历史时期广东省旱涝区域分异特征的初步研究

选取史料中1480-1940年间共460年的旱涝灾害记录,采用湿润指数法建立湿润指数(I)序列,并用最远距离法作聚类分析,讨论了广东在15-19世纪末期间总体和不同冷暖时期的旱涝区域分布状况.结果表明:1)113°E经线似乎可以看作是广东一条重要的气候特征线,该经线以东、以西的旱涝分区界线大致分别沿经向、纬向分布;2)粤西、粤北是广东旱涝区域分异变化较大的地区,粤东在不同时期也有所变化,珠三角地区则是较为稳定的涝灾多发区;3)不同冷暖时期的旱涝分区既有大致相同的特征,又有一定的差异.文章认为以上结果可能是由于广东主要受东亚夏季风影响,一定程度上也受印度夏季风影响及东亚气候系统发生改变等共同作用的结果.     

历史时期广东省旱涝区域分异特征的初步研究

选取史料中1480-1940年间共460年的旱涝灾害记录,采用湿润指数法建立湿润指数（I）序列,并用最远距离法作聚类分析,讨论了广东在15—19世纪末期间总体和不同冷暖时期的旱涝区域分布状况．结果表明：1）113°E经线似乎可以看作是广东一条重要的气候特征线,该经线以东、以西的旱涝分区界线大致分别沿经向、纬向分布;2）粤西、粤北是广东旱涝区域分异变化较大的地区,粤东在不同时期也有所变化,珠三角地区则是较为稳定的涝灾多发区;3）不同冷暖时期的旱涝分区既有大致相同的特征,又有一定的差异．文章认为以上结果可能是由于广东主要受东亚夏季风影响,一定程度上也受印度夏季风影响及东亚气候系统发生改变等共同作用的结果．     

近159 年东亚夏季风年代际变化与中国东部旱涝分布

利用1850-2008 年我国东部地区90 个测站的旱涝等级和北半球夏季海平面气压格点等资料,使用BP 典型相关等方法,分析了近159 年旱涝等级与东亚夏季海平面气压的耦合相关关系。利用关键区域的海平面气压资料,定义出与我国东部旱涝分布有密切联系的东亚夏季风指数,在此基础上分析了东亚夏季风年代际变化对我国东部旱涝分布的影响。结果表明：(1) 近159 年中国东部旱涝具有4 种典型空间分布型,即华南与中国东部其他地区旱涝趋势相反型、黄淮地区与长江流域及其以南旱涝趋势相反型、江淮流域与中国东部其他地区旱涝趋势相反型和中国东部与西部旱涝趋势相反型。近159 年东亚夏季海平面气压场主要呈现亚洲大陆与西太平洋海平面气压强弱相反的分布特征;(2) 本文定义的夏季风指数的年代际变化与我国东部旱涝典型分布型的年代际变化有密切关系,但两者的相关关系并不是稳定不变的,存在显著的年代际位相差异,即20 世纪20 年代之前,当东亚夏季风偏强(弱) 时,长江流域以北容易偏旱(偏涝),长江流域及其以南容易偏涝(偏旱),20 世纪20 年代以后,当东亚夏季风偏强(弱) 时,长江流域以北容易偏涝(偏旱),长江流域及其以南容易偏旱(偏涝)。可见,使用较长年代资料进行考察,研究结论丰富了大多数使用近50-60 年资料的研究结果。东亚夏季风与我国东部旱涝分布之间关系的年代际位相差异,可能与东亚夏季风对太阳活动等外强迫的非线性反馈相联系     

近0．5ka广东省干湿演变探讨

采用相关系数、波谱分析等方法对近0.5 ka以来广东省的干湿变化及近期演变趋势进行分析。研究表明,厄尔尼诺事件与粤西、粤北地区的旱灾具有显著正相关,一定程度上加剧了两地的旱涝分布格局;湿润指数序列与格陵兰冰芯δ18O记录、中国东部冬温序列存在较好的对应关系,呈现出典型的季风区水热配置模式;周期分析揭示了干湿演变序列中一系列与太阳活动相关的特征周期,表明其驱动机制可能与包括天文因素在内的多种影响因素有关。湿润指数的多尺度分析表明,21世纪中叶以前,广东省将处于偏旱状态,2040(±5)年后将会出现较大强度的涝情,在未来几十年甚至百年内,广东省的干湿变化幅度有增大的趋势。     

