森林生态学及其长期研究进展

<正> 一、21世纪是生态世纪 20世纪是人类文明飞速发展的世纪,据资料统计,20世纪的科技成就,已相当于前19个世纪文明科技史的总和。20世纪是世界发生巨大变化的100年。全球以不变价计算的国内生产总值增长约30倍,人口增长不足3倍,人类的生活水平迅速提高。全球60     

上海人口经济增长及其对环境影响的相关分析

本文考察了改革开放以来上海人口、经济及能源消费增长与环境污染的关系，发现人口、经济增长与能源消费增长密切正相关，呈同向变化；人口、经济及能源消费增长与环境污染之间也密切相关，但并不存在单纯的正相关或负相关关系，而是在不同发展阶段表现有所不同，总体而言基本符合库兹涅茨曲线假说，即在20世纪80年代及以前，环境污染水平随人口经济增长而上升，到了20世纪80年代末，经济发展水平达到人均GDP5500元左右时，环境污染水平达到峰值，此后即随人口经济增长而呈下降趋势．     

世界粮食与人口之间的平衡

世界对粮食的需求与人口成正比,并与收入变化密切相关。未来饥饿和未来对粮食需要的变化涉及到三个问题——人口增长的速度有多快、增长地区在何处、主要食物产量获得的收入是多少。世界人口现已超过四十亿。从三十亿增加到四十亿仅用了十六年时间。地球上人口每增加十亿所需的时间从一百年降至三十年又降至十六年。人口迅速增长是近几年来的现象,贯穿人类大半个历史时期的人口平均增长率仅略高于正常的新陈代谢(图1),人口增长率的上升主要是由于近几个世纪死亡率下降的结果。     

云南省的人口规模及地区分布变化

云南省人口发展的区域差异是云南社会经济发展不平衡的重要表现之一，也是云南社会经济发展不平衡的重要原因之一。对云南省1990年第四次人口普查和2000年第五次人口普查数据进行实证分析和统计分布检验的结果表明，从第四次人口普查到第五次人口普查的l0年间，云南省人口在规模扩大的同时，人口的地区分布差异也进一步扩大。云南人口地区差异扩大的主要原因之一是各地区人口增长差异较大。实现云南社会经济的可持续发展，必须在有效控制人口总量增长的同时，高度重视对人口发展区域差异的合理调控。     

印度人口地理特征及其对经济的影响

印度是世界上仅次于中国的第二人口大国，同时也是个发展中大国，经济并不富裕。近几十年来印度人口的过度增长，对其国家现今的政治稳定和经济发展带来了巨大沉重的压力，并影响着印度综合国力和人民生活水平的提高。本文在阐述印度人口结构、区域分布等地理特征的基础上，分析了印度人口特征对经济发展的影响，指出印度解决人口问题的当务之急是控制人口和大力发展经济。     

香港人口增长对社会经济发展的影响

本文从地学角度,对香港为什么成为世界上人口最稠密地区、香港人口发展的历史变化、人口发展的基本特点以及人口增长对社会经济发展的影响等问题进行了综合分析,对了解香港、加强大陆与香港的经济联系具有一定的意义。     

自然资源的可持续利用

自然资源是人类社会赖以生存和发展的物质基础。世界上许多国家和地区经济发展过程表明：在工业化初、中期．其工业的高速发展和经济实力的增强,都与主要自然资源的大规模开发利用有关。从现在起到21世纪中叶,是我国加快现代化建设的主要时期;人口将达到15～16亿,资源供求将处于更加紧迫的状态。江泽民同志在党的十五大报告中指出：“我国是人口众多．资源相对不足的国     

中国省级人口增长率及其空间关联分析

分析了1982－1990年和1990－1998年2个时期的人口增长率，并用空间统计分析方法研究了2个时期人口增长率的空间关联关系。1982－1990年中国可分为北部人口低增长、中西部高人口增长率、中东部低人口增长率和南部高人口增长率等4个区域，1990－1998年中国可分为北部低人口增长率和南部高人口增长率2个区域，2个时期的空间聚类虽然不完全相同，但它们有共同的特点，南部和西部的人口增长率都比较高，北部地区的人口增长率都比较低，但它们有共同的特点，南部和西部的人口增长率都比较高，北部地区的人口增长率都比较低。最后对实证研究的结果进行了分析。     

