THE STUDY OF RETRIEVAL THEORY AND METHODS FROM SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING FOR METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS OVER EASTERN ASIA-PARTI:ISPRM AND SRRM

A review of ten-year's practice in developing the improved simultaneous physical retrievalmethod(ISPRM)is given in the hope that some creative ideas can be drawn from it.Theimprovement upon the SPRM is associated with the under-determinedness of this ill-posed inverseproblem.In our experiment,the precondition is observed that prior information must beindependent of the satellite measurements.The well-posed retrieval theory has told us that theforward process is fundamental for the retrieval,and it is the bridge between the input of satelliteradiance and the output of retrievals.In order to obtain a better result from the forward process.the full advantage of every prior information available must be taken.It is necessary to turn the ill-posed inverse problem into the well-posed one.Then by using the Ridge regression or Bayesalgorithm to find the optimal combination among the first guess,the theoretical analogueinformation and the satellite observations,the impact of the under-determinedness of this inverseproblem on the numerical solution is minimized.     

东亚地区气象参数卫星遥感反演理论和方法研究Ⅰ:ISPRM和SRRM

文中对10a来改进的同步物理反演方法(ISPRM)实践与发展进行了总结。在不违背先验信息和卫星测值之间独立的原则下,所做的改进都是针对这类非适定反演问题的欠定性(under-determinedness)进行的。由适定反演理论知道,正演是反演的基础,又是卫星辐射率测值输入和反演结果输出之间的桥梁。为了获得好的正演,就必须竭尽可能充分利用一切可以使用的先验信息,把非适定反演问题转化成适定的反演问题,从而通过Ridge回归或Bayes反演过程,把先验信息、理论模拟信息和卫星探测信息三者最佳地结合起来,以最大限度减少这类反演问题的欠定性对数值解的影响。     

东亚地区气象参数卫星遥感反演理论和方法研究I:ISPRM和SRRM

文中对10a来改进的同步物理反演方法（ISPRM）实践与发展进行了总结。在不违背先验信息和卫星测值之间独立的原则下,所做的改进都是针对这类非适定反演问题的欠定性（under－determinedness）进行的。由适定反演理论知道,正演是反演的基础,又是卫星辐射率测值输入和反演结果输出之间的桥梁。为了获得好的正演,就必须竭尽可能充分利用一切可以使用的先验信息,把非适定反演问题转化成适定的反演问题,从而通过Ridge回归或Bayes反演过程,把先验信息、理论模拟信息和卫星探测信息三者最佳地结合起来,以最大限度减少这类反演问题的欠定性对数值解的影响。     

THE STUDY OF RETRIEVAL THEORY AND METHODS FROM SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING FOR METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS OVER EASTERN ASIA—PART Ⅱ:ISPRM AND VSPRM2

Based on the practice of improved simultaneous physical retrieval model(ISPRM),in the lightof the functional analysis approach,the variational simultaneous physical retrieval model(VSPRM)has been developed.Its approximation of 1st degree is VSPRM1,which is identicalwith the ISPRM.Its approximation of 2nd degree is VSPRM2,more advanced than the VSPRM1.This paper has analyzed the function of VSPRM2,pointing out the potentiality of synergy retrievalof this model.Also,it has dealt with the problem of parameterization of water vapor's kernelfunctions and retrieval of water vapor remote sensing.Because of the characteristics of this strong ill posed inverse problem,prior information mustbe used wisely in order to get the accurate calculation of radiance R.In the previous paper,wediscussed how to build the best first guess field,the way to determine the P_s and to correct thecalculation of radiance.In this paper,we continue discussing in depth about the calculation oftransmittance,the determination of surface parameters and the selection for an optimumcombination of channels for the low-level sounding.The long-term experiment and comparison work under operational environment have shownthat the ISPRM is useful for retrieval of temperature and water vapor parameters over Chinaincluding the Tibetan Plateau,and it further proves the scientific nature of well-posed inversetheory.     

