塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩缝洞储层油气成藏动力学与油田水体类型

塔河油田是大型的碳酸盐岩不整合—古岩溶缝洞型奥陶系油气藏。由塔河油田主体往南,油气驱替程度逐渐降低,缝洞系统中含水量逐渐增加。油水界面分布总体上由潜山顶部向周围斜坡波动中降低。塔河油田的区域构造背景、储层缝洞系统以及成藏动力学过程导致了流体分布的非均质性。根据储层孔隙结构特征、油气驱替过程、开发过程中产出水的化学—动力学响应,塔河奥陶系缝洞油藏的水体类型可以区分出三种:洞穴底部油气驱替残留水、洞穴周缘小缝洞系统驱替残留水、储层下部层间水。不同水体类型的出水时间、水体能量、含水率、水化学性质等会呈现出不同的变化规律。     

塔河油田奥陶系油藏开发动态与地层水化学特征响应

塔河油田是塔里木盆地第一个超亿吨级的大型油田,其主力油藏为奥陶系缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏.近年来,油田地层水的问题日益突出,严重影响了油田的开发和生产.阿克库勒凸起北部地质历史时期曾经发育间断性的大气水下渗-向心流,凸起南部斜坡区受到泥岩压实排水和粘土矿物脱水形成的离心流的影响,地层水受到一定程度的淡化.塔河油田主体部位处于越流泄水区,地层水具有明显的高矿化度和高K Na 、Cl-浓度,有利于油气聚集成藏.塔河油田奥陶系地层水动力场形成演化与油气运移、聚集密切相关.海西晚期、喜马拉雅期离心流强度大,是油气藏主要成藏期.早、晚海西运动、印支运动期间抬升剥蚀,遭受强烈的大气水下渗淋滤、生物降解,是油气藏主要破坏期.根据地层水赋存状态,区分出洞穴底部油气驱替残留水、洞穴周缘小缝洞系统驱替残留水、储层下部层间水3种不同类型.研究油井产出水矿化度、Cl-、K Na 浓度动态变化规律,总结出平稳型、起伏型、上升型和下降型4种动态类型.通过综合分析油井开发动态及油水产出特征,正确把握其变化过程,可以判断油井产水来源,从而为油田的稳油控水提供指导性建议.     

塔河油田十区西碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏的宏观油水分布控制因素

塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏的储层非均质性强,油水分布状况复杂。弄清其在区域尺度上(10 km×10 km)的宏观油水分布规律,对于缝洞型油藏开发过程中的控水稳油意义重大。本文以塔河油田十区西为研究区,在全方位高精度三维地震数据处理、解释和反演的基础上,对岩溶古构造和开发过程中的油水动态进行综合分析,探讨研究区碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏的油水宏观平面分布格局的控制因素。结果表明:研究区在加里东中期第I幕岩溶发生期形成了相对均匀的古岩溶含水层,在海西早期油气充注进古岩溶含水介质以后,海西晚期发生的深部热液活动对缝洞体进行了封闭定容,造成缝洞分隔,并且奠定了目前油水在平面上的宏观分布格局。     

塔河油田奥陶系岩溶型碳酸盐岩油藏储集空间发育特征及地质模式探讨

碳酸盐岩表生岩溶作用控制着塔河油田奥陶系油藏缝洞系统的发育及分布。塔河油田奥陶系油藏经历了加里东期和海西早期两次岩溶作用,造成了储层极强的非均质性。通过塔河油田岩溶作用演化及发育期次的研究,将塔河油田奥陶系垂向岩溶带划分为地表岩溶带、纵向渗滤岩溶带和水平潜流岩溶带,平面上发育岩溶高地、岩溶斜坡和岩溶洼地3个地貌单元。通过对野外露头、岩心、钻井、测井、地震及生产动态资料的综合研究,认为溶洞、溶蚀裂缝及蜂窝状孔洞等连续孔隙是该区有效储集空间,基质作为不渗透（低渗）层对缝洞系统有一定的隔挡作用。结合表生岩溶洞穴的原理及对孔隙状态的控制作用,将塔河油田溶洞储集体根据不同成因分为落水洞、潜流洞和小溶洞,按溶洞充填物类型分为垮塌充填洞、机械充填洞和化学充填洞,同时建立了不同类型孔洞系统的识别特征及地质模式。结合塔河油田洞穴储层发育特征及生产实际,最终建立了塔河油田岩溶储集空间展布模式。     