21世纪世界农业变革

全球人口的增长和资源的开发利用，向世界农业提出了严峻的挑战，促使世界农业发生变革。21世纪世界农业的变革主要表现在以下几个方面：     

国际自由港与澳门经济发展

澳门位于我国珠江三角洲．面积21．45平方千米．人口43．01万(1998年)．长期以来一直受葡萄牙管治。受地理条件的限制,澳门本地资源匮乏．工业发展先天条件不利．但二十世纪70年代以来,澳门充分发挥其历史、地缘等优势,经济快速发展,成为世界经济增长最快的地区之一。尽管近年来由于受社会治安、东南亚金融危机等影响,澳门经济处于疲软状态,但其经济发展仍有巨大潜力。     

近20年来我国区域发展政策及其效果的对比研究

在对近 2 0年来我国区域发展政策进行简要回顾的基础上 ,文中利用计量经济学模型方法和有关统计数据 ,对我国对外开放这一区域发展政策对东部沿海地区和中西部地区的经济发展作用进行了定量研究 ,首次从量的方面探讨了对外开放政策对东部和中西部地区经济发展的作用效果及其差异。通过计量经济模型模拟计算 ,2 0世纪 80年代初至 1 999年对外开放政策对我国东部沿海地区GDP的直接作用率达到 2 1 39% ,使其相应的GDP年增长速度由9 1 %提高到 1 0 2 4 % ,提高了 1 1 4个百分点。而对于我国中西部地区 ,由于对外开放较晚 ,对外开放政策的力度远不如东部沿海地区的大 ,从 90年代初期开始的沿江、沿边对外开放政策对我国中西部地区GDP的直接作用率为 4 2 4 % ,仅为前者的 2 0 %左右 ,使其相应的GDP年增长速度也仅由 8 96 %提高到 9 2 7% ,仅提高 0 31个百分点 ,两者的差距非常明显。     

Metallic Mineral Resources in the Twenty-First Century. I. Historical Extraction Trends and Expected Demand

Industrial, technological, and economic developments depend on the availability of metallic raw materials. As a greater fraction of the Earth’s population has become part of developed economies and as developed societies have become more affluent, the demand on metallic mineral resources has increased. Yet metallic minerals are non-renewable natural resources, the supply of which, even if unknown and potentially large, is finite. An analysis of historical extraction trends for eighteen metals, going back to the year 1900, demonstrates that demand of metallic raw materials has increased as a result of both increase in world population and increase in per-capita consumption. These eighteen metals can be arranged into four distinct groups, for each of which it is possible to identify a consistent pattern of per-capita demand as a function of time. These patterns can, in turn, be explained in terms of the industrial and technological applications, and in some cases conventional uses as well, of the metals in each group. Under the assumption that these patterns will continue into the future, and that world population will grow by no more than about 50% by the year 2100, one can estimate the amount of metallic raw materials that will be required to sustain the world’s economy throughout the twenty-first century. From the present until the year 2100, the world can be expected to require about one order of magnitude more metal than the total amount of metal that fueled technological and economic growth between the age of steam and the present day. For most of the metals considered here, this corresponds to 5–10 times the amount of metal contained in proven ore reserves. The two chief driving factors of this expected demand are growth in per-capita consumption and present-day absolute population numbers. World population is already so large that additional population growth makes only a small contribution to the expected future demand of metallic raw materials. It is not known whether or not the amount of metal required to sustain the world’s economy throughout this century exists in exploitable mineral resources. In the accompanying paper, I show that it is nevertheless possible to make statistical inferences about the size distribution of the mineral deposits that will need to be discovered and developed in order to satisfy the expected demand. Those results neither prove nor disprove that the needed resources exist but can be used to improve our understanding of the challenges facing future supply of metallic raw materials.     

