桩端后注浆对大直径灌注桩影响的现场对比试验研究

基于郑州三环快速路工程开展的6个场地19根大直径灌注桩现场足尺试验,通过对比分析后注浆桩与未注浆桩实测结果,研究桩端后注浆对大直径灌注桩承载变形性状、荷载传递规律、桩端承载特性及桩侧摩阻力发挥性状的影响。结果表明,桩端后注浆条件下大直径灌注桩承载变形性能明显提高,且提高幅度受注浆龄期影响较为显著;在黄河中下游以中密～密实粉土、粉细砂及可塑～硬塑粉质黏土为主要冲积地层中桩长40 m左右的大直径灌注桩表现为摩擦型桩,但相比于未注浆桩,桩端后注浆桩传递至桩身下部及桩端的荷载更小;桩端后注浆在桩端下形成水泥沉渣坚硬固结体,有效地处理了桩端沉渣问题,且通过渗透劈裂作用,形成深度可达1 m的网状分布的水泥胶结体,加之对桩端土层的压密效应,显著提高了桩端支承性能与承载刚度;桩端后注浆显著提高大直径灌注桩桩侧极限摩阻力发挥水平,并降低了桩侧极限摩阻力对应的桩土相对位移,使得大直径灌注桩在较小的沉降下表现出较高的承载能力。     

Axial service limit state analysis of drilled shafts using probabilistic approach

Drilled shafts are, typically, designed by considering the axial ultimate limit state. In this design methodology, the axial displacement requirements are verified once the design is completed. As an alternative, drilled shafts may be designed by considering the axial service limit state. Service limit state foundation design is more efficient when done using the load and resistance factor design (LRFD) approach. Furthermore, reliability may be rationally incorporated into the design process that utilizes the LRFD method. In this paper, we develop probabilistic approaches for axial service limit state analysis of drilled shafts. The variability of shaft-soil interface properties is modeled by lognormal probability distribution functions. The probability distributions are combined with a closed-form analytical relationship of axial load-displacement curves for drilled shafts. The closed-form analytical relationship is derived based upon the “t–z” approach. This analytical relationship is used with the Monte Carlo simulation method to obtain probabilistic load-displacement curves, which are analyzed to develop methods for determining the probability of drilled shaft failure at the service limit state. The developed method may be utilized to obtain resistance factors that can be applied to LRFD based service limit state design.     

苏通长江大桥北引桥二期试桩试验研究

苏通长江大桥北引桥二期试桩工程采用自平衡试桩法对4根桩进行了测试,其中2根采用U管桩端压浆技术。根 据未压浆桩端阻实测值与计算结果的比较,计算值偏大,实测值为计算值的0.75～0.95倍。未压浆桩发挥端阻所需位移分别 为16mm、38mm,压浆桩发挥端阻所需位移有所减少,分别为12mm、21mm。压浆后桩端阻力测试值是未压浆桩端阻力测试值 的2.46～3.32倍,是规范计算值的2.46～2.50倍。压浆后,桩端阻力在总荷载中所占比例明显提高,由14.42%～15.39%提 高到22.83%～27.22%。桩端压浆对桩侧摩阻力有较大影响,其显著影响范围约为桩端以上14.27m～19.12m,且发挥摩阻 力所需位移明显减小。     

超厚细砂地层大直径后压浆桩荷载传递计算与分析

为了研究超厚细砂地层大直径后压浆桩的荷载变形特性,基于石首长江公路大桥8根大直径钻孔灌注桩现场静载荷试验结果,分析大直径后压浆桩的荷载传递特性,采用BoxLucas1函数的荷载传递模型,在考虑浆泡半径和桩身水泥结石体厚度的基础上建立了后压浆桩荷载-沉降关系的计算方法,并给出了不同土层桩侧、桩端增强因子经验取值范围,通过工程实例验证了方法的合理性;基于实际工程通过改变桩长及桩径,进一步计算分析超厚细砂地层大直径桩承载特性的变化规律。结果表明,该方法能较好地给出后压浆桩荷载-沉降关系的范围,可采用计算结果的下限作为工程设计使用;大直径桩承载性能随着桩长或桩径增加逐渐提高,桩径一定时,大直径桩的承载性能提高幅度随着桩长增加而逐渐趋于缓慢,且桩长达到一定值时,端阻所占比例几乎为0,表明通过增加桩长来提升大直径桩的承载性能受到有效桩长的影响;而桩端、桩侧组合后压浆技术能改善大直径桩的有效桩长问题,并能显著地提高大直径桩的极限承载力和端阻力所占比例。     

Numerical analysis on post-grouted drilled shafts: A case study at the Brazo River Bridge,TX

