龙胜县近50年气候变化特征分析

利用龙胜站1961～2010年的气温、降水和日照资料,通过线性回归、多项式回归、滑动平均和距平的方法,分析了龙胜县近50a来的气候变化特征。结果表明:50a来龙胜年平均气温、年平均最低气温都呈明显上升趋势,其中年平均最低气温的上升更为显著;年平均最高气温变化平缓。年平均气温和年平均最低气温的年代际变化特征基本一致,20世纪90年代开始龙胜处于相对暖期。全年降水总量大致相对平衡,只是到2000年以后春夏两季的降水总量同时呈减少的趋势。日照时数在20世纪90年代以前与气温呈正相位相关,90年代至新世纪前5a呈反相位相关关系。     

近50a来洮河流域气候变化和干旱演变过程

利用洮河上游碌曲、中游岷县和下游临洮3站降水和气温观测资料,结合中游和下游2个水电站年径流量资料,分析近50 a来洮河流域气候及干旱变化特征。结果表明:近50 a洮河流域年平均气温整体呈现显著上升趋势,尤其在1997年前后明显升温,上游碌曲增幅最大,中游岷县、下游临洮增幅明显偏低,3站气温倾向率分别为0.43、0.15、0.14℃·(10 a)~(-1),且在1990年代中期以后发生突变;年降水量整体呈缓慢减少趋势,但1990年代中期以后有微弱增加,与年径流量变化基本一致;干旱指数显示,近41 a洮河流域大多数年份无旱,仅个别年份出现干旱,且程度较轻,下游地区干旱相对较重。     

近50年来祁连山区气候变化特征研究

根据祁连山区海拔2800 m以上的5个气象站点的气温及降水资料,分析了近50年的气候变化.研究表明,50年来祁连山区年平均气温呈上升趋势,突变出现在1980年代中期,1980年代中期以前增温缓慢,以后增温明显加快.冬季变暖的趋势远大于夏季,夜间升温幅度远大于白天,祁连山区气温以东西两段增温幅度最大;祁连山区降水量呈增加趋势,少雨年在1960年代和1970年代,多雨年在近20年,春季和夏季有明显上升趋势,祁连山西段降水量增加幅度明显.     

宁夏近百年来的气候变化及突变分析

以宁夏北部地区近百年来的降水量、气温距平资料以及全区各季有仪器观测以来的温度降水资料为基础，利用Mann-Kendall突变检验法和滑动t检验法，分析了宁夏近百年来气候变化的阶段性和突变特点。结果表明：近百年来宁夏气候大概经历了五个主要阶段；80年代中期年平均气温及秋冬季平均气温发生改变；60年代左右年降水量发生突变；70年代中后期全区秋季降水量出现突变。     

泰山近50年气候变化特征

根据泰山气象站1955-2004年气温及降水资料,从年、季平均气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温、降水量变化趋势及异常年份的分析等角度对泰山近50年来的气候变化作了较全面的分析.分析表明:近50年泰山的年平均气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温都呈上升趋势,20世纪90年代增温尤其明显;各季节气温变化趋势不同,冬季变暖趋势最明显,其中平均最低气温升高最为显著;近50年年降水量呈明显下降趋势,其中20世纪80年代降水量最少.秋季降水呈下降趋势,而冬季在70年代为多雨期,夏季在80年代为多雨期,春季在70年代为少雨期.     

额济纳旗近47年气候变化特征分析

利用额济纳旗地面气象站1960--2006年降水、气温、蒸发量、风速、大风日数和日照时数资料,分析了该地区气候变化趋势及其年代际变化特征。结果表明,近47年来,额济纳旗气温呈上升趋势,降水趋势无明显变化,蒸发量、风速和大风日数呈明显减少趋势,日照时数呈不明显减少趋势;以80年代中期为界分为冷、暖2个时期,80年代中期之前为冷期,之后为暖期;60～70年代冷湿期,80年代气候以干燥为主,前半期干冷,后半期干热;90年代波动较大,但总体降水增加,温度增高,为湿热期;2000年以来持续干热,暖干化趋势明显。     

