甲壳动物精子生物学的研究进展(英文)

甲壳动物精子生物学的研究对于甲壳动物的人工繁育及遗传育种等工作有重要意义。本文归纳了甲壳动物精子生物学的最新研究进展,包括精子的形态结构、发生、活力、体外保存及顶体反应等方面,并对该领域今后的研究方向提出了展望。     

甲壳动物精子生物学的研究进展

甲壳动物精子生物学的研究对于甲壳动物的人工繁育及遗传育种等工作有重要意义。本文归纳了甲壳动物精子生物学的最新研究进展,包括精子的形态结构、发生、活力、体外保存及顶体反应等方面,并对该领域今后的研究方向提出了展望。     

中国对虾消化酶的研究 Ⅰ.消化酶的活力测定及性质的研究

在对虾配合饵料研究中，首先要了解对虾对各种饵料成分的消化利用能力，才能配成成本低、生长效果好的饵料。评价消化利用能力的标准之一就是对虾消化酶的种类及其比活力的大小。 近年来，随着甲壳动物养殖事业的发展，已有不少学者在甲壳动物中做过消化酶的研究。但从目前的研究来看，由于每一种甲壳动物各占有不同的小生境，消化酶的种类和比活力的大小存在着差别，因而很难利用这些研究结果来评价中国对虾Penaeus orientalis 对各种饵料成分的消化利用能力。为此本文对中国对虾消化酶进行探讨。     

锯缘青蟹精子低温冷藏及精子活力的染色法评价

采用天然海水配制的台盼蓝染色液和曙约B染色液对低温冷冻的锯缘青蟹精子的活力进行评价研究。结果表明，用这两种染色液染色死活精子呈现出明显不同的特征，进而以无锡离子人工海水（Ca^2 -FSW)为冷冻基础液，分别用10％（V／V）甘油、5％（V／V）二甲亚砜（DMSO）作冷冻剂，进行了4℃液态低温保存的精子实验，对照组不加冷冻剂，以Ca^2 -FSW等量代替，同时采用染色法对保存精子活力进行评价，结果显示台盼蓝不适宜于评价甘油组精子的活力，但却能评价对照组和二甲亚砜组。在24h内，二甲亚砜组精子的存活率达58．7％，而对照组仅为30．2％。可见，染色法可以作为低温冷冻保存的锯缘青蟹精子活力评价的一种有效方法。     

九孔鲍精子短期保存技术研究

应用单因素试验和三因素正交试验研究了温度、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)浓度及精子密度等因素对九孔鲍(Haliotis diversicolor supertexta)精子短期保存的影响。单因素试验结果表明:DMSO、维生素C、甘油、葡萄糖等添加剂中仅5%和7.5%DMSO有利于精子活力的保持;3个试验温度中28℃精子活力下降速度最快,其次为1℃,最慢是5℃;稀释度越高精子活力下降速度越快。正交试验中,九孔鲍精液分别在25个保存条件下保存96 h,保存期间每隔一段时间取样观察精子活力。25个处理的活力变化数据用生长函数拟合,根据拟合方程计算出精子活力半衰期,并对结果进行直观分析及方差分析。结果表明,较理想的精子保存条件是:温度为7℃,DMSO质量分数为3%,精子密度为7.5×108个/mL;各因素对精子活力半衰期的影响按精子密度、温度、DMSO密度顺序递减;精子密度对精子活力半衰期有显著影响(P<0.05),温度及DMSO浓度的影响不显著(P>0.05)。     

几个环境因子对梭鱼精子活力影响的初步研究

在进行鱼类人工繁殖过程中,有时会碰到这样的问题:雌鱼产出的卵子质量较好,但人工授精后却得不到较高的受精率,甚至完全不受精。这显然与精子活力有关。精子的活力与精子本身的质量和环境因子——水温、pH、盐度等密切相关。弄清精子与环境因子的关系,找出主要环境因子的最佳参数,是确保精子具有最大活力、提高精子质量和受精率的重要措施。     