THE STUDY OF RETRIEVAL THEORY AND METHODS FROM SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING FOR METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS OVER EASTERN ASIA-PART Ⅱ:ISPRM AND VSPRM2*

Based on the practice of improved simultaneous physical retrieval model(ISPRM),in the light of the functional analysis approach,the variational simultaneous physical retrieval model(VSPRM) has been developed.Its approximation of 1st degree is VSPRM1,which is identical with the ISPRM.Its approximation of 2nd degree is VSPRM2,more advanced than the VSPRM1.This paper has analyzed the function of VSPRM2,pointing out the potentiality of synergy retrieval of this model.Also,it has dealt with the problem of parameterization of water vapor's kernel functions and retrieval of water vapor remote sensing.Because of the characteristics of this strong ill posed inverse problem,prior information must be used wisely in order to get the accurate calculation of radiance R.In the previous paper,we discussed how to build the best first guess field,the way to determine the P_s and to correct the calculation of radiance.In this paper,we continue discussing in depth about the calculation of transmittance,the determination of surface parameters and the selection for an optimum combination of channels for the low-level sounding.The long-term experiment and comparison work under operational environment have shown that the ISPRM is useful for retrieval of temperature and water vapor parameters over China including the Tibetan Plateau,and it further proves the scientific nature of well-posed inverse theory.     

东亚地区气象参数卫星遥感反演理论和方法研究Ⅱ:ISPRM和VSPRM2

在改进的同步物理模式（ＩＳＰＲＭ）实践基础上,根据泛函数变分原理,按ＴＯＶＳ遥感方程,提出了较普遍的变分同步物理反演模式（ＶＳＰＲＭ２）,其一级功能（ＶＳＰＲＭ１）和ＩＳＰＲＭ完全相同。ＶＳＰＲＭ从协合（ｓｙｎｅｒｇｙ）遥感反演机理,进一步拓宽和发展了ＩＳＰＲＭ模式。分析了ＶＳＰＲＭ２模式性能,指出这类模式的反演潜力。特别着重分析了模式的水汽核函数参数化和水汽遥感反演问题。针对这类非适定反问题的强欠定性质,为妥善使用先验信息,以获得精确的正演辐射率Ｒ。,还对透射率精确计算,低层温、湿廓线反演通道最佳选择和云层影响修正的改进作了进一步分析。经过长期业务运行条件反演比较实验,结果表明改进的物理反演方法（ＩＳＰＲＭ）是适于中国大陆包括青藏高原温、湿参数分布的反演方法,特别在有云条件下能反演出温、湿廓线。     

提为反问题的数值预报方法与试验 I. 三类反问题及数值解法

提为初值问题的数值预报在通过改进数值模式、观测手段及分析方法而改进预报的同时,仍然面临着两大困难,即模式误差和初值不完整。然而我们有大量的气候演变的历史观测资料,其中蕴含着关于气候系统的信息。本文针对这两个困难,系统地提出充分利用历史资料反演订正模式和初值进而改进数值预报的三类反问题,并给出数值解法。最后将三类反问题应用于一个简单模式进行反演预报的数值试验,其数值试验结果将在本文的第二部分给出。     

APPLICATION OF THE VARIATIONAL METHOD OF TOVS DATA OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU IN IMPROVEMENT OF THE INITIAL FIELD OF NUMERICAL MODELS

In this paper,TOVS satellite data are used through variational method on the data-sparseplateau area.Diagnoses are carried out to find a way to solve the large error problem of modelinitial field.It is put forward that TOVS retrieval data can be used to improve the initial field ofnumerical prediction model on Tibetan Plateau area.Through variational method,TOVS data areprocessed and the liability of the initial information on the plateau is improved.Diagnostic resultsconfirm further that the application of TOVS retrieval data can improve our capability to describethe dynamic system features on the plateau and the objectivity of related initial information such asthe distribution of water vapor channel and stratification stability.     