This paper investigates the effects of post-grouting on the behavior of drilled shafts using a case study carried out at the Brazo River, Texas. Commercial finite element software, PLAXIS, was used to quantify the improvement of the tip resistance and side shear resistance of post-grouted drilled shafts (PGDS). The input material parameters of PLAXIS were initially estimated using CPT sounding results, and then the parameters were updated by calibrating the numerical results against full-scale STATNAMIC load test results. Based on the numerical analysis, the authors concluded that (1) the increase in total resistance of PGDS resulted from soil improvement at the shaft tip, (2) the apparent increase in side shear resistance resulted from side shear reversal that occurred during post-grouting, and (3) the apparent increase in the tip resistance of PGDS may be caused by stress relief of the grout. In addition, two approaches to estimate the resistance of PGDS were compared against numerical results. In this case study, the Axial Capacity Multiplier (ACM) approach over-predicted the total resistance whereas the Tip Capacity Multiplier (TCM) approach reasonably predicted the increase in total resistance.     

珊瑚礁灰岩层后压浆桩增强效应作用机制

珊瑚礁灰岩层中桩基承载特性的研究是岩土工程的热点问题。基于某跨海大桥工程开展的珊瑚礁灰岩层中桩端后压浆桩现场静载荷试验,对比分析了压浆前后的实测结果,研究了桩端后压浆的预压作用对桩阻力的影响,并在桩端后压浆试验结果分析的基础上,进一步研究了后压浆桩增强效应作用机制。结果表明,桩端后压浆技术可应用于珊瑚礁灰岩地层中,能有效地提高桩基承载力和减小沉降量;钻孔取芯试验明确了压力浆液在桩端以下一定范围内的分布情况,并证实了压力浆液对珊瑚礁灰岩的孔隙有充填作用;桩端压浆后,在桩端未能消散的压力产生负摩阻力,使负摩阻力在竖向荷载作用下提前发挥,并增大了压浆桩的侧阻力。此外,桩端后压浆的预压作用提高了桩端阻力,并减小了桩端位移,改善了桩基的承载性状。     

Extrapolation of O-cell drilled shaft tests for load and resistance factor design (LRFD) calibration

Load tests of drilled shafts are often performed using Osterberg cell (O-cell) testing, a popular load test method for drilled shafts, which measures both side and tip resistance. However, it is common that only one of the resistance components can be fully mobilized. Therefore, extrapolation of the partially mobilized resistance is often required to determine the total resistance or the equivalent top-down curve. The extrapolation tends to introduce errors to the constructed total resistance values, which subsequently affect the calibrated resistance factors required for the LRFD design of drilled shafts. In this study, eight O-cell tests of drilled shafts with total measured resistances close to the failure criteria defined by FHWA, 5% of the shaft diameter (B), were collected among 64 drilled shaft load tests from Louisiana and Mississippi. For each of the eight cases, extrapolation was performed on both tip and side movement curves for the construction of the equivalent top-down load-settlement (ELT) curves. Data points from the measured side or tip movement curve were removed systematically to create a total of 80 cases with partially mobilized movement curves, and extrapolation exercises were performed on each fabricated case to obtain its equivalent top-down curve. The error of bias for each fabricated case was determined for statistical analyses. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed on the bias errors to model the bias errors caused by extrapolation. Calibrated resistance factors were determined and compared between the original database and fabricated database needing extrapolation. A correction method is proposed, based on a linear regression relationship, to estimate and minimize the extrapolation error of bias for less mobilized databases.

     

小截面静压预制短桩的桩底注浆试验研究

通过对桩端置于含泥圆砾卵石层超短静压预制桩桩底注浆及注浆前后静载试验,分析了桩竖向极限承载力的提高机理。试验表明,桩底注浆可较大幅度地提高以砂卵石为持力层的静压预制桩的竖向承载力。     

Load transfer analysis of rock-socketed drilled shafts by coupled soil resistance

The load distribution and deformation of rock-socketed drilled shafts subjected to axial loads are evaluated by a load transfer method. The emphasis is on quantifying the effect of coupled soil resistance in rock-socketed drilled shafts using 2D elasto-plastic finite element analysis. Slippage and shear-load transfer behavior at the pile–soil interface are investigated by using a user-subroutine interface model (FRIC). It is shown that the coupled soil resistance acts as pile-toe settlement as the shaft resistance is increased to its ultimate limit state. Based on the results obtained, the coupling effect is closely related to the ratio of the pile diameter to soil modulus (D/E_s) and the ratio of total shaft resistance against total applied load (R_s/Q). Through comparison with field case studies, the 2D numerical analysis reasonably estimated load transfer of pile and coupling effect, and thus represents a significant improvement in the prediction of load deflections of drilled shafts.     

