2009—2013年中国西南地区连续干旱的成因分析

提2009年以来,中国西南地区连续4年秋、冬、春季出现严重干旱,持续时间长、影响范围大、干旱程度重,给旱区农林业生产和人民生活带来严重影响,造成巨大的经济损失。本文利用多种资料从大尺度大气环流、水汽输送、太平洋及印度洋海温、平流层极涡等方面分析了此次连续干旱的原因。结果表明：南支槽强度偏弱、孟加拉湾水汽输送偏少以及弱极涡背景下,异常波活动造成的 AO 负异常引起的冷空气路径偏东是这4年持续干旱的共同特点。热带海表温度的异常变化对西南地区干旱的影响也不容忽视,主要表现在对孟加拉湾和南海水汽输送的阻碍上。La Nina 事件中,热带印度洋冬、春季海表温度的异常变化对干旱影响更为突出。冬、春季平流层和对流层的动力耦合作用结果使得 AO 位相发生变化,其中异常负位相的强度及持续时间对这4年西南地区秋、冬、春连旱的影响显著。     

2009年秋至2010年春我国西南地区严重干旱的成因分析

我国西南地区从2009年秋季到2010年春季发生了严重干旱,这次干旱无论持续时间和发生区域或降水减少程度都是近50年来所罕见的,因而本文利用ERA-40再分析资料和海温资料从热带西太平洋和热带印度洋热力异常对热带西太平洋和南亚上空大气环流的影响来分析了这次西南地区干旱发生的成因。分析结果表明:从2009年秋到2010年春季,热带西太平洋和热带印度洋处于升温状态,它使得热带西太平洋上空产生反气旋异常环流,造成了西南气流异常在我国东南沿海加强,而华南和华中地区上空处于低槽控制,因而在高原东部为槽后西北气流和下沉气流所控制,造成了从孟加拉湾来的水汽很难到达云贵高原,从而引起了此区域降水长期偏少。并且,分析结果还表明了中高纬度地区的环流异常对此次严重干旱也有重要影响。由于从2009年冬季到2010年春季中高纬度准定常行星波传播的极地波导偏强,而低纬波导偏弱,这导致波的E-P通量在60°N附近对流层和平流层为辐合,而在35°N附近对流层中、上层为辐散,从而引起纬向平均西风在60°N附近对流层和平流层减弱,而在35°N附近对流层中、上层加强,造成了北极涛动(AO)为很大的负值。由于AO为负值,东亚冬季冷空气活动强且路径偏东,使得到达西南地区冷空气偏弱,从而引起西南地区持续性严重干旱的发生。     

2009—2010年云南特大干旱的气候特征及成因

基于云南122个站降水、气温资料分析2009—2010年特大干旱气候的特征。2009年7月至2010年6月云南气温持续偏高,降水持续偏少,干旱从2009年9月出现,一直持续到2010年5月,许多县(市)干旱持续时间接近200 d,单日的重、特旱县(市)站数破1961年以来记录。利用NCEP/NCAR再分析和OLR资料,应用环流分析、水汽输送等方法分析此次干旱形成和持续关键时段2009年9—10月、2010年3月和5月的环流异常。结果表明,2009年9—10月乌拉尔山、青藏高原东部为脊,冷空气活动偏弱;赤道印度洋对流层低层为异常东风、高层为异常西风,导致纬向的季风环流圈偏弱;孟加拉湾、中南半岛对流偏弱;西南季风通道进入云南的水汽输送偏弱,云南上空水汽含量偏少并为异常下沉区。2010年3月欧亚中高纬位势高度距平场为北负南正,以纬向环流为主,冷空气偏北;西太平洋副高与北非副高连通并在低纬形成坝状高压带;南支槽上游地区高度场偏高、为异常下沉区;西风带无明显波动,导致南支槽不活跃,云南处于水汽辐散区。2010年5月欧亚中高纬距平分布为"-+-",低槽和冷空气偏北,西太平洋副高西伸至安达曼海,阻挡了越赤道气流进入孟加拉湾,致使孟加拉湾南部、中南半岛西南季风爆发偏晚,云南为异常西北水汽输送,为水汽辐散区。     