梅县近50年的气候变化

根据梅县气象观测站1953~2006年的年、季平均气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温、降水量变化趋势及异常年份资料,对梅县近50年来的气候变化作了分析。结果表明:近50年梅县气温呈波动上升趋势,1998年之后年平均气温进入一个迅速上升的阶段,各季节气温变化趋势不同,冬季变暖趋势最明显,其中平均最低气温升高最为显著;近50年年降水量呈下降趋势;降水的年变化趋势与气温变化之间,有气温偏低时期降水偏多,气温偏高时期降水偏少的反相位关系。     

近50a海口市降水量与蒸发量变化

利用1961～2007年海南省琼山站的降水量和20cm口径小型蒸发皿资料,采用累积距平曲线和线性倾向估计方法,对海口市降水量、蒸发量的变化及其对干燥度的影响进行了分析.结果表明:海口市年、季降水量的年际变化明显,年、季蒸发量的年代际变化明显;近50a海口市年、季降水量没有显著的线性变化趋势,但年、春、秋、冬季的蒸发量均有显著的线性减少趋势;受此影响,近50a海口市气候总体趋于更加湿润,但2003～2007年由于降水量减少,蒸发量增大,气候处于相对干燥时期.     

包头市近50年气候变化及对策

利用包头市1961—2010年的逐日气温、降水、风等气象要素资料,分析了近50年气候变化的时空特征。结果表明:包头市气候发生了明显的变暖过程,全市年平均气温升高了1.9～2.3℃,年平均最高气温升高1.3℃,年平均最低气温升高2.2～2.7℃,特别是20世纪80年代中期以后气温持续上升,冬季变暖尤为明显。而降水量没有趋势性的年际变化,呈现出箱体内的震荡。     

青藏高原及其四周的近代气候变化

本文首先研究了近千年来高原及其四周的气候变化,表明青藏高原是百年尺度气候变化的“启动区”,并用有近百年记录的Leh和Srinagar两站间的温度垂直递减率与降水距平百分率的10年滑动平均求相关,结果表明高原上的降水与气温垂直变率密切相关,降水多的年代高原内部温度高、外部低,反之亦然,完成一个振荡的周期约40年。其次分析了近30多年高原及其四周的气候变化,发现在北半球降温的60年代随着行星西风的加强,背风下沉区降水明显减少,向风区则增多。到了70年代高原北部夏季风开始增强,沙漠区降水开始增多。最后根据以上分析结果对中国西部至本世纪末的气候变化趋势作了初步预测,认为中国西部至少到本世纪末将继续升温,高原东西两侧的降水呈现“东升西降”的态势。     

基于树轮资料的天山和阿尔泰山历史气候变化序列集成重建研究

为了解天山和阿尔泰山长期气候变化特征，利用基于树轮资料的25条历史气候序列，集成重建了天山和阿尔泰山近150 a的年降水量和夏季气温变化情况。结果显示：20世纪上半叶是天山区域极端气候年份频现时期，而阿尔泰山极端气候年份在20世纪上下半叶分布数量相当且在19世纪下半叶相对较少。两个山系极端低值气候年份的一致性更好,且与部分历史记录吻合。天山在过去150 a内大致经历了5个偏干时期和5个偏湿时期，以及3个偏冷时期和3个偏暖时期；阿尔泰山则经历了5个偏干时期和6个偏湿时期，以及4个偏冷时期和4个偏暖时期。此外，除均存在2～6 a左右的变化周期外，天山年降水量重建序列存在27～30 a和38～39 a的变化周期，夏季平均气温重建序列存在10.5 a、53.5 a和63.7 a的变化周期；阿尔泰山夏季均温存在12.6 a的变化周期。分析表明，ENSO对天山和阿尔泰山年降水量有显著影响，而太阳黑子数与阿尔泰山夏季气温呈滞后负相关关系。     

Temperature and Precipitation Changes in China During the Holocene

We review here proxy records of temperature and precipitation in China during the Holocene, especially the last two millennia. The quality of proxy data, methodology of reconstruction, and uncertainties in reconstruction were emphasized in comparing different temperature and precipitation reconstruction and clarifying temporal and spatial patterns of temperature and precipitation during the Holocene. The Holocene climate was generally warm and wet. The warmest period occurred in 9.6-6.2 cal ka BP, whereas a period of maximum monsoon precipitation started at about 11.0 cal ka BP and lasted until about 8.0-5.0 cal ka BP. There were a series of millennial-scale cold or dry events superimposed on the general trend of climate changes. During past two millennia, a warming trend in the 20th century was clearly detected, but the warming magnitude was smaller than the maximum level of the Medieval Warm Period and the Middle Holocene. Cold conditions occurred over the whole of China during the Little Ice Age （AD 1400-AD 1900）, but the warming of the Medieval Warm Period （AD 900-AD 1300） was not distinct in China, especially west China. The spatial pattern of precipitation showed significant regional differences in China, especially east China. The modern warm period has lasted 20 years from 1987 to 2006. Bi-decadal oscillation in precipitation variability was apparent over China during the 20th century. Solar activity and volcanic eruptions both were major forcings governing the climate variability during the last millennium.     