软土地区超长钻孔灌注桩后注浆施工工艺探讨

依据某工程实例,根据其不同类型的试桩静载荷试验成果,结合桩身应力及桩身轴力数据,对钻孔灌注桩采用后注浆工艺时具体的施工工艺进行了分析。后注浆钻孔灌注桩的实际承载力与注浆具体工艺密切相关,尤其是注浆次数对其承载力的影响极为明显,注浆量、注浆终止条件等因素对承载力亦有一定影响。     

Incorporating set-up into LRFD method for drilled shafts

The increase of pile resistance with time is referred to as ‘set-up’. This behaviour of driven piles has been widely discussed in many studies by researchers. Meanwhile, there has been little, if any, information regarding this aspect for drilled shafts. Performing a bearing capacity test for a shaft over time, however, requires higher costs and more complicated rigs compared to a driven pile. A database including results from five Osterberg cell-tested drilled shafts conducted at two different stages is considered, from which the set-up effect is statistically analysed. The reliability-based analysis technique using Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) is used to develop separate resistance factors to account for different degrees of uncertainties associated with the predicted reference resistance and the predicted set-up resistance in the framework of the load and resistance factor design (LRFD) method. By incorporating set-up into design, shaft length or number of shafts can be reduced and economical design of drilled shafts can be achieved.     

Three‐dimensional finite element study of arching behavior in slope/drilled shafts system

Two‐dimensional slope stability analysis for a slope with a row of drilled shafts needs a mechanism to take into account the three‐dimensional effect of the soil arching due to the spaced drilled shafts on slope. To gain a better understanding of the arching mechanisms in a slope with evenly spaced drilled shafts socketed into a stable stratum (or a rock layer), the three‐dimensional finite element modelling technique was used for a comprehensive parametric study, where the nonlinear and plastic nature of the soil and the elastic behavior of the drilled shafts as well as the interface frictions were modelled. Various factors were varied in the parametric study to include (1) the rigidity of the drilled shafts as influenced by its diameter, modulus of elasticity, and total length; (2) shafts spacing and location on the slope; (3) the material properties of rock and the socket length of shaft; and (4) the soil movement and strength parameters. Evidences of soil arching and reduction in the stresses and displacements through the load transfer mechanisms due to the presence of the drilled shafts were elucidated through the finite element method (FEM) simulation results. Design charts based on regression analysis of FEM simulation results were created to obtain a numerical value of the load transfer factor for the arching mechanism provided by the drilled shafts on the slope. Observations of the arching behavior learned from the FEM simulations provide an insight into the behavior of drilled shafts stabilized slope. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

东升电站堆石混凝土重力坝固结灌浆工程

东升水电站挡水建筑物采用堆石混凝土重力坝,基础固结灌浆过程中发现钻孔施工难度较大,采用了先对抛石段灌浆,后钻孔,再整体固结灌浆的方法,解决了这一问题,提高了整体的施工效率,经检验,固结灌浆效果明显,达到了设计要求。     

砂土-风化岩地基中钻孔灌注桩抗拔承载力时效性研究

砂土及风化砂岩地基中钻孔灌注桩抗拔承载力的时效性研究至今尚无明确的研究成果,此方面的研究具有重要的意义。结合现场抗拔试验数据和灌注桩的施工工艺,对时效性机制进行了分析。结果显示,由于泥浆护壁所形成的过厚泥皮的影响,砂土及风化砂岩地基中钻孔灌注桩抗拔承载力的时效性十分明显,甚至比在黏性土地基中还要强,在前期承载力的增长较快,后期较慢。为了充分利用该类桩的抗拔承载力,建议适当延长试桩前的休止期。     

An Innovative Post Grouting Technique for Soil Nails

This study presents an innovative technique of executing soil nails called sectorized post grouting (SPG). The most utilized technique of soil nail grouting is gravity grouting, with the literature reporting advances in pressurized grouting. Although obtaining higher pullout resistance of soil nails, pressurized grouting, mostly done in single-stage grouting, does not compensate for exudation and its use in higher nail lengths is difficult. Thus, a technique has been developed that compensates for exudation, with easier application in lengthier nails. The technique was qualitatively assessed to evaluate its surface roughness and later applied in seven real soil nailing works, where it could be quantitatively assessed. The results show that sectorized post-grouted nails obtained greater pullout resistances than gravity grouted and single-stage grouted nails. Although similar improvement was found in tube-à-manchette (TAM) grouted nails, this method presents lower economic efficiency than sectorized post grouting. The pullout resistance results obtained in this study can be utilized in future soil nailing works executed utilizing SPG.