蒙元时期陕甘宁交界地区干湿变化特征

从官修正史、方志和历朝纪事本末、区域气象灾害年鉴等历史文献资料中提取关于陕甘宁交界地区(元前期陕西四川行省的西北部以及元后期的陕西行省和甘肃行省的交界地区,主要包括宁夏府路、河州路、巩昌路、奉元路和延安路之间的部分)的水涝、干旱等气候信息共240余条,利用湿润指数法、旱涝灾害定级法对其于湿变化特点进行研究.研究发现1208-1369年期间,陕甘宁交界地区气候总体以干旱为主.旱涝灾害发生频率的比例为85/38.按照旱涝变化类型可将研究区旱涝变化过程分为三个时段,1208-1240年是以干旱为主要特征,局部时段偶发水涝灾害的时期;1240-1320年,基本持续干旱,而且极端干旱事件频发;1320-1369年,旱灾略有好转,但是旱涝交并发生.蒙元时期陕甘宁交界地区的干湿变化具有明显的转折性和周期性.转折主要发生在1230年和1325年前后,以此两点为界,前后气候变化类型有比较明显的差异.蒙元时期的干湿变化具有10年和23年的准周期,均与太阳活动周期吻合,说明蒙元时期区域干湿变化受太阳活动影响较大.     

基于历史文献的1470-2008年中国西北地区气候干湿序列分区重建

基于历史文献中的旱涝灾害记录,采用5级制划分的旱涝灾害等级,使用系统聚类法将中国西北地区19个站点划分为7个分区,利用湿润指数公式重建了西北地区7个分区1470-2008年的年分辨率干湿变化序列,比较分析了各分区干湿气候变化的阶段特征、周期性及跃变现象。结果表明：重建序列信度较高,可用作气候干湿变化研究。西北地区7个分区1470-2008年干湿变化存在着11 a、25~35 a和80~100 a的3类周期变化。其中,11 a和25~35 a的两个周期变化在整个分析时间段内表现得较为稳定;80~100 a的周期变化则表现的较不稳定。世纪尺度和气候代尺度的跃变信号各区皆有出现,位于研究区两边的陕西和玉树地区出现最少,宁夏和格尔木地区次之;位置居中的兰州、张掖、西宁等地区跃变信号出现最多,是气候干湿变化的敏感地带。检测出的干湿跃变信号主要集中在17世纪前后,近百年气候干湿变化则相对稳定。     

青藏高原热状况与大气超长波的关系

本文分析了青藏高原冷暖年中大气超长波和东亚至西太平洋地区副热带纬圈环流的变化,认为冷年和暖年中大气超长波和东亚副热带纬圈环流状况的不同,可能是影响汛期长江流域大范围持续性旱涝变化的原因之一。     

基于EOF和REOF的1470-1911年黄河中下游地区旱涝空间分布特征分析

基于通过历史文献资料重建的1470—1911年黄河中下游地区36个站点的历史旱涝等级序列和矢量化的历史地图，利用EOF、REOF方法分析旱涝灾害空间特征。EOF方法展开的结果表明：前4个模态累计方差贡献率为71.85%，主要表现为第一、二、四特征向量场呈经向带状分布，第三特征向量场呈纬向分布；第一特征向量场的空间分布均为正值，说明黄河中下游地区的旱涝变化具有一致性，但是其余各特征向量场之间特点差异明显，说明在不同背景场和影响条件下，旱涝变化还存在较多局域性特征；REOF展开的结果可将黄河中下游地区旱涝划分为5个典型的敏感气候分区，这为进一步研究该区旱涝变化的区域性特征奠定了基础。     

山东历史时期冷暖旱涝状况分析

本文利用山东历史时期冬温指数、水旱指数序列,分析了近500多年来山东冷暖旱涝状况。主要结论是:山东气候存在着明显的冷暖干湿变化,冷暖变化为四暖三冷,干湿变化为四湿四干。旱涝灾害频繁,旱涝发生频率为44%,且在区域和季节上表现出不均匀性。全省范围的大旱大涝随时间有增加趋势。冷暖波动与旱涝变化关系密切,冷的时期涝灾较多,且存在地区和季节差异。     

初夏东亚季风的变异及其对我国东部地区降水的影响

该文分析了近三十年我国东部地区六月的降水资料,发现初夏华北降水和江南降水的变化趋势基本上是相反的. 文章分析了初夏夏季风强弱时期的大气环流特征和结构,找出了它们之间的主要差异及其对我国东部地区降水分布变化的影响. 通过对整个季风系统的分析,发现东亚夏季风系统存在着3-4年左右的长期振荡,并和赤道东太平洋海面温度变化有相互作用,从而形成了一个相互反馈的耦合振荡过程.由此提出了海风通过季风系统变化影响初夏我国东部地区降水分布的可能长期天气过程模式.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