An inter-comparison of regional climate models for Europe: model performance in present-day climate

The analysis of possible regional climate changes over Europe as simulated by 10 regional climate models within the context of PRUDENCE requires a careful investigation of possible systematic biases in the models. The purpose of this paper is to identify how the main model systematic biases vary across the different models. Two fundamental aspects of model validation are addressed here: the ability to simulate (1) the long-term (30 or 40 years) mean climate and (2) the inter-annual variability. The analysis concentrates on near-surface air temperature and precipitation over land and focuses mainly on winter and summer. In general, there is a warm bias with respect to the CRU data set in these extreme seasons and a tendency to cold biases in the transition seasons. In winter the typical spread (standard deviation) between the models is 1 K. During summer there is generally a better agreement between observed and simulated values of inter-annual variability although there is a relatively clear signal that the modeled temperature variability is larger than suggested by observations, while precipitation variability is closer to observations. The areas with warm (cold) bias in winter generally exhibit wet (dry) biases, whereas the relationship is the reverse during summer (though much less clear, coupling warm (cold) biases with dry (wet) ones). When comparing the RCMs with their driving GCM, they generally reproduce the large-scale circulation of the GCM though in some cases there are substantial differences between regional biases in surface temperature and precipitation.     

TEMPERATURE,RAINFALL VARIATIONS AND THEIR ANOMALIES OVER CHINA UNDER THE COLD-WARM BACKGROUND IN THE 20TH CENTURY

In this study,the climate trend of the annual average air temperature and total annual rainfall inChina in the present century has been examined.It is noted that in the Northwest,the Northeast andNorth China the climate has become notably warmer this century but the rainfall trend has not beenevident,mainly negative.In the 1980s China's rainfall and temperature showed noticeable regionalfeatures: warm and dry in North China,cold and dry in the Southwest,warm and wet in theNortheast,cold and wet in the middle-lower reaches of the Changjiang River.Besides,the fourinterdecadal climate change features and ranges of this century have been studied.It is found that onthe scale of several decades there was considerably less rainfall in the most part of China in the warmbackground than in the cold background.The increase of temperature which started from the 1970smainly happened in the Northwest and Northeast,while to the south of the Huanghe River thetemperature increase did not even as great as in 1940s.The corresponding rainfall feature is that mostareas experienced much less rainfall except the area to the south of the Huanghe River and over theChangjiang and Huaihe River basin.     

TEMPERATURE, RAINFALL VARIATIONS AND THEIR ANOMALIES OVER CHINA UNDER THE COLD-WARM BACKGROUND IN THE 20TH CENTURY*

In this study,the climate trend of the annual average air temperature and total annual rainfall in China in the present century has been examined.It is noted that in the Northwest,the Northeast and North China the climate has become notably warmer this century but the rainfall trend has not been evident,mainly negative.In the 1980s China's rainfall and temperature showed noticeable regional features:warm and dry in North China,cold and dry in the Southwest,warm and wet in the Northeast,cold and wet in the middle-lower reaches of the Changjiang River.Besides,the four interdecadal climate change features and ranges of this century have been studied.It is found that on the scale of several decades there was considerably less rainfall in the most part of China in the warm background than in the cold background.The increase of temperature which started from the 1970s mainly happened in the Northwest and Northeast,while to the south of the Huanghe River the temperature increase did not even as great as in 1940s.The corresponding rainfall feature is that most areas experienced much less rainfall except the area to the south of the Huanghe River and over the Changjiang and Huaihe River basin.     