APPLICATION OF THE VARIATIONAL METHOD OF TOVS DATA OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU IN IMPROVEMENT OF THE INITIAL FIELD OF NUMERICAL MODELS*

In this paper,TOVS satellite data are used through variational method on the data-sparse plateau area.Diagnoses are carried out to find a way to solve the large error problem of model initial field.It is put forward that TOVS retrieval data can be used to improve the initial field of numerical prediction model on Tibetan Plateau area.Through variational method,TOVS data are processed and the liability of the initial information on the plateau is improved.Diagnostic results confirm further that the application of TOVS retrieval data can improve our capability to describe the dynamic system features on the plateau and the objectivity of related initial information such as the distribution of water vapor channel and stratification stability.     

晴空卫星红外模拟资料反演大气温度廓线的研究

HIRS／3资料的反演是一个典型的非适定问题,而奇异值分解法（SVD）是一种解病态线性代数方程组的有效方法,它在遇到矩阵的不适定问题时依然可以保持其数值稳定性并能尽量多地利用各探测通道的有效信息。将SVD方法应用于卫星资料的温度反演问题中可以将资料空间和参数空间分型,从中提取有效信息来反演大气温度廓线。通过理想资料试验,分析了温度廓线初猜值、水汽廓线误差等因素对温度反演结果的影响。结果表明：对HIRS／3资料来说,用SVD法反演大气温度廓线时只能截取一定的阶数,以取4～7为宜;温度廓线初猜值的选取对反演结果的影响较大,当模式层的中层误差较大时得到的反演结果最稳定;水汽廓线的扰动对中低层的温度反演结果和第5,8,10,11和16通道的亮温值有较大影响。     

东亚地区气象参数同步物理反演方法的数值试验:SPRM和ISPRM

从反演理论知道,正演问题是对实际大气辐射率的模拟.一切物理反演皆始于正演,而正演辐射率的逼真度又取决于初估值和遥感通道透射率的精度,从而反演过程紧密地把初估值、正演和透射率联在一起.这个研究除了构建自洽的同步反演模式外,着重将SPRM和只改变验前信息参数的SPRM做综合比较,并称后者为ISPRM.试验结果表明后者明显优于前者.     

一种融合卫星反演水汽资料的方法在中尺度数值模式中的应用和数值试验个例

本文探讨了一种将卫星反演的水汽资料计入MM5中尺度模式的方法，并对长江流域暴雨实例进行了模拟试验。在工作中，分别比较了将T63同化资料、常规探测资料及卫星与常规资料融合的水汽初场加入到模式，做几种不同初场的12小时降水预报（每6小时输出结果一次），经比较其结果表明：卫星与常规资料融合后的数值模拟预报，一般比单独用T63及常规探测资料作初值进行预报效果要好，初步说明了这种新方法的可行性与合理性。     

A COMPARISON OF THE RETRIEVAL OF ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE PROFILES USING OBSERVATIONS OF THE 60 GHZ AND 118.75 GHZ ABSORPTION LINES

The Microwave Temperature Sounder-Ⅱ(MWTS-Ⅱ) and Microwave Humidity and Temperature Sounder(MWHTS) onboard the Fengyun-3 C(FY-3 C) satellite can be used to detect atmospheric temperature profiles. The MWTS-II has 13 temperature sounding channels around the 60 GHz oxygen absorption band and the MWHTS has 8 temperature sounding channels around the 118.75 GHz oxygen absorption line. The data quality of the observed brightness temperatures can be evaluated using atmospheric temperature retrievals from the MWTS-Ⅱ and MWHTS observations. Here, the bias characteristics and corrections of the observed brightness temperatures are described. The information contents of observations are calculated, and the retrieved atmospheric temperature profiles are compared using a neural network(NN) retrieval algorithm and a one-dimensional variational inversion(1 D-var) retrieval algorithm. The retrieval results from the NN algorithm show that the accuracy of the MWTS-Ⅱ retrieval is higher than that of the MWHTS retrieval, which is consistent with the results of the radiometric information analysis. The retrieval results from the 1 D-var algorithm show that the accuracy of MWTS-Ⅱ retrieval is similar to that of the MWHTS retrieval at the levels from 850-1,000 h Pa, is lower than that of the MWHTS retrieval at the levels from 650-850 h Pa and 125-300 h Pa, and is higher than that of MWHTS at the other levels. A comparison of the retrieved atmospheric temperature using these satellite observations provides a reference value for assessing the accuracy of atmospheric temperature detection at the 60 GHz oxygen band and 118.75 GHz oxygen line. In addition, based on the comparison of the retrieval results, an optimized combination method is proposed using a branch and bound algorithm for the NN retrieval algorithm, which combines the observations from both the MWTS-Ⅱand MWHTS instruments to retrieve the atmospheric temperature profiles. The results show that the optimal combination can further improve the accuracy of MWTS-Ⅱ retrieval and enhance the detection accuracy of atmospheric temperatures near the surface.     

