N,N''''-双癸酰基乙二胺二乙酸钠的合成与性能研究

以乙二胺和氯乙酸为原料,在低温常压下合成乙二胺二乙酸(EDDA),再以EDDA与癸酰氯反应制得N,N'-双癸酰基乙二胺二乙酸钠.采用核磁共振波谱确证了其结构;对产品的临界表面张力、起泡及稳泡能力、乳化能力及润湿渗透性能进行表征.在25℃时,N,N'-双癸酰基乙二胺二乙酸钠溶液的临界表面张力为28.1mN/m,临界胶束浓度为1.6×10-3 mol/L.显示出该产品有优良的起泡稳泡性能、乳化性能及润湿渗透性能,是1种优良的表面活性剂.     

双十四烷基丁酯二磺酸钠的合成及性能评价

以酒石酸、十四醇、氨基磺酸为原料,在催化剂条件下通过两步实验制备了阴离子型Gemini表面活性剂双十四烷基丁酯二磺酸钠;采用红外光谱对其结构进行了表征,测定了其表面活性和起泡等性能.结果表明:该双子表面活性剂有良好的水溶性,在25℃时的表面张力为27.2 mN/m,cmc(临界胶束浓度)为2.3×10-4mol/L,其表面张力、润湿性能、发泡性能远高于普通表面活性剂.     

N,N-二烷基酰胺类物质的膜状态及其在水面溢油集油剂中的应用研究

合成了 5种 N,N-二烷基酰胺型表面活性剂 ,并对其所成膜的状态进行了测定。表明当N,N-二烷基酰胺类物质单独成膜时获得的集油膜为多层膜 ,而当选用合适的溶剂与其配制成溶液以后 ,所成的集油膜则为转变膜或液态凝聚膜。在 5种 N,N-二烷基酰胺类物质中 ,酰基碳链越长、氮烷基碳链越短则其集油能力越强。应用 N,N-二烷基酰胺类物质配制了 4个配方 ,均具备良好的集油能力 ,并且对原油的集油能力大于对柴油的集油能力     

一种新型水溶性聚氨酯表面活性剂的研制

以甲苯2,4-二异氰酸酯(TDI)、聚乙二醇(PEG800和PE G1000)、马来酸酐(MA)和三羟甲基丙烷(TMP)为主要原料,合成了2种水溶性聚氨酯表面活性剂(B1PEG800)和(B2PEG1000),用 FT-IR以及1HNMR对产物的分子结构进行了表征,并探讨了其最佳合成条件,同时对其CMC(临界胶束浓度)值、浊点和表面张力等性能进行了测定.结果表明,反应物在65 ℃反应4 h,并且在反应过程中添加35 mL丙酮/TDI/mol作为溶剂时产物的状态最好.用最大气泡压力法测得25 ℃B1 PEG800的临界胶束浓度为0.05 mol/L,此时的表面张力为33 mN/m;B2PEG1000的临界胶束浓度为0.037 5 mol/L,此时的表面张力为38.85 mN/m;溶液表现为牛顿型流体.     

海带(Laminaria japonica)幼孢子体生长和光合作用的N需求

根据室内和围隔实验中海带幼孢子体在不同硝态氮浓度下的生长情况和光合作用速率(Pmax),分析了幼孢子体的N需求,得到其最大生长率(μm)为0.12d-1,维持生存的最低组织N含量(NQ)为16.8μg/mgDW,以最大生长率生长所必需组织N的临界值(NC)为20.4μg/mgDW,每天以最大速率生长的N需求(Nreq)为2.45μg/mgDWd-1。同时,不同处理组的初始NO3-N浓度越高,海带幼孢子体吸收速率和组织N的累加速率越高,且呈明显的线性相关关系(R2分别为0.8393和0.7793,P<0.05)。现场围隔实验中,叶绿素a含量(R2=0.7907,P<0.05)和组织N含量(R2=0.9147,P<0.01)与Pmax也呈明显的线性相关关系。同时,根据海带幼孢子体N的需求和营养吸收状况,分析认为,海带幼孢子体存在受到N限制的风险,但凭其营养吸收能力有适应N限制的能力。还根据海带的这种生理特征,探讨了大型海藻的养殖对富营养化海水的生态调控。     

