精密卫星钟差加密方法及其对星载GPS低轨卫星定轨精度影响

系统分析、比较了几种精密卫星钟差加密方法，研究了利用全球分布的IGS永久跟踪站的GPS观测数据估计高采样率卫星钟差参数的原理与方法，并将各种卫星钟差加密方法得到的结果与IGS数据分析中心估计的卫星钟差结果相比较。最后将不同加密方法得出的精密卫星钟差结果用于基于星载GPS双频非差观测值的CHAMP低轨卫星的定轨，并将不同方法得到的定轨精度进行比较。结果表明，利用地面跟踪站的GPS观测数据，可高精度、高密度地估计GPS卫星钟差，估计精度可达0．1～0．5ns。经地面GPS跟踪站数据估计的GPS卫星钟差，应用于基于PPP方法的低轨卫星定轨，其定轨精度在10cm以内。     

LEO星载GPS双向滤波定轨研究

介绍了目前常用的LEO(low Earth orbiter)星载GPS定轨方法,分析了LEO星载GPS双向滤波定轨方法与其他几种主要定轨方法的区别.从卫星运动方程和星载GPS非差定轨观测方程出发,给出了LEO星载GPS双向滤波定轨方法的原理,采用自行研制的定轨软件对两颗GRACE(gravity recovery and climate ex-periment)卫星进行了定轨试验,通过与JPL(Jet Propulsion Laboratory)轨道的对比及KBR(k-band rangingsystem)观测数据的外部检核发现:①双向滤波定轨技术不仅能显著提高单向滤波开始阶段的定轨精度,而且可以从整体上提高卫星的定轨精度;②LEO星载GPS双向滤波定轨方法切实可行,相应的星载GPS定轨软件对GRACE卫星定轨精度在径向、沿轨方向和法向优于5 cm.     

联合地面和星载数据精密确定GPS卫星轨道

给出了联合定轨的数学模型,从6个试验的结果说明低轨卫星的星载GPS观测值对GPS卫星精密定轨的贡献。单天解的结果表明,相对于仅使用43个地面跟踪站的定轨结果,增加3颗低轨卫星的观测数据可以使GPS卫星的轨道准确度平均提高40%,即使仅用21个地面站和3颗低轨卫星也可以使GPS卫星的轨道与IGS最终轨道之差的RMS在5cm左右。     

无准确初轨信息时星载GPS低轨卫星定轨方法研究

本文提出了适用于星载GPS低轨卫星定轨的一种精密自主定轨方法。该方法利用星载GPS观测资料直接解算GPS方程求得卫星初轨,避免了早期使用短弧资料定初轨时法方程的病态性的影响,为精密定轨提供了较准确的近似值,并以此展开观测方程进行精密定轨,保证了迭代过程的收敛,减少了迭代次数,节约了时间,适用于低轨卫星的自主定轨和实时定轨。     

高轨卫星天基定轨原理演示系统的设计与实现

以高轨卫星天基定轨原理作为理论基础,设计了一种在MATLAB仿真软件环境下运行的高轨卫星天基定轨原理演示系统。该系统实现了高轨及低轨用户星轨道仿真、全球导航卫星系统（GPS、GLONASS、Galileo和Compass）星座卫星仿真、高轨卫星及地面用户星对全球导航卫星系统的可见性仿真和高轨卫星天基定轨仿真。仿真结果表明：该系统具有效能高、清晰直观等优点,也具有较强的理论和现实意义。     

星载GPS载波相位相对定轨方法研究

GPS被越来越多地装载在用于遥感、气象和海洋测高等应用的低轨卫星上进行精密定轨 ,低轨卫星星载GPS精密定轨的基本观测量为载波相位观测值 ,针对低轨卫星星载GPS的特点 ,给出了一种适合于星载GPS载波相位相对定轨的模糊度解算方法 ,及模糊度解算准确程度的检验方法。该方法应用于TOPEX/PO SEIDON卫星星载GPS实测数据 ,可得到分米级的定轨精度     