近百年气候变化与变率的诊断研究

总结了近百年来气候变化与变率的诊断研究结果，包括全球平均气温及降水量、中国平均气温及降水量，以及ＥＮＳＯ及ＱＢＯ。指出全球有变暖趋势，１９８０年代是最暖的１０年。但中国的情况有所不同，１９２０年代及１９４０年代最暖，而１９８０年代接近常年。全球降水量有增加趋势，但气温与降水的１０年尺度变化并不完全一致。１９５０年代及１９７０年代为多雨期，１９８０年代降水反而减少。中国夏季降水变化的主要特征是冷湿、暖干。１９２０年代及１９４０年代是近百年最干的时期。１８７１—１９９３年共发生厄尼诺事件２８次，拉尼娜２１次。气候变暖时厄尼诺强，气候较冷时拉尼娜频率高。１９５１—１９９３年赤道平流层纬向风准两年振荡的平均长度为２８．７个月，比１９５０年代末的估计（２６．３个月）要长。１９５１年以前的周期长度可能在２９个月左右。未发现ＱＢＯ与气候变化有明显关系。     

中国近100年来4个年代际的气候变化特征

研究了本世纪中国年平均气温、年总降水量的气候趋势。指出，２０世纪中国西北、东北、华北明显变暖；降水趋势值不大，但以负趋势为主。２０世纪８０年代中国降水、气温的区域特征明显：华北暖干、西南冷干、东北暖略偏湿、长江中下游冷湿。此外，还研究了２０世纪４个年代际的气候变化特征及差异。指出，在数十年尺度的暖背景下，中国的华北、长江下游等大部分地区降水偏少（比冷背景），东北降水偏多。２０世纪７０年代开始的增暖主要发生在西北、东北；黄河以南的增温还达不到４０年代的程度。相应的降水特征：除了黄河以南及江淮流域降水比４０年代多以外，其它大部分地区降水偏少。     

Changes in Mean and Extreme Temperature and Precipitation over the Arid Region of Northwestern China:Observation and Projection

This paper reports a comprehensive study on the observed and projected spatiotemporal changes in mean and extreme climate over the arid region of northwestern China, based on gridded observation data and CMIP5 simulations under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The observational results reveal an increase in annual mean temperature since 1961, largely attributable to the increase in minimum temperature. The annual mean precipitation also exhibits a significant increasing tendency. The precipitation amount in the most recent decade was greater than in any preceding decade since 1961. Seasonally,the greatest increase in temperature and precipitation appears in winter and in summer, respectively. Widespread significant changes in temperature-related extremes are consistent with warming, with decreases in cold extremes and increases in warm extremes. The warming of the coldest night is greater than that of the warmest day, and changes in cold and warm nights are more evident than for cold and warm days. Extreme precipitation and wet days exhibit an increasing trend, and the maximum number of consecutive dry days shows a tendency toward shorter duration. Multi-model ensemble mean projections indicate an overall continual increase in temperature and precipitation during the 21 st century. Decreases in cold extremes, increases in warm extremes, intensification of extreme precipitation, increases in wet days, and decreases in consecutive dry days, are expected under both emissions scenarios, with larger changes corresponding to stronger radiative forcing.     

Temperature and Precipitation Changes in China During the Holocene

We review here proxy records of temperatare and precipitation in China during the Holocene,especially the last two millennia.The quality of proxy data,methodology of reconstruction,and uncertainties in reconstruction were emphasized in comparing different temperatare and precipitation reconstruction and clarilying temporal and spatial patterns of temperature and precipitation during the Holocene.The Holocene climate was generally warm and wet.The warmest period occurred in 9.6-6.2 cal ka BP,whereas a period of maximum monsoon precipitation started at about 11.0 cal ka BP and lasted until about 8.O-5.0 cal ka BP.There were a series of millennial-scale cold or dry events superimposed on the general trend of climate changes.During past two millennia,a warming trend in the 20th century was clearly detected,but the warming magnitude was smaller than the maximum level of the Medieval Warm Period and the Middle Holocene.Cold conditions occurred over the whole of China during the Little Ice Age (AD 1400-AD 1900),but the warming of the Medieval Warm Period(AD 900-AD 1300)was not distinct in China,especially west China.The spatial pattern of precipitation showed significant regional differences in China,especially east China.The modern warm period has lasted 20、years from 1987 to 2006.Bi-decadal oscillation in precipitation variability was apparent over China during the 20th century. Solar activity and volcanic eruptions both were major forcings governing the climate variability during the last millennium.