1971-2015年世界铁矿石资源供需与流动格局及其演变

本文研究了1971—2015年世界铁矿石供需与流动格局的时空变化,结果显示：① 世界铁矿石年产量期末比期初增加了12.26亿t,年均增长2.17%;1992年以前,欧洲曾是世界铁矿石的消费重心,但随后亚洲后来居上。② 研究期内世界铁矿石输出量年均增长达3.7%,大洋洲和南美洲成为铁矿石的主要输出地,2015年占世界的比重分别达53.73%和26.23%;本世纪以来铁矿石输入量最大的是中国、日本和韩国,2015年分别占世界总量的65.07%、8.94%和5%。③ 基于“场”理论,采用位势、“源”、“汇”、迹线等概念审视全球铁矿石流场的基本特征和流场成因,发现世界铁矿石流动的“位势”北半球较低,而南半球较高;亚洲、欧洲是主要的汇流场,大洋洲、南美洲是主要的源流场。本文研究揭示了近半个世纪以来世界铁矿石资源的流动状态及其演变过程,对于我国科学地制定产业政策具有重要价值。     

Six billion people: how the continents were populated--yesterday,today, and tomorrow

World population growth from settlement of the continents to future population size is broadly traced in this work. Population growth has accelerated greatly in the past two centuries and especially since 1950. The first billion was reached only in 1850, while the fifth billion, in 1986, required only 11 years. Past population growth was slow, irregular, and variable from continent to continent. Population estimates for prehistory have a margin of error of around 50%. Modern man first appeared in Africa or possibly the Middle East around 100,000 BC. The three great centers of population in China, India, and the Middle East and Mediterranean area developed during the Neolithic Revolution and have maintained their importance. At least 500,000 years ago, humans began using fire and clothing to escape the limits of their biotype and geographic area of origin. The peopling of the continents was not achieved by massive displacement of surplus population, but by movement of small groups into empty space where they proliferated. World population was an estimated 460-510 million in 1500, with probably 135 million in China, 95 million in India, and 80 million in Europe. The balance between fertility and mortality postulated by transition theory has not occurred in Europe. World population is projected to increase from 2.5 billion to 6 billion between 1950 and 2000, with 61% in Asia, 12% in Africa, 9% in Latin America, and 5% in Europe. The world rate of population growth is still about 1.4% annually. The demographic explosion will have been a transitory episode in human history, but revolutionary in its impact.     

Review on carbon emissions,energy consumption and low-carbon economy in China from a perspective of global climate change

Accompanying the rapid growth of China’s population and economy, energy consumption and carbon emission increased significantly from 1978 to 2012. China is now the largest energy consumer and CO₂ emitter of the world, leading to much interest in researches on the nexus between energy consumption, carbon emissions and low-carbon economy. This article presents the domestic Chinese studies on this hotpot issue, and we obtain the following findings. First, most research fields involve geography, ecology and resource economics, and research contents contained some analysis of current situation, factors decomposition, predictive analysis and the introduction of methods and models. Second, there exists an inverted “U-shaped” curve connection between carbon emission, energy consumption and economic development. Energy consumption in China will be in a low-speed growth after 2035 and it is expected to peak between 6.19–12.13 billion TCE in 2050. China’s carbon emissions are expected to peak in 2035, or during 2020 to 2045, and the optimal range of carbon emissions is between 2.4–3.3 PgC/year (1 PgC=1 billion tons C) in 2050. Third, future research should be focused on global carbon trading, regional carbon flows, reforming the current energy structure, reducing energy consumption and innovating the low-carbon economic theory, as well as establishing a comprehensive theoretical system of energy consumption, carbon emissions and low-carbon economy.     