塔河油田缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏可采储量计算方法探讨

塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏是经过多期构造岩溶作用形成的缝洞,为储集体以缝洞单元为基本开发单元,平面上连续性极差,具底水但没有统一油水界面,具正常温度、压力系统,低饱和弱亲油性油藏．不同部位油井产能差异较大,高、低产井穿插,油井采油指数相差数百倍．根据油藏描述对塔河油田奥陶系缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏研究及油藏开发进行动态分析,通过可采储量计算方法筛选,认为递减法较适用．随着近两年来对该类油藏的注水开发试验,油藏逐渐表现出明显水驱特征．本项目尝试用水驱法进行试算,与递减法计算结果对比,探讨试算方法的可行性及应用范围,进一步论证目前计算的可采储量是否能反映地层现阶段真实状况．     

缝洞型油藏微观驱替规律可视化实验研究

针对缝洞型油藏出水规律不明确的问题,结合塔河油田缝洞型油藏储集体特征设计制作了单向连通缝洞储集体与多向连通缝洞储集体两种可视化物理模型,并借助基于微观可视化技术的缝洞型油藏微观驱替可视化装置,从微观上探究了缝洞型油藏微观驱替规律。结果表明,裂缝中,水相主要“优宽”驱进,并会在水流优势通道形成后对非优势通道产生“屏蔽效应”。从驱替形态与效果来看,水驱油方式可分为“活塞式”驱替与“非活塞式”驱替两种。当裂缝中的水相进入大溶洞,一定条件下大溶洞内的油相可“逆流”进入裂缝,导致油水两相“卡断”、“互驱”。当水相进入大溶洞后,一般会先向洞底移动、汇聚,之后以“类活塞”的形式纵向驱替上方原油。驱替结束,剩余油除油膜外,还包括储集体顶部的楼顶油、大溶洞顶部未被完全驱出的洞顶油以及裂缝中的缝间油等。该研究对理解缝洞型油藏底水抬升过程、油藏出水规律以及指导油井堵水、剩余油挖潜等均有积极意义。     

古今湿热气候条件下典型碳酸盐岩缝洞系统结构模式及发育特征

碳酸盐岩地层在湿热气候条件下可形成典型的裂缝-溶洞系统。塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩存在3大构造隆起,与上覆志留系、石炭系地层存在沉积间断,具备了岩溶缝洞形成的基础条件;在泥盆纪、志留纪时塔里木古陆位于低纬度地区,具有与现代中国南方相似的热带、亚热带湿热海洋性气候条件,岩溶作用强烈,为大型岩溶缝洞储层的形成提供了水热条件。为了更好地揭示塔河油田岩溶缝洞储层的发育和分布规律,文章基于对塔北露头区古岩溶的调查分析,结合地震、岩心、测井等资料,并与我国西南岩溶区现代岩溶研究成果相比较,总结了古今湿热气候条件下典型碳酸盐岩缝洞系统的空间结构和发育特征,将其划分为地下河、岩溶洞穴、溶蚀孔洞、溶蚀缝等4种缝洞类型,地下河又细分为单支管道、多支管道、廊道型管道3个亚类,洞穴细分为厅堂型、溶洞型和竖井型洞穴3个亚类,分别建立了这些缝洞类型的地质结构模式,并对其发育特征和地球物理响应特征进行了归纳,为深入认识岩溶缝洞储层油气富集规律和油田地质建模提供科学依据。      