GPS天线相位中心校正对低轨卫星精密定轨的影响研究

执行各种低轨卫星任务的官方在公布定轨结果的同时并没有公布星载接收机的天线相位中心校正(PCV)信息,而PCV误差是星载GNSS精密定轨必须考虑的主要误差源之一。以GRACE卫星任务为例研究PCV误差对低轨卫星精密定轨的影响,利用GPS观测数据直接估计与相位误差有关的天线相位偏差(PCO)和PCV参数,然后利用K波段测距系统和卫星激光测距仪数据进行定轨评定。     

卡尔曼滤波在利用GPS对GEO星定轨中的应用

地球静止轨道卫星由于其独特的轨道特性而在通信等方面有着广泛重要的应用,利用GPS对GEO（同步地球轨道）星定轨是GPS应用的一个较新的研究方向,研究表明,某时刻GPS星对于GEO星的可用数为从0到4颗。本文考虑了卡尔曼滤波在利用GPS对GEO星定轨中的应用,并且讨论了利用GPS来提高在现有地面测控站的测控方式所达到的定轨精度,本文在研究对其它种类的用户星（如LEO星、HEO星）也有借鉴作用。     

基于平方根推广卡尔曼滤波的星载GPS定轨

本文探讨了利用星载GPS数据实现平方根推广卡尔曼滤波(SR-EKF)定轨的方法,采用SR-EKF对两颗GRACE卫星进行了定轨试验计算,并将计算结果与Bernese5.0的计算结果进行了比较,比较分析表明:采用SR-EKF方法进行GRACE卫星定轨可以得到优于10cm的定轨精度;经验力参数可以平衡几何观测信息和动力模型信息,但增大了观测异常对定轨结果的影响;对位置和速度进行噪声补偿可以减弱观测异常对定轨结果的影响,但有可能使轨道出现系统性偏差。     

用单频GPS数据实现低轨卫星动力学法定轨研究

采用星载GPS双频观测数据,低轨卫星定轨的精度可以达到厘米级。采用GRACE A卫星的星载GPS观测数据,分别基于单频数据(C/A和L1)的半合组合观测量和双频数据的消电离层组合观测量,采用动力学低轨卫星定轨方法,解算了7d的GRACE A卫星轨道,解算结果与德国地学中心发布的快速科学轨道进行对比分析,并通过卫星激光测距观测数据进行检核。结果表明,通过半合组合观测量定轨得到的结果,在径向R、切向T、法向N方向的均方根误差平均值分别为7.9cm、20.1cm和5.5cm,三维定轨精度平均为22.8cm,利用卫星激光测距数据进行检核,残差平均值为-1.8cm,均方根误差为8.6cm。证明了采用单频观测数据进行定轨的可行性,并且定轨精度可以达到一般低轨卫星定轨精度的要求。     

Precise orbit determination for the GRACE mission using only GPS data

The GRACE (gravity recovery and climate experiment) satellites, launched in March 2002, are each equipped with a BlackJack GPS onboard receiver for precise orbit determination and gravity field recovery. Since launch, there have been significant improvements in the background force models used for satellite orbit determination, most notably the model for the geopotential. This has resulted in significant improvements to orbit accuracy for very low altitude satellites. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how well the orbits of the GRACE satellites (about 470 km in altitude) can currently be determined using only GPS data and based on the current models and methods. The orbit accuracy is assessed using a number of tests, which include analysis of orbit fits, orbit overlaps, orbit connecting points, satellite Laser ranging residuals and K-band ranging (KBR) residuals. We show that 1-cm radial orbit accuracy for the GRACE satellites has probably been achieved. These precise GRACE orbits can be used for such purposes as improving gravity recovery from the GRACE KBR data and for atmospheric profiling, and they demonstrate the quality of the background force models being used.     

Precise orbit determination of the Fengyun-3C satellite using onboard GPS and BDS observations