     

钻孔后压浆技术在苏通大桥基础工程中的应用

钻孔灌注桩后压浆技术,使水泥浆液在高压下渗透、充填和挤密,与沉渣、泥皮、桩周和桩端土体发生物理化学固结,增大了土体和桩端的强度,改变了桩的受力类型,提高了桩侧摩阻力和端阻力,从而提高了单桩的承载力。在苏通大桥超长大直径桩中应用了桩底后压浆技术。通过试桩静载试验,决定在工程施工中采用U型压浆管方案。试桩结果表明,压浆后极限承载力测试值是压浆前的1.48～2.0倍,压浆后端阻力是压浆前的2.46～7.21倍,表明利用后压浆技术达到了节约工程投资、提高工程施工质量及可靠性的目的,并产生了较大的技术经济效益和良好的社会环境效益,这将促进我国公路桥梁建设的桩基技术迈向一个新台阶。     

Reliability analysis of drilled shaft behavior using finite difference method and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Monte Carlo</Emphasis> simulation

Load displacement analysis of drilled shafts can be accomplished by utilizing the “t-z” method, which models soil resistance along the length and tip of the drilled shaft as a series of springs. For non-linear soil springs, the governing differential equation that describes the soil-structure interaction may be discretized into a set of algebraic equations based upon finite difference methods. This system of algebraic equations may be solved to determine the load–displacement behavior of the drilled shaft when subjected to compression or pullout. By combining the finite difference method with Monte Carlo simulation techniques, a probabilistic load–displacement analysis can be conducted. The probabilistic analysis is advantageous compared to standard factor of safety design because uncertainties with the shaft–soil interface and tip properties can be independently quantified. This paper presents a reliability analysis of drilled shaft behavior by combining the finite difference technique for analyzing non-linear load–displacement behavior with Monte Carlo simulation method. As a result we develop probabilistic relationships for drilled shaft design for both total stress (undrained) and effective stress (drained) parameters. The results are presented in the form of factor of safety or resistance factors suitable for serviceability design of drilled shafts.     

Shear Load Transfer Characteristics of Drilled Shafts Socketed in Rocks

This paper presents a shear load transfer function and an analytical method for estimating the load transfer characteristics of rock-socketed drilled shafts subjected to axial loads. A shear load transfer (f–w) function of rock-socketed drilled shafts is proposed based on the constant normal stiffness (CNS) direct shear tests. It is presented in terms of the borehole roughness and the geological strength index (GSI) so that the structural discontinuities and the surface conditions of the rock mass can be considered. An analytical method that takes into account the coupled soil resistance effects is proposed using a modified Mindlin’s point load solution. Through comparisons with load test results, the proposed methodology is in good agreement with the general trend observed in in situ measurements and represents an improvement in the prediction of the shear behavior of rock-socketed drilled shafts.     

秦巴山区软岩地基桥桩承载性状试验研究

为了研究软岩地基桥桩的荷载传递性状、破坏机理,并获取在该地质条件下更为可靠的桩基计算参数,对秦巴山区软岩地基3根钻孔灌注试桩进行竖向静载试验。结果表明：秦巴山区软岩地基桥桩试桩荷载沉降曲线呈陡降型,实测竖向极限承载力为20 500kN,桩的破坏方式为桩身材料强度破坏;淤泥质亚黏土地层中的碎石起到一定的骨架作用,增强了此地层桩极限侧阻力,发挥极限侧阻力所需的桩土（岩）相对位移为4～8mm;强风化砾岩表现为加工软化型,发挥极限侧阻力所需的桩土（岩）相对位移为3～8mm;中风化砂砾岩表现为明显的加工硬化型,所需的桩岩相对位移大,且桩极限侧阻力的特征点不明显;淤泥质亚黏土地层桩侧阻力占总荷载的60%～70%,随着桩顶荷载的逐步加大,该地层桩侧阻力所占比例不断下降,而嵌岩段桩侧阻力所占比例逐渐上升,达到55%～65%,嵌岩段桩侧阻力沿桩深的分布曲线表现出非线性的特征;试桩为端承摩擦桩,桩端阻力约占桩顶荷载的20%左右,且未充分发挥,在上部结构允许的沉降范围内,适当增加桩端的沉降有利于端阻力的发挥;桩侧阻力先于端阻力发挥,建议单桩承载力设计时分别采用不同的端阻力和侧阻力安全系数。     

固底管桩单桩承载力的研究

通过现场对预应力管桩底部采用高压旋喷法进行加固这一新的施工工艺试验,探讨预应力管桩桩端为水泥土情况下的受力机理及提高管桩端阻力和单桩极限承载力的效果,并探讨其在天津地区的适用性。