预报的波浪模式。该模式是在Uji和Isozaki（1972）、Isozaki和Uji（1983）,Uji（1975）工作的基础上做了一些修改,现在用于西北太平洋波浪预报业务。该模式的网格间距381公里,时间步长6小时。风场由Cardone（1969）的风模式计算。这个模式需要海表面水温、大气压力和气温。在预报开始之前,输入客观分析的气压和气温,未来的气压和气温用日本气象厅的四层北半球模式的预报结果,海表面水温则根据15年资料的月平均海面温度。     

海表温度与海表气温位相关系

采用1982-2012年NOAA最优插值海表温度(第二版)数据资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析海表气温数据资料,利用均方差分析法,分析海表温度和海表气温的年际变化特征。将31年数据按照El Nin軌o/La Nin軌a事件分为a,b,c 3组,利用超前/滞后相关性分析法,将中低纬度海域海表温度异常(SSTA)与海表气温异常(SATA)做超前/滞后相关分析,得到每个格点SSTA与SATA之间相关性最显著的时间,从而确定SSTA与SATA之间的超前/滞后相关关系。研究结果表明:中纬度海域以SATA超前SSTA为主,SATA滞后SSTA主要分布在20°S-20°N的热带海域。SATA与SSTA超前/滞后天数统计结果均呈现双峰型分布,SATA超前峰值出现在10 d左右,SATA滞后峰值出现-7 d左右。El Nin軌o/La Nin軌a事件的出现,对海气超前/滞后相关关系具有一定影响。     

The reliability of the wind speed, air temperature and humidity observed on ship

Using data of wind speed, air temperature and humidity recorded simultaneously on board and the on the small buoy, the latter is considered as criterion, the paper has discussed the influence of the body of ship on the meteorological data. Owing to the disturbance and the influence of heat radiation from the body of ship, the temperature observed on board is higher by about 2癈 than on buoy, and the relative humidity lower by 10%, wind speed observed on the mast is not only irregular but is less than that on the buoy, the error of which would be 3 m/s. The paper therefore suggests that the data observed on the deck in daytime, especially in fair weather after midday, is less reliable. The reliability of data decreases simultaneously with the increase of the body of ship in size.In addition, this paper also proposes that more reasonable observing points chosen on board should be the key to obtain reliable data. By analysis, it is believed that the meteorological data observed on ship's bow or upwind outs     

Measurements of vertical air temperature gradients with dipmeter

By means of measuring the dips of horizon with a Pulfrich dipmeter, vertical air temperature gradients near the sea surface were obtained with an accuracy of ca. ±0.01°C/m, much better than a conventional method with an array of temperature sensors. The additional advantage of this technique was that the measurements were made on board a ship underway, consequently data from wide oceanic areas could be accumulated rather quickly and easily. From the results of dip measurements at 125 stations on two cruises of the T/V Oshoro Maru of the Hokkaido University, extending from the Bering Sea to the south of Australia, the temperature gradients were computed with a new formula with an assumption that the refractive index of air varied with a height only. It was found that, in the northern North Pacific Ocean, vertical air temperature gradients were positive, while in the subtropical and tropical Pacific Ocean both the negative and positive gradients were observed. Generally, in the same sea region, the temperature profiles had the similar form, irrespective of air-sea temperature differences.     

北极海冰与北半球大气环流及气温的相关性分析

利用NASA的北极海冰密集度资料(分辨率1.0°×0.25°,时间1979.10-2002.8)对冬季(12-2月)鄂霍次克海到白令海(42°-66°N、131°-158°W)的海冰场进行EOF分解,得到特征向量的空间分布及时间系数.利用NCEP再分析月资料(分辨率2.5°×2.5°,时间1979-2002年),采用合成分析的方法,分别对该区域海冰分布第一特征向量时间系数超过+0.5和低于-0.5年份做冬季500hPa高度、l000hPa高度、1000hPa气温的合成距平场.分析结果表明该区域的海冰分布与北半球中高纬度的大气环流和气温有显著的关系,同一模态下的海冰分布反位相时对应的大气状况也有明显的相反趋势.     

日气温变化下杭州湾水温的数值模拟

杭州湾内水温在不同时间尺度下均存在变化,这对河口生态等会产生影响。由于昼夜气温变化大,空气和海水的热量交换较为频繁。另外,随着气温的逐日下降,水温也随之降低。为研究日气温变化下杭州湾内的水温变化,建立了三维数学模型,通过考虑水面和空气的热交换通量,复演了日气温变化下湾内水温特征。经过和实测潮流数据比较,本文模型很好地模拟出了杭州湾内大、中和小潮期间水流的变化。在综合考虑太阳辐射、长波辐射和水气感热交换下,模型成功再现了日气温变化下水温的变化过程。研究结果一方面有助于认识强潮河口湾内水温变化特征,另一方面将为研究温度对泥沙运动的影响提供前期基础。     

Relationship between the anomalies of temperature and air pressure over the ocean

This paper considers the relationship between multi-year air temperature and pressure fluctuations over the ocean, based on an approximate solution of the problem on the determination of large-scale seawater temperature anomalies from the conditions predominating at the sea surface. The dependence derived is numerically analysed using observations made in the North Atlantic. It is shown that the variability of annual mean air temperature anomalies is largely controlled by the air pressure field which has taken place during the preceding long-term period. The dependence derived may be applied to generate long-term forecasts of the ocean's hydrometeorological regime.Translated by Vladimir A. Puchkin.     

Regional air temperature maxima and the possibility of their simple energy-balance estimates

The record high temperatures during the summer of 2010 in the central part of the European territory of Russia (ETR) raised great interest in the question of whether these temperatures are the maximum possible ones and whether these maxima can be estimated from energy-balance considerations. The gigantic anticyclone was long lasting and stable, allowing the maximum air temperatures to be estimated with the help of simple energy-balance considerations. This situation can be considered an equilibrium state if a stable meteorological situation persists for quite a long time. In this case these equilibrium temperatures can be estimated using energy-balance equations in the atmosphere and on the Earth’s surface. The simple energy-balance estimates presented in this paper show that the maximum daytime air temperatures recorded in the summer of 2010 in the central part of the ETR are close to the maximum theoretically possible values.     

渤海冰面积与营口气温的关系

通过对2000～2004年连续5年冬季渤海逐日冰面积与营口日均气温积温的相关分析,发现二者相关关系较好,同时获得了逐日冰面积与营口日均气温积温的线性回归方程,并用此方程对2005～2006年冬季渤海的冰面积进行了预报试验,试验结果证明该方程具有一定的预报能力.     

Pattern recognition techniques for visualizing the biotropic waveform of air temperature and pressure

It is known that long periods of adverse weather have a negative effect on the human cardiovascular system. A number of studies have set a lower limit of around 5 days for the duration of these periods. However, the specific features of the negative dynamics of the main weather characteristics—air temperature and atmospheric pressure—remained open. To address this problem, the present paper proposes a conjunctive method of the theory of pattern recognition. It is shown that this method approaches a globally optimal (in the sense of recognition errors) Neumann critical region and can be used to solve various problems in heliobiology. To illustrate the efficiency of this method, we show that some quickly relaxing short sequences of temperature and pressure time series (the so-called temperature waves and waves of atmospheric pressure changes) increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases and can lead to serious organic lesions (particularly myocardial infarction). It is established that the temperature waves and waves of atmospheric pressure changes increase the average morbidity rate of myocardial infarction by 90% and 110%, respectively. Atmospheric pressure turned out to be a more biotropic factor than air temperature.