重力固体潮信号的独立成分分析与谱相关解调

针对提取重力固体潮潮汐谐波分量,分析各谐波分量间调制关系的问题,该文结合重力固体潮的产生机制建立了一种重力固体潮信号正交分解模型。利用独立分量分析算法和谱相关方法,分离出与模型相对应的独立分量信号,并从独立成分中解调出载波分量和被调制分量。从而完整地描述了地球自转产生的潮汐谐波与月球、太阳相对于地球轨道变化产生的潮汐谐波的正交分解关系。实验表明,此方法能有效地提取出重力固体潮信号中所包含的潮汐谐波信息,并揭示出该重力固体潮信号中存在3个线性叠加的独立分量,在月波分量和年波分量都以乘性调制的方式调制到半日波分量和日波分量上。     

固体潮对地球重力场时变特征影响的潮波公式

精密和详细测定地球重力场及其随时间变化,是目前卫星重力测量的主要课题.基于目前高精度的固体潮展开,研究固体潮对地球重力场时变特征的影响.不同于IERS2000推荐的固体潮对重力影响的理论模型,独立于天体历书而基于精密引潮力位展开直接给出在毫微伽精度下的潮波公式,并考虑到四阶潮汐的效应.同时对重力数据归算中的永久性潮汐的处理进行总结和说明.本文的工作可为高精度的地球重力场的研究提供理论依据和参考.     

国外研究地球外部重力场的近况

当前世界上地球外部重力场的研究工作有了很大的进展,它涉及到许多学科。本文仅就近几年来的国外资料分别按下列六个方面作扼要的介绍: 一、重力测量; 二、最小二乘配置和地球重力场; 三、卫星重力的新方法; 四、大地测量基本参数和地球模型; 五、动力大地测量; 六、地球重力固体潮;     

固体潮对三峡地区地壳垂直形变和重力变化的影响分析

利用IERS协议上的方法和DE405星历文件,基于三峡地区CORS站和重力台站位置,计算了从2011年到2015年6月固体潮每2 h对三峡地区地壳垂直形变和重力变化的影响,并计算了2012年12月14日大潮期间固体潮影响分布。研究发现,三峡地区固体潮有很强的周期性,存在半月和半年的长周期、一天和半天的短周期。三峡地区农历每月月中和月底前后有2次大潮,月中和月底的大潮潮差相差约1/4;每年冬季（月球赤纬28°36',约11、12、1月）和夏季（约5、6、7月,太阳高度角接近最大）大潮潮差大,春季和秋季大潮潮差小。大地高最大潮高0.346 m,最低潮高-0.190 m（参考历元2000.0）;固体潮对重力与对垂直形变影响异相,最大值110 μGal,最小值-200 μGal。区域固体潮呈明显的条带分布,固体潮对垂直形变与重力变化影响的增减方向相反。本文的研究成果可用于CORS站、重力台站的固体潮影响分析,为局部固体潮相关研究提供参考。     

四维整体大地测量模型中的重力向量观测方程

本文论述了四维整体大地测量的基本概念。根据Hein和Grafarend等人的基本思想,推导了四维整体大地测量模型中的重力向量观测方程。其中顾及了地球固体潮和地壳形变所引起的观测量的时间相依变量。     

海岛礁相对重力测量的潮汐影响

着重分析固体潮模型、潮汐因子的选取和海洋负荷潮的求定,并利用ETGTAB模型数据详细计算了相对重力测量中的潮汐改正,说明在近海和岛屿地区进行高精度海岛礁相对重力测量时,必须考虑精确的固体潮和海洋负荷潮改正,从而提高相对重力测量的联测精度。     

超导重力检测日本MW9.0地震激发的球型自由振荡

地球自由振荡是地球物理学上的一个重大发现,为人类认识地震震级和地球内部结构提供了一种新的方法和手段,具有重要的研究价值和意义.本文利用澳大利亚Conrad超导重力台站2011年3月11日至2011年3月15数据对日本MW9.0地震激发的球型自由振荡进行了检测.经固体潮改正和大气压改正后,采用加窗傅立叶变换对重力残差进行频谱分析,探测出了0S0～0S76球型自由振荡.将检测结果与PREM模型进行对比,误差均小于5.59‰,表明本文计算方法和计算结果是正确和有效的.     

GT-2A航空重力仪静态测量实验及性能分析

设计静态测量实验和升降台实验对GT-2A航空重力仪的零漂率、分辨力和尺度因子进行分析。利用GT-2A定点静态连续观测数据、相对重力仪同步观测数据和固体潮模型计算的重力固体潮数据，计算了GT-2A的零漂率。固体潮改正之前和之后的计算结果表明，采用GT-2A连续静态观测数据计算的零漂率差值最大可达7.4 μGal/h；采用施测前后校准测量数据计算零漂率引入的代表误差最大为13.7 μGal/h。以上结果表明固体潮对零漂率的确定具有较大影响。测试GT-2A观测重力固体潮的能力，通过频域分析发现幅值超过30 μGal的分潮波会对GT-2A测量结果的幅-频特征产生影响，认为GT-2A的分辨力约为30 μGal。升降台实验中利用GT-2A测定重力垂直梯度，与相对重力仪测得的重力垂直梯度比较，计算出GT-2A实验量程内观测数据的尺度因子为-0.003 4 ±0.011 6。     