2011年夏季气候异常及主要异常事件成因分析

本文对2011年夏季的中国气候及大气环流异常特征进行分析,发现我国总体气温偏高,降水偏少。西北西部、华北南部、江淮至江南一带,西南地区东部等地出现了阶段性的较大范围极端高温天气过程。西南地区东部和广西等地出现严重干旱;而长江下游地区降水显著偏多。进一步对中国气候异常事件的成因分析表明：异常高压的长期维持,孟加拉湾的向北水汽输送偏弱及西太平洋副热带高压位置偏东使其西侧的东南和偏南水汽输送对我国西南地区影响小是导致西南地区严重干旱的大气环流因素;2010年秋季出现的中部型拉尼娜事件可能是西南干旱的一个重要外强迫条件。2011年夏季亚洲极涡偏弱偏小,欧亚中高纬地区经向环流偏强,有利于冷空气南下;同时,中纬度西太平洋地区海温持续偏低而激发反气旋性环流产生,造成西太平洋副高偏大偏强,冷暖气流在长江下游地区交汇造成降水显著偏多。     

华南秋季干旱的年代际转折及其与热带印度洋热含量的关系

采用1961—2014年逐月全球标准化降水蒸散指数(Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index,SPEI)数据集、ORA-S4海温资料及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对华南地区秋季干旱的年代际转折及其与热带印度洋热含量的关系进行了研究。结果表明:华南秋季SPEI主要表现为全区一致变化型,且具有明显的年代际变化特征,在1988年发生了年代际转折,转折后(前)为偏旱(涝)期。进一步分析表明,华南秋季SPEI与同期热带西印度洋海洋热含量变化呈显著的正相关关系,即当秋季热带西印度洋热含量偏低时,华南地区SPEI偏小,易发生干旱。热带西印度洋热含量异常影响华南秋季干旱的可能机制为:秋季热带印度洋热含量变化表现为""型的东西向偶极子分布,即当热带西印度洋热含量偏低时,热带东印度洋热含量将会偏高;而热带东印度洋热含量偏高将会使热带东印度洋—西太平洋海表温度偏高、外逸长波辐射偏小、降水增多,凝结潜热释放增强,产生偏强的东亚Hadley环流,使华南地区存在异常下沉运动,不利于产生降水;热带东印度洋—西太平洋海表温度偏高,还会使西北太平洋副热带高压位置偏西、面积偏大,西北太平洋存在气旋性环流异常,使华南地区受偏北气流异常控制,从而削弱了向华南地区的水汽输送。热带东印度洋—西太平洋海表温度年代际变化是热带西印度洋热含量异常影响华南秋旱年代际变化的重要环节,因此用NCAR CAM5.1全球大气环流模式进行了热带东印度洋—西太平洋海表温度年代际变化的敏感性试验,证实该区海表温度年代际升高对华南秋季年代际干旱具有重要作用。     

影响海南岛的台风降水及水汽输送源地分析

利用1986—2016年中国气象局台风最佳路径资料、海南岛区域站降水数据以及基于拉格朗日方法的轨迹模式对近30 a影响海南岛的台风降水和大气环流特征进行分析,并探讨了台风影响降水期间水汽输送通道和源地。结果表明：6—10月是台风影响海南岛的主要时段,也是台风降水主要时段。在台风降水偏多(少)年,长江以南地区冷空气影响偏弱(强),副热带高压偏弱(强),南支槽偏强(弱),低层水汽通量场呈现异常气旋性(反气旋性)环流。降水偏多年,海南岛受到来自西北太平洋异常东北气流与印度洋、孟加拉湾的异常偏强西南气流影响;降水偏少年,水汽主要来自西太平洋的偏东气流和南海较弱的西南气流。海南岛台风降水的四个主要水汽源地分别为西太平洋、孟加拉湾、南海和印度洋,在台风降水偏多年,水汽输送贡献最大的是西太平洋和孟加拉湾,分别为33%和30%,来自东西两路的水汽供应充足,而在偏少年西太平洋水汽输送贡献最大,为38%,其余水汽源地贡献均在30%以下,以110°E以东的水汽输送为主。     

西南地区秋季干旱的年代际转折及其可能原因分析

采用1961~2012年中国气象局753站降水和温度资料、NCEP/NCAR全球大气再分析资料、NOAA海表温度资料等,应用观测统计分析和全球大气环流模式NCAR CAM5.1数值模拟,基于标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI),对我国西南秋季干旱的年代际转折及其可能原因进行了分析。观测分析结果表明:(1)西南秋季干旱的主要分布型为全区一致型;西南秋季SPEI在1994年发生年代际突变,突变后(前)为偏旱(涝)期。(2)西南秋季偏旱期的主要环流特征是,西太平洋副热带高压位置偏西、面积偏大、强度偏强,南支槽偏弱,西南地区存在下沉运动。(3)热带东印度洋-西太平洋的海表温度年代际升高对西南秋季SPEI在1994年发生年代际突变有重要作用,该关键海区海表温度异常升高,一是会使秋季西南地区500 hPa高度场偏高,南支槽减弱;二是产生偏强的Hadley环流,使得我国西南地区存在下沉运动;三是会在西太平洋激发气旋性环流,使我国西南地区被偏北气流控制,削弱了向我国西南地区的水汽输送,容易造成该地区的秋季干旱。应用NCAR CAM5.1全球大气环流模式进行了关键海区海表温度年代际变化的敏感性试验,验证了观测分析结果,即秋季关键海区海表温度年代际升高对西南秋季年代际变旱有重要作用。     