不同N、P浓度条件下龙须菜对镉胁迫的生理响应

通过室内生态学对比实验,研究了龙须菜(Gracilaria limaneiformis)在不同N、P营养盐浓度条件下对重金属Cd<'2+>胁迫的生理响应.结果表明,环境中加入适当浓度的N、P营养盐(N 280 μmol/L、P 56 μmol/L)有利于提高龙须菜光合色素的含量和生长率,同时藻体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)酶活性增高,丙二醛(MDA)含量降低,从而增强了龙须菜对重金属Cd2+抖胁迫的耐受性;而N、P饥饿(N、P均为0 μmol/L)或N、P营养盐浓度过量(N、P分别为216μmol/L、1 620 μmol/L)状态下,龙须菜抗氧化能力下降、脂质过氧化和膜系统受伤害程度加剧,光合色素合成和生长率受到抑制,不利于龙须菜对重金属Cd2+胁迫的生理适应.     

高效硝化与反硝化功能菌株的分离筛选及其性能研究

本研究利用选择培养基从鳗鲡精养殖池和循环水水处理系统中分离筛选出二株脱氮细菌，应用16S rRNA分子生物学鉴定，确定菌株的种属。菌株NB-1属于芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）、菌株DB-1是恶臭假单胞菌（Pseudomonas putida）。对菌株硝化及反硝化作用性能的研究结果表明：菌株NB-1具有良好的亚硝化及硝化作用性能，在投菌量为0.025%时，氨氮降解率为69.5%，亚硝酸盐氮降解率为99.2%。菌株DB-1在厌氧条件下表现出良好的反硝化作用性能，最适投菌量为0.6%，最佳C/N为12，对硝酸盐氮的降解率为94.6%，对总氮的降解率为64.0%。因此本研究筛选出的二株脱氮细菌可以广泛应用于养殖水体水质调控，具有良好的市场应用前景。     

EPR 9°～10°N L喷口黑烟囱体形成环境重建:来自矿物学及铅-210年龄的限制

为了重建EPR 9°～10°N L喷口的形成环境,采用矿物学、地球化学及年代学的方法,对黑烟囱体的矿物组成、矿物结构、元素剖面分布以及黑烟囱体内外层铅-210测年进行了研究.矿物学观察表明,该喷口烟囱体内壁主要由方黄铜矿组成,而外壁则主要由硬石膏组成.铅-210测年结果表明,烟囱体形成于EPR 9°～10°N区域内1991年的火山喷发事件之后,并有较低的生长速率,约为0.3 cm/a.结合该喷口及其附近A喷口已发表资料认为,该烟囱体开始生长是由于蒸气相流体引起的,其后期受到卤水相流体的影响,而且流体温度应不小于330℃.     

文昌19-1N油田导管架安装技术

随着国内对海上油气进一步开发,迫切需要掌握深水导管架的安装技术。通过文昌19-1N油田导管架海上安装,介绍了该安装方法的特点、关键技术、主要施工过程及所需的设备设施;总结了导管架海上安装成功的经验教训;提出深水导管架、基盘对接安装的施工技术及环境限制条件,为今后类似工程提供借鉴。     

压力对蒙脱石/聚丙烯酸钠复合高吸水性材料吸水膨胀的影响

实验采用水溶液聚合法合成了蒙脱石/聚丙烯酸钠复合高吸水材料,并设计了新颖的力学装置来研究其机械及液压胁迫响应特性。通过改变蒙脱石含量参数,系列数据结果表明:添加适量蒙脱石能够改善丙烯酸钠树脂的吸水膨胀能力和机械强度-单体丙烯酸、引发剂过硫酸钾、交联剂N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺、中和度和温度不变的情况下,蒙脱石含量为20wt%的合成材料的膨胀能力最好,吸水率为643g/g;刚性机械压力增加显著降低复合材料的吸水活力,从而降低其膨胀能力;咸淡水、淡咸水反复吸水循环虽然会明显降低复合材料的吸水活力,但不会带来彻底损害;外加压力胁迫下,复合材料吸水速率在前4h内恒定,而后非线性降低。本实验为研究防海水入侵盐敏性材料提供了新方法和基础数据。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.