相对重力测量虚拟仿真系统的建立与模型研究

对相对重力测量虚拟仿真系统项目中所涉及的正常重力模型、重力异常模型、重力固体潮模型、相对重力仪模型和观测场景模型进行了研究,提出根据测站坐标和观测时间利用相关模型生成测站绝对重力值和LaCosteRomberg G型相对重力仪读数的相对重力测量虚拟仿真模型。     

地球固体潮

目前,地球固体潮在天文学、大地测量学、地球物理学以及其它有关学科中得到愈来愈广泛的应用,尤其是在近几年才发展起来的新兴学科——地球动力学中古有重要的地位,为此必须对它给予应有注意。为了了解地球固体潮,我们在学习中整理出这篇资料,以供参考。一、地球潮汐概述     

World-wide synthetic tide parameters for gravity and vertical and horizontal displacements

The response of the Earth’s crust to the direct effect of lunisolar gravitational forcing is known as the body tide. The body tide is superimposed by surface-loading forces due to the pressure of the periodically varying ocean tide acting on the Earth, called ocean tide loading (OTL). Both body tide and OTL can be decomposed into components of the same frequency known as tidal parameters. However, OTL is more complicated than body tides because of the dynamic effects of the ocean. Estimating OTL requires a model of the ocean tides and knowledge of the elastic properties of the solid Earth. Thus, synthetic tide parameters (amplitude factors and phase leads) have been developed here on a world-wide grid for gravity and positional displacements. The body tide contributions were added to the oceanic contribution to provide the Earth tide response. The accuracy and reliability of the synthetic tidal parameters have been estimated by comparing observed gravity and vertical-displacement tide parameters with those interpolated from our synthetic model, which shows good agreement. Tests also indicate that the synthetic tide parameters provide realistic gravimetric and displacements for practical use in tidal prediction.     

Shallow-water loading tides in Japan from superconducting gravimetry

Gravity observations from superconducting gravimeters are used to observe loading effects from shallow-water tides on the Japanese east and west coasts. Non-linear third-diurnal and higher-frequency shallow-water tides are identified in the tide-gauge observations from these coastal areas. The most energetic constituents in the tide gauge observations are also seen in the gravity observations due to their loading effects on the deformation of the Earth. Even though the shallow-water tides at the Japanese east coast have an amplitude of only a few millimetres, they are still able to generate a loading signal at gravity sites located several hundred kilometres inland. In particular, the S₃, S₄ and S₅ solar tides occur in both gravity and tide gauge observations. It is indicated that in other shelf regions with large shallow water tides, the shallow water loading signals account for a significant signal, which should be taken into account.Acknowledgement The authors would like to thank the Hydrographic and Oceanographic Department (Japan Coast Guard), Japan Meteorological Agency and Hokkaido Development Agency for access to the tide-gauge data. Also, the Global Geodynamic Project Information System and Data Center (GGP-ISDC) is acknowledged for providing the gravity data.     

The gravity field variation caused by inner core super rotation

Due to the super rotation of the Earth’s inner core, the tilted figure axis of the inner core would progress with respect to the mantle and thus cause the variation of the Earth’s external gravity field. This paper improves the present model of the gravity field variation caused by the inner core super rotation. Under the assumption that the inner core is a stratifying ellipsoid whose density function is fitted out from PREM and the super rotation rate is 0.27～0.53°/yr, calculations show that the global temporal variations on the Earth’s surface have a maximum value of about 0.79～1.54×10?3 μGal and a global average intensity of about 0.45～0.89×10?3 μGal in the whole year of 2007, which is beyond the accuracy of the present gravimetry and even the super conducting gravimeter data. However, both the gravity variations at Beijing and Wuhan vary like sine variables with maximal variations around 0.33 μGal and 0.29 μGal, respectively, in one cycle. Thus, continuous gravity measurements for one or two decades might be able to detect the differential motion of the inner core.     

A study of gravity variations caused by polar motion using superconducting gravimeter data from the GGP network

Long-term continuous gravity observations, recorded at five superconducting gravimeter (SG) stations in the Global Geodynamic Project (GGP) network, as well as data on orientation variations in the Earths rotation axis (i.e. polar motion), have been used to investigate the characteristics of gravity variations on the Earths surface caused by polar motion. All the SG gravity data sets were pre-processed using identical techniques to remove the luni-solar gravity tides, the long-term trends of the instrumental drift, and the effects of atmospheric pressure. The analysis indicates that the spectral peaks, related to the Chandler and annual wobbles, were identified in both the power and product spectral density estimates. The magnitude of gravity variations, as well as the gravimetric amplitude factor associated with the Chandler wobble, changed significantly at different SG stations and during different observation periods. However, when all the SG observations at these five sites were combined, the gravimetric parameters of the Chandler wobble were retrieved accurately: 1.1613 ± 0.0737 for the amplitude factor and –1°.30 ± 1°.33 for the phase difference. The value of the estimated amplitude factor is in agreement with that predicted theoretically for the zonal tides of an elastic Earth model.     