塔河油田奥陶系稠油油藏地质特征及开发技术对策探讨

通过对奥陶系岩溶缝洞型碳酸盐岩稠油油藏性质分析，认为该油藏是一种特殊类型的稠油油气藏，油藏内地下流体在垂向还是横向上均存在不同程度的非均质性．油气储层的严重分隔性造成了油藏性质的复杂化，缝洞控藏造就了不同开发单元地下流体的严重分割和油井产能及动态的差异．奥陶系油藏可能不是整体连片分布，而是不同规模缝洞单元的空间叠合分布．奥陶系的重油绝大部分为普通稠油，但部分井区不排除有特稠油或超稠油，原油敏感温度在40℃--60℃．章对如何深化奥陶系稠油油藏的研究，加大油藏的储量动用程度，制定合理的开发技术政策提出了一些观点和看法．     

塔河油田奥陶系岩溶油藏溶洞储集体成因及演化

古岩溶作用形成的溶洞、溶孔、裂缝构成了塔河油田奥陶系缝洞型油藏的重要储集体,控制油气分布。塔河油田奥陶系古岩溶发育主要经历了加里东期和海西早期岩溶作用的改造,通过对塔河油田岩溶作用演化及发育期次的研究,认为O3s尖灭线以北为海西早期岩溶及加里东期岩溶共同作用的结果,以南区域主要为加里东期岩溶发育区。利用岩心、钻井、录井、测井、地震等资料相结合的方法,将塔河油田溶洞储集体从成因上划分为侵蚀型溶洞、异地沉积物充填型、原地沉积物充填型、塌陷型溶洞4种类型。结合塔河油田岩溶储层发育特征,建立了塔河油田奥陶系岩溶洞穴型储层的纵向分布模式和平面分布模式。     

塔河油田于奇西地区奥陶系洞穴充填程度预测与应用

塔河油田于奇西地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层类型以岩溶缝洞型为主,工区中大型洞穴较发育,但由于经历了多期构造运动和岩溶作用,使储层的储集性能遭受破坏,相当部分的洞穴储集空间被充填。洞穴型储层油气产量的高低主要受控于洞穴的充填程度,其中仅中低充填程度的洞穴储集性能较好、油气产量较高。因此,识别、评价预测充填程度较低的岩溶缝洞型储层成为该区寻找高效富集区的关键。本文以洞穴储层发育模式为指导,针对于奇西地区已钻遇洞穴特征,设计不同大小的缝洞体和不同充填程度的地质模型,以波动方程正演模拟为基础,基于属性分析优选出对洞穴大小和充填程度敏感的属性。洞穴充填程度和敏感属性值存在线性关系,通过相关性分析拟合出反映二者关系的曲线量版,以此预测洞穴的充填程度。运用该方法在于奇西地区预测的充填程度结果与实际较吻合,说明该方法在识别未充填和部分充填洞穴型储层中具较好的可靠性,对于奇西洞穴型储层有利区的寻找具积极的推动作用。     

Distribution of the Ordovician Fluid in the Tahe Oilfield and Dynamic Response of Cave System $48 to Exploitation