尼日利亚经济增长机制和问题研究——基于荷兰病理论的分析

尼日利亚经济增长速度与石油市场盛衰息息相关,70年代石油产业繁荣时期和1999年以来初级产品超级周期中增长迅速,而80和90年代石油产业萧条时期则增长缓慢甚至出现负增长。2014年4月尼日利亚宣布调整统计基准年,GDP达5099亿美元,超越南非成为非洲最大经济体,两国经济实力的此消彼长正在改变非洲经济格局和投资版图。本文基于1970-2013年尼日利亚经济数据,分析了尼日利亚“荷兰病”主要症状,包括过度依赖石油产业,严重去工业化和去农业化,储蓄不足,投资效率低下,滋生财富集中、腐败、寻租、贫困化增长、基础设施不足、极端组织猖獗等多重严重社会问题。尼日利亚破解“荷兰病”的对策在于推动经济多元化,发展农业、劳动密集型制造业、炼油等石油行业下游产业,加大基础设施和人力资源投资,提升制度质量和执行效率。     

Population,urbanization and economic scenarios over the Belt and Road region under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways

The countries throughout the Belt and Road region account for more than 60% of the world's population and half of the global economy. Future changes in this area will have significant influences on the global economic growth, industrial structure and resource allocation. In this study, the proportion of the urban population to the total population and the gross domestic product were used to represent the levels of urbanization and economic development, respectively. The population, urbanization and economic levels of the Belt and Road countries for 2020–2050 were projected under the framework of the IPCC's shared socioeconomic pathways(SSPs), and the following conclusions are drawn.(1) The population, urbanization and economic levels in the Belt and Road region will likely increase under all five pathways. The population will increase by 2%–8%/10 a during 2020–2050 and reach 5.0–6.0 billion in 2050. Meanwhile, the urbanization rate will increase by 1.4%–7.5%/10 a and reach 49%–75%. The GDP will increase by 17%–34%/10 a and reach 134–243 trillion USD.(2) Large differences will appear under different scenarios. The SSP1 and SSP5 pathways demonstrate relatively high urbanization and economic levels, but the population size is comparatively smaller; SSP3 shows the opposite trend. Meanwhile, the economy develops slowly under SSP4, but it has a relatively high urbanization level, while SSP2 exhibits an intermediate trend.(3) In 2050, the population will increase relative to 2016 in most countries, and population size in the fastest growing country in Central Asia and the Middle East countries will be more than double. Urbanization will develop rapidly in South Asia, West Asia and Central Asia, and will increase by more than 150% in the fastest growing countries. The economy will grow fastest in South Asia, Southeast Asia and West Asia, and increase by more than 10 times in some counties with rapid economic development.     

中国土地沙漠化经济损失评估

以1999年国家荒漠化监测数据为基准,采用灾害经济评价方法,20世纪末我国沙漠化造成的直接经济损失每年约为1 281.41亿元。其中,土地沙漠化造成资源损失 955.71亿元,占总损失的74.58%;对农牧业生产造成损失266.99亿元,占总损失的20.84%。研究表明,全国每年因土地沙漠化所造成的经济损失占当年全国GDP的1.41%,占我国土地沙漠化土地主要分布省区（内蒙古、甘肃、新疆、青海、宁夏、陕西）当年GDP的23.64%,相当于上述五省区1999年财政收入的3.60倍     

福建省新世纪可持续发展的问题与对策

福建省是我国沿海地区改革开放以来经济发展迅速的省区之一。可持续发展作为我国跨世纪的基本战略,对21世纪福建省经济和社会同人口、资源、生态环境的协调发展具有重要的指导意义。本文对影响福建省今后20年可持续发展的若干重大问题,如经济的可持续发展、投资环境建设与扩大对外开放、城镇化与大中小城市的协调发展、自然资源的合理开发利用、环境保护与生态建设以及缩小区域发展差距等问题作了较深入的分析,并提出相应的对策     

NATURAL HAZARDS RISK IN THE KULLU DISTRICT,HIMACHAL PRADESH,INDIA*

ABSTRACT. Hazardous processes, including floods, landslides, soil erosion, and debris flows, are common in the Himalaya. Deforestation has been held responsible for increasing risk from such hazards in the Indian context for more than a century. The deforestation‐hazard linkage in the Kullu District of Himachal Pradesh is examined. Evidence suggests that the extent of forest cover has altered little over 150 years and that hazardous processes recur in much the same locations, with similar frequency and magnitude, except where road construction has increased slope instability. Nonetheless, population growth and economic development, especially since 1990, have increased vulnerability to hazards.