我国夏季降水与青藏高原春季NDVI的关系

利用1982年1月-2001年12月NDVI资料、台站降水资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料, 通过相关分析和合成分析方法, 初步分析了我国夏季降水与青藏高原春季植被的关系及可能机理。结果发现:青藏高原春季NDVI与我国夏季降水相关系数从南到北呈西北-东南向“ + - +”带状分布。合成分析也表明:青藏高原春季NDVI大、小值年降水年内分布也存在明显差异。降水的上述差异, 可能是由于青藏高原春季NDVI变化导致热源效应改变, 引起大气环流变化造成的。对环流分析也发现:大气环流的变化特征与降水变化表现出很好的一致性。     

青藏高原冬季风强弱年中国气候对比分析

本文选取1984~2013年NCEP/NCARII月平均再分析资料和,及全国160个台站月平均气温和降水量资料,使用由散度定义的青藏高原季风指数,以1月为冬季代表月,确定高原冬季风强弱代表年。通过相关分析和合成分析,详细分析了青藏高原冬季风强弱年份,东亚大气环流和我国气候的差异。结果表明:(1)高原冬季风强弱伴随东亚大气环流的异常,当高原冬季风偏强时,高原上空的冷低压加强,辐散下沉运动加大,中高纬地区的槽脊加深,而低纬地区有一气旋性环流生成;(2)高原冬季风强弱年我国同期气候差异明显,高原冬季风偏强年的冬季,新疆北部、华北中部等地降水偏多,四川盆地、长江中下游等地降水偏少,冬季气温大部份地区偏高,云南、黑龙江等地略偏低。(3)高原冬季风的影响具有滞后效应,高原冬季风强弱年的夏季,大气环流和我国气候明显不同,强年高原热低压和高纬地区的槽脊减弱,西太平洋副高偏北偏强,长江中下游、华南等地降水明显偏多,长江中上游、内蒙等地降水明显偏少。     

东亚夏季风系统与青藏高原冬季植被的关系

用1982年1月—2001年12月NDVI资料、台站日降水资料和NCEPⅠ/NCAR再分析资料,首先利用SVD方法分析了青藏高原冬季NDVI与我国降水的关系,指出青藏高原冬季NDVI与我国夏季降水相关系数从南到北呈"+-+-"相间分布,高原冬季NDVI增大(减小),随后夏季降水在华南和华北地区增加(减少),而长江流域和东北地区降水减少(增加)。然后通过合成法,分析了高原冬季NDVI大、小值年东亚夏季风系统的变化,得到在青藏高原冬季NDVI大值年时,夏季马斯克林高压偏弱,而澳大利亚高压偏强。赤道辐合带强度偏强,有利于越赤道气流的加强,使南海夏季风爆发偏早。同时南亚高压偏弱位置偏西,副热带高压位置偏东偏北。副热带西风急流的位置也偏西偏北。     

青藏高原冬春积雪特征及其对我国夏季降水的影响

本文利用国家气象中心提供的逐日地面积雪深度和积雪日数数据,以及NOAA的大气环流再分析资料,通过合成分析等方法,对1961—2013年青藏高原冬春季积雪高原整体、高原东部、高原西部进行了年际和年代际趋势分析,结果表明,青藏高原整体冬、春季积雪的变化趋势一致,雪深呈现"少雪—多雪—少雪—多雪"的变化趋势,积雪日数呈现"少雪—多雪—少雪"的变化趋势。高原东(西)部积雪在20世纪60—70年代均明显增加,20世纪80—90年代均减少,20世纪90年代末东部春季和冬季积雪减少更为显著,而西部地区除了春季积雪日数变化不大,春、冬季积雪雪深和冬季积雪日数均明显增加。其次,对青藏高原东、西部地区多(少)雪年的划分,发现高原东部和西部地区积雪异常年对应的大气环流形势也存在差异。最后,进一步分析了青藏高原不同区域积雪异常年环流形势变化特征及其对我国夏季降水的影响,发现高原东(西)部积雪异常年时我国夏季降水分布存在显著差异,因此,在将高原积雪作为气候预测因子的时候,应当考虑东部和西部积雪异常不同所产生影响的差异。     