The Tahe Oilfield is a complex petroleum reservoir of Ordovician carbonate formation and made up of spatially overlapping fracture-cavity units. The oilfield is controlled by a cave system resulting from structure-karst cyclic sedimentation. Due to significant heterogeneity of the reservoir, the distribution of oil and water is complicated. Horizontally, a fresh water zone due to meteoric water can be found in the north part of the Akekule uplift. A marginal freshening zone caused by water released from mudstone compaction is found at the bottom of the southern slope. Located in a cross- formationai flow discharge zone caused by centripetal and the centrifugal fows, the main part of the Tahe Oilfield, featuring high salinity and concentrations of CI- and K Na , is favorable for accumulation of hydrocarbon. Three types of formation water in the Tahe Ordovician reservoir are identified: (1) residual water at the bottom of the cave after oil and gas displacement, (2) residual water in fractures/pores around the cave after oil and gas displacement, and (3) interlayer water below reservoirs. The cave system is the main reservoir space, which consists of the main cave, branch caves and depressions between caves. Taking Cave System $48 in the Ordovician reservoir as an example, the paper analyzes the fluid distribution and exploitation performance in the cave system. Owing to evaporation of groundwater during cross-formational flow, the central part of the main cave, where oil layers are thick and there is a high degree of displacement, is characterized by high salinity and Brconcentration. With high potential and a long stable production period, most wells in the central part of the main cave have a long water-free oil production period. Even after water breakthrough, the water content has a slow or stepwise increase and the hydrochemistral characteristics of the produced water in the central part of the main cave are uniform. From the center to the edge of the main cave, displacement and enrichment of oil/gas become weaker, residual water increases, and the salinity and concentration of Br- decrease. At the edge of the main cave, although the wells have a high deliverability at the beginning with a short stable production period and water-free production period. After water breakthrough, the pressure and deliverability drop quickly, and the water content rises quickly. The hydrochemistrai characteristics of the produced water are relatively uniform. Wells in the branch caves have a relatively low deliverability at the beginning, with a short stable production period. Water breakthrough appears quickly and then the pressure and deliverability drop quickly. The salinity and concentrations of CI-and K Na are usually fluctuant or descend slowly in the produced water. Wells in low areas of ancient karst have a low deliverability and a short stable production period. The yield drops quickly and the water content is high, while the characteristics of the produced water may vary significantly well to well. The salinity and concentrations of CI- and K, Na in the produced water are usually fluctuant with a precipitous decline.     

Distribution of the Ordovician Fluid in the Tahe Oilfield and Dynamic Response of Cave System S48 to Exploitation

The Tahe Oilfield is a complex petroleum reservoir of Ordovician carbonate formation and made up of spatially overlapping fracture-cavity units. The oilfield is controlled by a cave system resulting from structure-karst cyclic sedimentation. Due to significant heterogeneity of the reservoir, the distribution of oil and water is complicated. Horizontally, a fresh water zone due to meteoric water can be found in the north part of the Akekule uplift. A marginal freshening zone caused by water released from mudstone compaction is found at the bottom of the southern slope. Located in a crossformational flow discharge zone caused by centripetal and the centrifugal flows, the main part of the Tahe Oilfield, featuring high salinity and concentrations of CI^- and K^＋＋Na^＋, is favorable for accumulation of hydrocarbon. Three types of formation water in the Tahe Ordovician reservoir are identified： （1） residual water at the bottom of the cave after oil and gas displacement, （2） residual water in fractures/pores around the cave after oil and gas displacement, and （3） interlayer water below reservoirs. The cave system is the main reservoir space, which consists of the main cave, branch caves and depressions between caves. Taking Cave System S48 in the Ordovician reservoir as an example, the paper analyzes the fluid distribution and exploitation performance in the cave system. Owing to evaporation of groundwater during cross-formational flow, the central part of the main cave, where oil layers are thick and there is a high degree of displacement, is characterized by high salinity and Br^- concentration. With high potential and a long stable production period, most wells in the central part of the main cave have a long water-free oil production period. Even after water breakthrough, the water content has a slow or stepwise increase and the hydrochemistral characteristics of the produced water in the central part of the main cave are uniform. From the center to the edge of the main cave, displacement and enri     

新疆塔河油田下奥陶统碳酸盐岩储层成因类型与评价

塔河油田油气主要产自下奥陶统碳酸盐岩地层中，储渗空间和储层类型研究对油田的勘探开发有重要意义。笔者通过岩芯及铸体薄片的详细观察，结合钻井资料和测井曲线，对下奥陶统碳酸盐岩的储渗空间特征进行了成因类型划分，并在储渗空间发育分布状况、物性和油气测试资料分析的基础上，对各成因类型储层的储集性进行了评价。研究表明，大型洞穴发育比较普遍，相应的洞穴型储层是区内下奥陶统最主要的储层类型，是储集性能好、油气高产的首要目标，其次是构造裂隙型储层。     