南海中尺度大气海浪耦合模式及其对该区一次强台风过程的模拟研究

利用中尺度大气模式MM5(V3)和第3代海浪模式WWATCH建立考虑大气-海浪相互作用的风浪耦合模式.在耦合模式中引入考虑波浪影响的海表粗糙度参数化方案,大气模式分量提供海面10 m风场驱动海浪模式分量运行,并利用海浪模式分量反馈的波龄参数计算海表粗糙度.利用耦合模式模拟南海的一次台风过程,通过3组对比试验,检验耦合模式对台风过程的模拟效果并研究大气-海浪相互作用对台风过程的影响.结果表明:耦合模式能够较好地模拟南海的台风过程,与非耦合大气模式相比,其模拟的台风强度略有增强,路径变化不大;耦合模式对台风过程中海表热通量及降水影响显著,在台风充分发展过程中,耦合模式模拟的海表热通量增强,台风螺旋雨带上尤其是台风路径的右侧,耦合模式模拟的降水强于非耦合模式;耦合模式较好地模拟了台风过程海浪场的分布和演变,与非耦合模式相比,其模拟的海浪场增强,与实际更为接近;考虑了海表粗糙度对波浪的依赖关系后,海浪场同时影响海表的动力过程和热力过程,从本次个例看,在台风发展初期,海浪对海表动力作用影响显著,其反馈作用使台风系统减弱,但在台风充分发展后,耦合系统中海表热通量增加,热力作用显著增强,海浪的反馈作用有利于台风系统的发展和维持.     

数值天气预报———另类途径的必要性和可行性

通过讨论省 (甚至地、市) 气象部门要不要开展数值天气预报工作的问题, 认为不是所有的地方都要开展, 只是那些希望搞科研型业务、迫切要求提高当地高影响天气的预报准确率的地方要开展。对于如何开展的问题, 提出不是去重复类似于主流途径的做法, 而是开辟另类途径, 并阐述了另类途径的内容、方法和意义。强调开展另类途径无需构建模式 (这是非常困难的工作), 只需运转现成的模式, 借助所关心的现象的历史数据来改造现成模式, 使之本地化, 是完全可行的。     

TMI降水结构的反演算法和最佳分辨率选取个例试验

利用热带降雨测量卫星（TRMM）的微波成像仪（TMI）和星载测雨雷达（PR）资料,选取了2003年出现在西北太平洋亚洲季风区的热带气旋ETAU（T0310）,采用间接对数组合方案建立了多频道线性回归算式,对4种不同分辨率（0．1°、0．2°、0．25°、0．5°）进行了TMI反演降水试验。结果表明,间接对数组合法能够较好地表征降水区的范围和强度分布,且反演结果稳定,是由微波亮温资料反演洋面降水的一种较为理想方法。采用0．2°和0．25°分辨率反演降水效果相对较好,具有实际应用价值,能对降水的宏观特征做出一定的指示。本文结果对于利用卫星微波遥感资料反演降水的研究具有一定参考价值。     

气溶胶粒子反演的约束优化方法

气溶胶粒子大小分布是地球环境科学研究中最重要的方向之一.由数学物理模型来估计气溶胶的粒子分布是一个不适定的反问题,反演的目的就是用适定的问题来代替不适定问题,并获得原问题解的近似.本文研究气溶胶粒子分布的约束优化反演方法.首先探讨了问题的病态性,接着基于对待反演参数施加先验约束给出了正则化模型.在正则化的具体实现上,研...     