锯缘青蟹纳精囊精子顶体酶活力研究

顶体酶是精子顶体部特有的胰蛋白酶,其在顶体反应、精子和透明带的结合及穿透中起重要作用.本文采用测定精子顶体氨基化酶活力方法来测定锯缘青蟹（Scylla serrata）精子的顶体酶活力.据测定,青蟹纳精囊精子项体酶活力分别为3.566 μIU/10^6和4.248 μIU/10^6.青蟹精子顶体酶活力和用同样方法测定的其它物种（如猪、人、马）相比较低.这反应了不同物种之间的精子顶体酶活力存在着较显著的差异,也反应青蟹纳精囊中精子处于一种抑制状态.这种精子活力抑制方式可能有利于精子在纳精囊中的长期存活.本实验结果也说明,临床应用的顶体酶测定方法也可以用于蟹类精液质量的评价.     

九孔鲍精子短期保存技术研究

应用单因素试验和三因素正交试验研究了温度、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)浓度及精子密度等因素对九孔鲍(Haliotis diversicolor supertextexta)精子短期保存的影响。单因素试验结果表明: DMSO、维生素C、甘油、葡萄糖等添加剂中仅5%和7. 5% DMSO有利于精子活力的保持; 3个试验温度中28℃精子活力下降速度最快，其次为1℃, 最慢是5℃; 稀释度越高精子活力下降速度越快。正交试验中, 九孔鲍精液分别在25个保存条件下保存96 h, 保存期间每隔一段时间取样观察精子活力。25 个处理的活力变化数据用生长函数拟合, 根据拟合方程计算出精子活力半衰期, 并对结果进行直观分析及方差分析。结果表明, 较理想的精子保存条件是: 温度为7℃, DMSO质量分数为3%, 精子密度为7.5×10⁸个/mL; 各因素对精子活力半衰期的影响按精子密度、温度、DMSO密度顺序递减; 精子密度对精子活力半衰期有显著影响(P<0.05) , 温度及DMSO浓度的影响不显著(P>0.05) 。     

脊尾白虾精子体外保存的研究

采用精子存活率和顶体酶活力两种评价精子质量方法,研究了不同稀释剂与抗冻保护剂对脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)精子体外保存效果的影响。结果表明：稀释剂Ⅰ-壬氏液为脊尾白虾精子体外保存的最佳稀释剂,4℃下保存4 d后,稀释剂Ⅰ组精子存活率为71.50%,顶体酶活力为1.803μIU/106,两种指标值均高于其他实验组,各组精子存活率与顶体酶活力之间相关性显著γ=0.846(P<0.05);在液氮-196℃下保存2 d后,稀释剂Ⅰ组精子存活率达83.50%,顶体酶活力为2.507μIU/106,两种指标值均高于其他各组以及4℃下稀释剂Ⅰ组同期保存效果,各组精子存活率与顶体酶活力之间相关性极显著,γ=0.862(P<0.01)。15%DMSO为脊尾白虾精子超低温保存的最佳抗冻保护剂,此条件下超低温保存2 d后,精子存活率为81.32%,顶体酶活力为1.385μIU/106,各组精子存活率与顶体酶活力之间相关性极显著,相关系数γ=0.864(P<0.01)。     

甲壳动物十足类精荚的研究概况

十足类甲壳动物中有重要经济价值的种类很多,国内许多学者如林勤武等１９９１年,堵南山等１９８７年、１９８８年、１９９２年、１９９５年对其进行了多方面的研究,主要集中于精子和卵子的发生和形态学方面,而对精荚的研究国内尚不多见,仅见王群１９９６年、王兰１９９６年、邱高峰１９９７年的报道。精荚又称精包,它由输精管上皮细胞分泌物包被精子而形成,在交配时通过阴茎或交接器输送到雌体纳精囊内或腹部的腹板或刚毛上。精荚在精子被转移到雌体的过程中起到了一定的保护作用。早期国内外许多学者曾借助光学显微镜对十足目精荚形成过…     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.