The GNSS Occultation Sounder instrument onboard the Chinese meteorological satellite Fengyun-3C (FY-3C) tracks both GPS and BDS signals for orbit determination. One month’s worth of the onboard dual-frequency GPS and BDS data during March 2015 from the FY-3C satellite is analyzed in this study. The onboard BDS and GPS measurement quality is evaluated in terms of data quantity as well as code multipath error. Severe multipath errors for BDS code ranges are observed especially for high elevations for BDS medium earth orbit satellites (MEOs). The code multipath errors are estimated as piecewise linear model in \(2{^{\circ }}\times 2{^{\circ }}\) grid and applied in precise orbit determination (POD) calculations. POD of FY-3C is firstly performed with GPS data, which shows orbit consistency of approximate 2.7 cm in 3D RMS (root mean square) by overlap comparisons; the estimated orbits are then used as reference orbits for evaluating the orbit precision of GPS and BDS combined POD as well as BDS-based POD. It is indicated that inclusion of BDS geosynchronous orbit satellites (GEOs) could degrade POD precision seriously. The precisions of orbit estimates by combined POD and BDS-based POD are 3.4 and 30.1 cm in 3D RMS when GEOs are involved, respectively. However, if BDS GEOs are excluded, the combined POD can reach similar precision with respect to GPS POD, showing orbit differences about 0.8 cm, while the orbit precision of BDS-based POD can be improved to 8.4 cm. These results indicate that the POD performance with onboard BDS data alone can reach precision better than 10 cm with only five BDS inclined geosynchronous satellite orbit satellites and three MEOs. As the GNOS receiver can only track six BDS satellites for orbit positioning at its maximum channel, it can be expected that the performance of POD with onboard BDS data can be further improved if more observations are generated without such restrictions.     

Precise orbit determination of BeiDou constellation: method comparison

Chinese BeiDou navigation satellite system is in official service as a regional constellation with five geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellites, five inclined geosynchronous satellite orbit (IGSO) satellites and four medium earth orbit (MEO) satellites. There are mainly two methods for precise orbit determination of the BeiDou constellation found in the current literatures. One is the independent single-system method, where only BeiDou observations are used without help from other GNSS systems. The other is the two-step GPS-assisted method where in the first step, GPS data are used to resolve some common parameters, such as station coordinates, receiver clocks and zenith tropospheric delay parameters, which are then introduced as known quantities in BeiDou processing in the second step. We conduct a thorough performance comparison between the two methods. Observations from the BeiDou experimental tracking stations and the IGS Multi-GNSS Experiment network from January 1 to March 31, 2013, are processed with the Positioning and Navigation Data Analyst (PANDA) software. The results show that for BeiDou IGSO and MEO satellites, the two-step GPS-assisted method outperforms the independent single-system method in both internal orbit overlap precision and external satellite laser ranging validation. For BeiDou GEO satellites, the two methods show close performances. Zenith tropospheric delays estimated from the first method are very close to those estimated from GPS precise point positioning in the second method, with differences of several millimeters. Satellite clock estimates from the two methods show similar performances when assessing the stability of the BeiDou on board clocks.     

Modeling GPS satellite attitude variation for precise orbit determination

High precision geodetic applications of the Global Positioning System (GPS) require highly precise ephemerides of the GPS satellites. An accurate model for the non-gravitational forces on the GPS satellites is a key to high quality GPS orbit determination, especially in long arcs. In this paper the effect of the satellite solar panel orientation error is investigated. These effects are approximated by empirical functions to model the satellite attitude variation in long arc orbit fit. Experiments show that major part of the long arc GPS orbit errors can be accommodated by introducing a periodic variation of the satellite solar panel orientation with respect to the satellite-Sun direction, the desired direction for solar panel normal vector, with an amplitude of about 1 degree and with a frequency of once per orbit revolution.     

自适应滤波在LEO星载GPS实时定轨中的应用

针对低轨卫星LEO星载GPS实时定轨中存在的问题,提出了以单点定位结果为观测值,采用自适应卡尔曼滤波(AKF)方法进行动力平滑来实现LEO星载GPS实时动力法定轨。采用2004-03-29~31日的GRACE-A卫星实测数据进行了实时定轨计算,并分析了自适应因子、噪声补偿方差、GPS信号中断对自适应定轨的影响。通过计算分析发现,采用AKF进行LEO星载GPS实时定轨可有效解决采用EKF噪声补偿方差难以确定的难题。同时还发现,采用AKF进行LEO星载GPS实时定轨具有较强的稳定性。     