月球平均运动和地球自转速率长期变化的潮汐耗散

利用1983～1994年(共11年)期间,全球人卫激光测距(SLR)观测网对Lageos-1卫星的观测资料,估算二阶重力场系数和潮汐参数。SLR和卫星测高的潮汐解被用来计算月球轨道根数相对黄道坐标系的长期变化和地球自转速率的长期变化。SLR确定的总的潮汐耗散引起的月球平均运动的长期变化为-24.78″/世纪2,与激光测月结果（(-24.9±1.0)″/世纪2) 非常一致。日月潮汐引起的地球自转速率的长期变化为 -5.25×10-22rad /s2,顾及地球扁率变化（2）的非潮汐效应,对应的日长变化为1.49 ms/世纪,与1620年以来的天文月掩星结果（1.4 ms/世纪）十分相符。本文还联合卫星测高和人卫激光测距确定的潮汐解,在月球平均运动和地球自转速率的长期变化中,分离出固体地球和海洋的耗散效应。     

Combination of temporal gravity variations resulting from superconducting gravimeter (SG) recordings, GRACE satellite observations and global hydrology models

Gravity recovery and climate experiment (GRACE)-derived temporal gravity variations can be resolved within the μgal (10^?8 m/s ²) range, if we restrict the spatial resolution to a half-wavelength of about 1,500 km and the temporal resolution to 1 month. For independent validations, a comparison with ground gravity measurements is of fundamental interest. For this purpose, data from selected superconducting gravimeter (SG) stations forming the Global Geodynamics Project (GGP) network are used. For comparison, GRACE and SG data sets are reduced for the same known gravity effects due to Earth and ocean tides, pole tide and atmosphere. In contrast to GRACE, the SG also measures gravity changes due to load-induced height variations, whereas the satellite-derived models do not contain this effect. For a solid spherical harmonic decomposition of the gravity field, this load effect can be modelled using degree-dependent load Love numbers, and this effect is added to the satellite-derived models. After reduction of the known gravity effects from both data sets, the remaining part can mainly be assumed to represent mass changes in terrestrial water storage. Therefore, gravity variations derived from global hydrological models are applied to verify the SG and GRACE results. Conversely, the hydrology models can be checked by gravity variations determined from GRACE and SG observations. Such a comparison shows quite a good agreement between gravity variation derived from SG, GRACE and hydrology models, which lie within their estimated error limits for most of the studied SG locations. It is shown that the SG gravity variations (point measurements) are representative for a large area within the accuracy, if local gravity effects are removed. The individual discrepancies between SG, GRACE and hydrology models may give hints for further investigations of each data series.     

南极中山站重力潮汐观测的海潮负荷效应

综合分析了LaCoste-Romberg(LCR)ET21高精度弹簧重力仪1998年12月26日至2000年1月9日在南极中山站的重力潮汐观测资料，采用目前普遍使用的Schwiderski、Csr3.0和Fes96.2全球海潮模型研究中山站重力潮汐观测的海潮负荷改正问题。结果表明在南极地区，目前的海潮模型存在较大的不确定性，还不足以精密确定该区域的海潮负荷改正。经海潮改正后，重力潮汐观测结果与潮汐理论值之间还存在比较大的差异，观测的周日（01）和半日（M2）潮波重力振幅因子与相应的理论值之间的平均偏差分别为3．8％和7．8％。南极地区附近海域海水的变化半导致该地区海潮负荷响应非常明显的季节性系统变化。     

绝对重力测量值的改正

从实用角度出发，研究了在中国重力基本网2000（CGBN2000）精度要求下，仪器误差、潮汐引力、气压、极移和地下水变化等影响因素的计算公式和存在的问题，给出了一组便于实际测量应用的计算公式；同时对潮汐因子的取值、海潮模型的选取、非构造因素中地下水活动等问题进行了讨论。     

Ocean tidal parameters from starlette data

Starlette was launched in 1975 in order to study temporal variations in the Earth’s gravity field; in particular, tidal and Earth rotation effects. For the period April 1983 to April 1984 over12,700 normal points of laser ranging data to Starlette have been sub-divided into49 near consecutive 5–6 day arcs. Normal equations for each arc as obtained from a least-squares data reduction procedure, were solved for ocean tidal parameters along with other geodetic and geodynamic parameters. The tidal parameters are defined relative to Wahr’s body tides and Wahr’s nutation model and show fair agreement with other satellite derived results and those obtained from spherical harmonic decomposition of global ocean tidal models.     

内核晃动对地球主惯性矩的时变性影响

高密度内核相对于地幔的晃动将改变地球内部物质的密度分布并导致地球主惯性矩随时间变化。本文在重力场球谐分析理论的基础上,给出了时变的地球主惯性矩A、B、C及主惯性轴,并研究了内核晃动对A、B、C的时变性影响。计算结果表明,A、B、C平均每年增大约4.5×1027kg m2,而内核晃动使A、B、C均表现出振幅为1022~1024kg m2的似正弦式变化,不足以维持其长期增大趋势,这进一步支持了"地球在膨胀"的结论。