2012年冬春季高原积雪异常对亚洲夏季风的影响

利用罗格斯大学积雪遥感资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析格点资料和NOAA陆地降水分析数据PREC/L,从2011/2012年冬春季青藏高原积雪偏多现象与亚洲夏季风的观测事实与以往研究结果不一致出发,诊断分析了2011/2012年冬春积雪与亚洲夏季风的可能联系。结果表明：2012年春季和前期冬季,青藏高原主体上空对流层主要为气旋性环流距平且气温偏低,这与积雪偏多年的环流特征一致。尤其在90°E以西,自青藏高原到热带地区,前期冬春季对流层中部气温表现为北冷南暖的距平特征,有利于夏季自热带印度洋到高原温度梯度偏弱,造成南亚夏季风偏弱。但是在90°E以东的高原东部到东亚地区及其南侧的低纬度地区,对流层温度距平为北正南负型,温度梯度偏弱,有利于亚洲东南部大气环流冬夏季节转换偏早,南海夏季风爆发偏早,东亚夏季风偏强,这种环流特征受到高原以外的其他外强迫信息的影响。2011/2012年冬春季积雪偏多特征可能对南亚夏季风偏弱有重要贡献,而对东亚夏季风的影响不明显。     

青藏高原大气热量的简单计算方法及其应用

利用1961-1995年青藏高原及其邻近地区198个地面站月平均常规观测资料与青藏高原大气热量(〈Q1〉)资料,建立了一种计算青藏高原大气热量的简便方法.利用计算出的大气热量分析了各个季节青藏高原各地区〈Q1〉的气候特征,以及冬季高原〈Q1〉与春季大气环流场的关系.结果发现,各个季节高原东北部地区大气热量值都小于南部地区;高原各区大气热量在20世纪70年代到80年代初都表现出了显著的上升趋势.高原冬季热源与春季高原周围地区的位势高度场存在着明显的负相关,气候模拟证实了冬季高原地区热源变化对春季东亚大气环流的这种影响.     

青藏高原冬、春植被归一化指数变化特征及其与高原夏季降水的联系

青藏高原气候独特,影响高原夏季降水的原因是十分复杂的和多方面的。文中利用1982—2001年的卫星遥感植被归一化指数(NDVI)资料和青藏高原55个实测台站降水资料,应用经验正交分解(EOF)、奇异值分解(SVD)等方法分析了青藏高原冬、春植被变化特征及其与高原夏季降水的联系,得到以下几点初步认识:青藏高原冬、春季植被分布基本呈现东南地区植被覆盖较好,逐渐向西北地区减少的特征。其中高原东南部地区和高原南侧边界地区NDVI值最大,而西北地区和北侧边界地区NDVI较小。EOF分析表明,20年来冬、春季高原植被的变化趋势是总体呈阶段性增加,其中尤以高原北部、西北部(昆仑山、阿尔金山和祁连山沿线)和南部的雅鲁藏布江流域植被增加明显。由SVD方法得到的高原前期NDVI与后期降水的相关性是较稳定的。青藏高原多数区域冬、春植被与夏季降水存在较好的正相关,且这种滞后相关存在明显的区域差异。高原南部和北部区域的NDVI在冬春两季都与夏季降水有明显的正相关,即冬春季植被对夏季降水的影响较显著。而冬季高原中东部玉树地区附近区域的NDVI与夏季降水也存在较明显的负相关,即冬季中东部区域的植被变化对夏季降水的影响也较显著。由此可见,高原前期NDVI的变化特征,可以作为高原降水长期预报综合考虑的一个重要参考因子。     

山西春季降水与500hPa环流场及太平洋海温场异常的关系

利用1961—2008年春季山西省62个气象站的逐月降水资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、NOAA太平洋海温资料等,应用SVD、Monte Carlo统计检验和合成分析等方法,探讨了山西春季降水与500hPa环流场及太平洋海温场的异常关系。结果表明,当春季500hPa平均高度场上,欧洲北部、日本海和北太平洋东部出现正异常,而极地、西西伯利亚出现负异常时,山西春季降水易偏多;反之,则易偏少。当春季赤道中东太平洋海温异常偏高,北太平洋东南部海温异常偏低,且前期冬季也有相似的海温距平分布时,山西春季降水易偏多;反之,则易偏少。春季,850hPa我国东部地区110°～120°E范围偏南风减弱是导致山西春季降水偏少的重要因素。     