Assessment of GIAHS in Shizuoka: The Traditional Tea-grass Integrated System

<正>1 Introduction In 2013,Chagusaba,which is traditional tea-grass integrated system in Shizuoka,were accepted as new world heritage site of agriculture.Shizuoka prefecture occupies a variety of elevations,from 0 to 3000m or more above sea level.Because of the diversity of land features and climates,this area produces 167 agricultural commodities.In addition,a lot of traditional agriculture and over200 local native varieties of crops have been conserved in Shizuoka     

ERAHS: A New Platform for the Exchange of Regional Information and Experience on Agricultural Heritage Systems

<正>There are more than 10000 years of agricultural development history in the world that has provided very fruitful and ingenious traditional knowledge and experiences reflecting the evolution of humanity and the nature.In2002,the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO)initiated an international partnership initiative of"Conservation and Adaptive Management of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The City in Cultural Context . John Agnew, John Mercer, David Sopher, eds. Soils and Geomorphology Peter W. Birkeland. Urbanization and Settlement Systems, International Perspectives . L. S. Bourne, R. Sinclair, and K. Dziewoński. eds. An Introduction to Urban Historical Geography . Harold Carter. Overshoot, The Ecological Basis of Revolutionary Change . William J. Catton, Jr. Rivers of the World . Eberhard Czaya. Jewish Communities in Frontier Societies: Argentina, Australia and South Africa . Daniel J. Elazar with Peter Medding. Color in Public Spaces: Toward a Communication-Based Theory of the Urban Built Environment. Kenneth E. Foote. Spatial Statistics and Models. Gary L. Gaile and Cort J. Willmott, eds. Mega-Geomorphology. Rita Gardner and Helen Scoging, eds. Technological Change and Regional Development. Gillespie, ed. The Arid Lands: Their Use and Abuse. R. L. Heathcote. The Location of Industry in Britain. A. G. Hoare. Groundwater as a Geomorphic Agent . R. G. LaFleur, ed. Rural Public Services: International Comparisons. Richard E. Lonsdale and Gyorgy Enyedi, eds. Saving Water in a Desert City. William E. Martin, Helen M. Ingram, Nancy K. Laney, and Adrian H. Griffin. Water Resources: Distribution, Use and Management. John R. Mather. Transnationals and the Third World: The Struggle for Culture. Armand Mattelart. South Hadley, MA: USGS Digital Cartographic Data Standards. R. B. McEwen, R. E. Witmer, and B. S. Ramey, eds. The Ecosystem Concept in Anthropology. Emilio F. Moran, ed. Boulder, CO: Women, Men, and the International Division of Labor. June Nash and Maria Patricia Fernandez-Kelly, eds. Nuclear Power: Assessing and Managing Hazardous Technology. Martin J. Pasqualetti and K. David Pijawka, eds. Mary Somerville and the Cultivation of Science 1815-1840. Elizabeth Chalmers Patterson. An Introduction to Coastal Geomorphology. John Pethick. Late Quaternary Environments of the United States , Vol. 1, The Late Pleistocene. Stephen C. Porter, ed. Planning and Ecology. R. D. Roberts and T. M. Roberts, eds. Regionalism and the Pacific Northwest. William G. Robbins, Robert J. Frank, and Richard E. Ross, eds. Environment and Health. Anthony J. Rowland and Paul Cooper. Sunbelt/Snowbelt: Urban Development and Regional Restructuring. Larry Sawers and William K. Tabb, eds. The Bad Earth. Environmental Degradation in China. Vaclav Smil. Armonk, NY: Voyage into Substance: Art, Science, Nature, and the Illustrated Travel Account, 1760–1840. Barbara Maria Stafford. The Institute of British Geographers: The First Fifty Years. Robert W. Steel. Visions of the Past. Christopher Taylor and Richard Muir. Glacial Lake Agassiz. J. T. Teller and Lee Clayton, eds. The Tule Breakers: The Story of the California Dredge. John Thompson and Edward A. Dutra. The Balkan City 1400–1900. Nikolai Todorov. Explanation, Prediction and Planning: the Lowry model. Michael J. Webber. Mercedes Reales: Hispanic Land Grants of the Upper Rio Grande Region. Victor Westphall. The World Atlas of Revolutions. Andrew J. M. Wheatcroft. The West European City, A Social Geography. Paul White. Urban Elites and Mass Transportation. J. Allen Whitt. Princeton, NJ: Urban Life In Contemporary China. Martin King Whyte and William L. Parish. The Demand for Energy in the Soviet Union. David Wilson. London and Canberra: Rethinking Geographical Inquiry. J. David Wood, ed.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.