Types of Karst-fractured and Porous Reservoirs in China＇s Carbonates and the Nature of the Tahe Oilfield in the Tarim Basin

Almost all the oil and gas reservoirs developed in marine sedimentary strata of China have undergone processes of multi-phase reservoir formation and later modification. The irregular reservoirs are classified into three types as the Naxi, Tahe and Renqiu ones, increasing successively in the development degree of karstificated pores and fissures and the connection degree of independent reservoirs. In these reservoirs, the unity in the fluid feature, pressure and oil-gaswater interface also increases successively from the Naxi to the Renqiu type. The main body of Ordovician reservoirs of the Tahe Oilfield in the Tarim Basin is a network pool rather than a stratified, massive, stratigraphically-unconformed or weathering-crust one. The fluid nature of oil, gas and water, the interface positions and the pressures, as well as the dynamic conditions of fluids within the reservoirs during the production are all different from those in stratified or massive oil and gas reservoirs. Carbonates in the Akekule uplift and the Tahe Oilfield are assemblages of various types of reservoirs, which have an overall oH-bearing potential and obvious uneven distribution. Testing and producing tests are the major means to evaluate this type of reservoirs and acid fracturing improvement is a key link in petroleum exploration and development.     

塔河油田十二区奥陶系油气分布规律及控制因素

塔河油田十二区奥陶系油藏为碳酸盐岩岩溶缝洞型油藏,油气水分布规律复杂。对原油的物理性质、平面及纵向上的分布特征、油水界面等的分析表明,区内主要为高黏度、含蜡、高含硫的超重质原油。平面上密度分布呈西部和东部低、中部高的特点;纵向上原油密度与深度关系不大。高产油区多沿主断裂带分布。油水界面不统一,但从东向西随中奥陶统顶面的降低而降低。认为该区油气分布不受现今构造位置高低的控制,而是受区域构造背景、断裂带的分布、储集层的发育程度、成藏演化过程以及不整合面等因素综合控制。     

Types of Karst-fractured and Porous Reservoirs in China''s Carbonates and the Nature of the Tahe Oilfield in the Tarim Basin

Almost all the oil and gas reservoirs developed in marine sedimentary strata of China have undergone processes of multi-phase reservoir formation and later modification. The irregular reservoirs are classified into three types as the Naxi, Tahe and Renqiu ones, increasing successively in the development degree of karstificated pores and fissures and the connection degree of independent reservoirs. In these reservoirs, the unity in the fluid feature, pressure and oil-gas-water interface also increases successively from the Naxi to the Renqiu type. The main body of Ordovician reservoirs of the Tahe Oilfield in the Tarim Basin is a network pool rather than a stratified, massive, stratigraphically-unconformed or weathering-crust one. The fluid nature of oil, gas and water, the interface positions and the pressures, as well as the dynamic conditions of fluids within the reservoirs during the production are all different from those in stratified or massive oil and gas reservoirs. Carbonates in the Akekule upli     

Types of Karst-fractured and Porous Reservoirs in China''''s Carbonates and the Nature of the Tahe Oilfield in the Tarim Basin

Almost all the oil and gas reservoirs developed in marine sedimentary strata of China have undergone processes of multi-phase reservoir formation and later modification. The irregular reservoirs are classified into three types as the Naxi, Tahe and Renqiu ones, increasing successively in the development degree of karstificated pores and fissures and the connection degree of independent reservoirs. In these reservoirs, the unity in the fluid feature, pressure and oil-gas-water interface also increases successively from the Naxi to the Renqiu type. The main body of Ordovician reservoirs of the Tahe Oilfield in the Tarim Basin is a network pool rather than a stratified, massive, stratigraphically-unconformed or weathering-crust one. The fluid nature of oil, gas and water, the interface positions and the pressures, as well as the dynamic conditions of fluids within the reservoirs during the production are all different from those in stratified or massive oil and gas reservoirs. Carbonates in the Akekule upli