云对地基微波辐射计反演湿度廓线的影响

利用中国气象局大气探测试验基地的L波段探空数据和微波辐射计观测数据,采用MonoRTM辐射传输模型作为正演亮温模型,BP (back propagation) 神经网络作为反演工具,在由亮温反演大气湿度廓线的过程中,添加与样本匹配的云底高度和云厚度信息,建立新的反演模型,使新反演模型得到的反演湿度廓线和未添加云信息的反演湿度廓线分别与探空数据进行对比,获取两种反演方法各高度层的均方根误差,分析云信息对反演大气湿度廓线的影响。对比结果表明:未添加云信息时,测试样本的反演湿度廓线与探空廓线的相关系数平均值为0.685,而添加云信息后,相关系数平均值为0.805。相比未添加云信息的反演廓线,添加云信息之后多数高度层的均方根误差均有不同程度减小,而在有云以上高度层表现尤为明显。     

Retrieval of Liquid Water Path Inside Nonprecipitating Clouds Using TMI Measurements

Quantitative estimates of liquid water path （LWP） in clouds using satellite measurements are critical to understanding of cloud properties and the assessment of global climate change. In this paper, the relationship between microwave brightness temperature （TB） and LWP in the nonprecipitating clouds is studied by using satellite microwave measurements from the TRMM Microwave Imager （TMI） onboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission （TRMM）, together with a radiative transfer model for microwave radiance calculations. Radiative transfer modeling shows that the sensitivity is higher at both 37.0- and 85.5-GHz horizontal polarization channels for the LWP retrievals. Also, the differences between the retrieved values responding to TBs of various channels and the theoretical values are displayed by the model. Based upon above simulations, with taking into account the factor of resolution and retrieval bias for a single,channel, a nonprecipitating cloud LWP in the summer subtropical marine environment retrieval algorithm is formulated by the combination of the two TMI horizontal polarization channels, 37.0 and 85.5 GHz. Moreover,by using TMI measurements （1Bll）, this algorithm is applied to retrieving respectively LWPs for clear sky, nonprecipitating clouds, and typhoon precipitating clouds. In the clear sky case, the LWP cl~anges from -1 to 1 g m-2, and its mean value is about 10^-5 g m^-2. It indicates that, using this combination retrieval algorithm, there are no obvious systemic deviations when the LWP is low enough. The LWP values varying from 0 to 1000 g m^-2 in nonprecipitating clouds are reasonable, and its distribution pattern is very similar to the detected results in the visible channel of Visible and Infrared Scanner （VIRS） on the TRMM. In typhoon precipitating clouds, there is much more proportion of high LWP in the mature phase than the early stage. When surface rainfall rate is lower than 5 mm h^-1, the LWP increases with increasing rainfall rate.     

Analogue Correction Method of Errors by Combining Statistical and Dynamical Methods

Based on the atmospheric analogy principle, the inverse problem that the information of historical analogue data is utilized to estimate model errors is put forward and a method of analogue correction of errors (ACE) of model is developed in this paper. The ACE can combine effectively statistical and dynamical methods, and need not change the current numerical prediction models. The new method not only adequately utilizes dynamical achievements but also can reasonably absorb the information of a great many analogues in historical data in order to reduce model errors and improve forecast skill. Furthermore, the ACE may identify specific historical data for the solution of the inverse problem in terms of the particularity of current forecast. The qualitative analyses show that the ACE is theoretically equivalent to the principle of the previous analogue-dynamical model, but need not rebuild the complicated analogue-deviation model, so has better feasibility and operational foreground. Moreover, under the ideal situations, when numerical models or historical analogues are perfect, the forecast of the ACE would transform into the forecast of dynamical or statistical method, respectively.