TJS-2 geostationary satellite orbit determination using onboard GPS measurements

This study analyzes the quality of onboard data of tracking signals from GPS satellites on the far side of the earth and determines the orbit of the geostationary satellite using code and carrier phase observations with 30-h and 3-day orbit arc length. According to the analysis results, the onboard receiver can track 6–8 GPS satellites, and the minimum and maximum carrier to noise spectral densities were 24 and 45 dB-Hz, respectively. For a GPS receiver on a high-altitude platform above the navigation constellations, the blocking of the earth and a weak signal strength usually cause a piece-wise GPS signal tracking and an increase in the number of ambiguity parameters. Individual GPS satellites may be continuously tracked for as little as several minutes and as long as 3 h. Moreover, considering the negative sign of elevation angles reflects the fact that GPS satellites are tracked below the receiver in the study. GPS satellites appear mainly in the elevation angle range of ??53° to ??83°, and dilution of precision values could reach ten or one hundred and more. Also, it is observed that when a signal suffers from atmospheric refraction, other GPS signals tracked simultaneously by the receiver experience strong systematic errors in the code observations. Based on single-frequency code and carrier phase measurements, the mean 3D root mean square (RMS) value of the overlap comparisons between 30-h orbit determination arcs is 2.14 m. However, we found that there were also some biases in the carrier phase residuals, which contributed to poor orbit accuracy. To eliminate the effects of the biases, we established a correction sequence for each GPS satellite. After corrections, the mean 3D RMS was reduced to 0.99 m, representing a 53% improvement.     

Orbit and clock analysis of Compass GEO and IGSO satellites

China is currently focussing on the establishment of its own global navigation satellite system called Compass or BeiDou. At present, the Compass constellation provides four usable satellites in geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) and five satellites in inclined geosynchronous orbit (IGSO). Based on a network of six Compass-capable receivers, orbit and clock parameters of these satellites were determined. The orbit consistency is on the 1–2 dm level for the IGSO satellites and on the several decimeter level for the GEO satellites. These values could be confirmed by an independent validation with satellite laser ranging. All Compass clocks show a similar performance but have a slightly lower stability compared to Galileo and the latest generation of GPS satellites. A Compass-only precise point positioning based on the products derived from the six-receiver network provides an accuracy of several centimeters compared to the GPS-only results.     

GNSS卫星精密定轨全球地面基准站网随机优化算法

为确保GNSS精密定轨精度和可靠性，需要顾及站点稳定性和观测质量等信息，在全球范围内均匀选取一定数目的地面基准站。在探讨测站数量和分布对导航卫星精密定轨影响的基础上，针对GNSS定轨地面跟踪站在全球分布不均匀的现状，综合考虑站点几何分布、站点稳定性和观测质量信息，提出基于格网控制概率下的全球测站随机优选方法。该方法综合利用格网方法和随机优化方法，通过全球测站分配一定的概率，进而随机抽样和筛选得到全球均匀分布的测站构型。实验结果显示，该方法在全球范围内选取30个测站时，GPS精密定轨的精度能达到2.15 cm，60个测站时，定轨精度优于1.26 cm；90个测站时，定轨精度可提高到1 cm以内。     

Is the long-term variation of the estimated GPS differential code biases associated with ionospheric variability?

The global positioning system (GPS) differential code biases (DCB) provided by the International GNSS Service (IGS) show solar-cycle-like variation during 2002–2013. This study is to examine whether this variation of the GPS DCBs is associated with ionospheric variability. The GPS observations from low earth orbit (LEO) satellites including CHAMP, GRACE and Jason-1 are used to address this issue. The GPS DCBs estimated from the LEO-based observations at different orbit altitudes show a similar tendency as the IGS DCBs. However, this solar-cycle-like dependency is eliminated when the DCBs of 13 continuously operating GPS satellites are constrained to zero-mean. Our results thus revealed that ionospheric variation is not responsible for the long-term variation of the GPS DCBs. Instead, it is attributed to the GPS satellite replacement with different satellite types and the zero-mean condition imposed on all satellite DCBs.     

Simulation of the impacts of single LEO satellite orbit parameters on the distribution and number of occultation events

Focusing on carrying out GPS occulatation observations with a receiver set on LEO satellite, this paper develops the LEO orbit simulation system based on which the occultation events can be simulated taking into account the geometric relationship of the satellites and the field of view of the receiver antenna. In this paper, the impacts of 4 types of LEO orbit parameters including argument of latitude (AOL), right ascension of ascending node (RAAN), orbit height and orbit inclination on the distribution and number of occultation events observed with a single LEO satellite are discussed through simulation and some conclusions are drawn.