2006年夏季西南地区东部特大干旱及其大气环流异常

利用1959-2006年西南地区东部20个测站的逐日降水资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料以及国家气候中心提供的环流特征量资料,分析了2006年夏季西南地区东部特大干旱的时空分布及其同期大气环流的异常特征.结果表明,2006年夏季西南地Ⅸ东部少雨时段从6月中旬初开始一直持续到9月上旬中后期,达80多天,其中7月下旬中期到9月上旬中期降水尤其稀少.西南地区东部区域6、7、8月及整个夏季(6-8月)降水都偏少,降水指数显示2006年是西南地区东部1959年以来夏季降水最少的年份.2006年夏季西南地区特大干旱与大气环流异常有很大的关系,中高纬度环流及西太平洋副热带高压、西风带环流、南亚岛压、低层流场、水汽输送以及垂直运动等都持续异常.西太平洋副高异常偏北且偏西和副高异常偏弱且偏东时,两南地区东部都日,能出现严重干旱,2006年夏季属于副高控制性高温伏旱.西太平洋副高偏强偏北偏西,同时伴随南亚高压偏强偏东,西南地区东部在副高控制下,盛行下沉气流,同时也抑制了向该地的水汽输送,再加上西风带环流以及中高纬环流配置不利于冷空气南下,因而2006夏季西南地区东部少雨干旱.青藏高原热源偏弱,菲律宾附近地区对流非常活跃,是引起2006年夏季西太平洋副商偏强偏北偏西的重要原因.     

热带印度洋-西太平洋水汽输送异常对中国东部夏季降水的影响

利用1979~2015年NCEP/NCAR发布的月平均全球再分析资料,分析了热带印度洋-西太平洋水汽输送异常对中国东部夏季降水的影响及其形成机理。研究结果表明:热带印度洋-西太平洋地区（10°S~30°N,60°~140°E）夏季异常水汽输送主要包括两个模态,他们可以解释总的水汽输送异常34%的方差。其中,第一模态（EOF1）表现为异常水汽沿反气旋从热带西太平洋经过南海及孟加拉湾输送到中国东部上空,对应南海、孟加拉湾水汽路径输送均偏多,此时西太平洋副热带高压显著偏强,异常水汽在长江中下游地区辐合并伴随显著上升运动,有利于长江中下游降水偏多;第二模态（EOF2）表现为异常水汽从热带印度洋沿阿拉伯海、印度半岛、中南半岛等呈反气旋式输送,华南上空相应出现气旋式水汽输送异常,并对应异常水汽辐合和上升运动,有利于华南降水偏多。就可能的外部成因而言,EOF1与ENSO关系密切,表现为前冬热带中东太平洋显著偏暖,夏季同期热带北印度洋、南海上空显著偏暖,造成西太平洋副热带高压显著偏强,异常水汽主要来源于热带西太平洋和南海;EOF2与同期热带印度洋偶极子（TIOD）异常有关,TIOD为正位相时热带印度洋上空出现异常东风,华南上空出现异常气旋并伴随水汽异常辐合,异常水汽主要来源于热带南印度洋。     

热带印度洋MJO对4—6月长江中下游地区降水的影响

利用站点降水资料、美国气候预测中心(CPC)的MJO指数和NCEP/DOE AMIP-II再分析资料,研究了热带印度洋MJO对4—6月长江中下游地区降水的影响及可能机制。(1) 热带印度洋MJO对长江中下游地区降水有显著影响:热带印度洋MJO偏强(偏弱)时,同期以及滞后1～2候时该地区降水偏多(偏少)。(2) 热带印度洋MJO处在不同位相时,大尺度背景场有明显的差别:热带印度洋MJO偏强(偏弱)时,同期以及滞后1～2候时MJO活跃对流中心位于热带印度洋(西太平洋),西太平洋副热带地区表现为反气旋性(气旋性)环流异常,孟加拉湾为气旋性(反气旋性)环流异常,长江中下游地区出现了异常上升(下沉)运动,水汽辐合增强(减弱);伴随MJO的东传,水汽输送异常来源有所变化。(3) 热带印度洋MJO通过激发Gill型响应和Rossby波列,对长江中下游地区降水产生影响。      

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on