欧亚地形对不同季节大气环流影响的数值模拟研究

利用气候模式F-GOALS的大气谱分量SAMIL,设计了有、无欧亚地形的对比试验。通过分析其高度差异、流场差异、降水差异和温度差异得到欧亚地形对不同季节大气环流影响的特征。结果表明,欧亚地形对大气环流和气候的影响随季节变化而变化,基本可分为冬季型(11月~次年4月),夏季型(6~9月)及转化型(5月,10月),在中高纬高低层呈相当正压结构。冬季型高度差异以35°N和100°E为界,在北面呈西高东低,南面呈西低东高。夏季型在西太平洋地区为北高南低,在大陆上空为上正下负。850 hPa流场差异场的冬季型在西太平洋北/南部为气旋式/反气旋式环流,在大陆上以“青藏高原(TP)偶极流型”为主要特征;夏季的副热带以环绕青藏高原的气旋性环流和西太平洋的反气旋环流为主要特征。地形强迫的冬半年“TP偶极型”加强了冬季西伯利亚冷空气活动,形成了江南的春雨和华南的早汛期降水。地形强迫的夏季流型形成了孟加拉湾-青藏高原中东部的强降水差异,使东亚降水向北伸展,并引起亚洲降水分布的调整。     

高原东南角早春雨的气候特征及其成因研究

使用1998—2013年TRMM格点及GHCN站点降水、1979—2013年CMAP降水和ERA-Interim再分析资料,研究了早春季节青藏高原东南角降水中心的气候特征及其成因。其气候特征为:雨带主要沿布拉马普特拉河谷分布(包括藏东南、滇西北、印度东北部的阿萨姆邦和缅甸北部地区),雨季建立时间在第17候,雨区上游地区(88~94°E,22~27°N)低层的西北风转为西南风是雨季建立的一个标志性环流调整特征。早春雨期间,雨区上游地区的西南风大值中心使得风速及水汽在雨区辐合,同时该西南气流沿着由喜马拉雅山脉-横断山脉-那加山脉组成的向西南方向敞开的喇叭口地形爬坡抬升,在迎风坡出现降水大值中心,这是高原东南角早春雨的直接成因。该西南风大值中心的产生既与青藏高原大地形的动力绕流作用有关,也与春季高原中南部的地表感热加热密切相连,这是高原东南角早春雨形成的根本原因。     

The Influence of Vegetation Cover on Summer Precipitation in China： a Statistical Analysis of NDVI and Climate Data

This study provides new evidence for the feedback effects of vegetation cover on summer precipitation in different regions of China by calculating immediate (same season), and one-and two-season lagged correlations between the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and summer precipitation. The results show that the correlation coefficients between NDVI in spring and the previous winter and precipitation in summer are positive in most regions of China, and they show significant difference between regions. The stronger one-and two-season lagged correlations occur in the eastern arid/semi-arid region, Central China,and Southwest China out of the eight climatic regions of China, and this implies that vegetation cover change has more sensitive feedback effects on summer precipitation in the three regions. The three regions are defined as sensitive regions. Spatial analyses of correlations between spring NDVI averaged over each sensitive region and summer precipitation of 160 stations suggest that the vegetation cover strongly affects summer precipitation not only over the sensitive region itself but also over other regions, especially the downstream region.     

中南半岛春季植被覆盖变化及其与ENSO的联系

利用归一化植被指数NDVI（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index）、气候资料以及环流场数据,探讨了中南半岛地区植被覆盖变化特征及其与ENSO（El Niño-Southern Oscillation）的联系。研究表明,降水是影响春季植被生长的主要因子,与NDVI呈显著的正相关关系;而温度、辐射与NDVI呈负相关关系。进一步分析表明,当前期冬季赤道中东太平洋海温异常偏暖（发生厄尔尼诺事件）时,中南半岛附近海平面气压偏高、850 hPa风场辐散,上升运动偏弱,不利于云和降水形成,而有利于太阳辐射增加和温度升高,降水减小和温度升高均抑制春季中南半岛植被生长;反之,当前期冬季发生拉尼娜事件时,有利于中南半岛植被生长。     

Decadal Relationship Between Atmospheric Heat Source and Winter-Spring Snow Cover over the Tibetan Plateau and Rainfall in East China

By using a reverse computation method and the NCEP/NCAR daily reanalysis data from 1960 to 2004, the atmospheric heat source （AHS） was calculated and analyzed. The results show that AHS over the Tibetan Plateau （TP） and its neighboring areas takes on a persistent downtrend in spring and summer during the foregone 50 years, especially the latest 20 years. Snow depth at 50 stations over the TP in winter and spring presents an increase, especially the spring snow depth exhibits a sharp increase in the late 1970s. A close negative correlation exists between snow cover and AHS over the TP and its neighboring areas, as revealed by an SVD analysis, namely if there is more snow over the TP in winter and spring, then the weaker AHS would appear over the TP in spring and summer. The SVD analysis between AHS over the TP in spring and summer and rainfall at 160 stations indicates that the former has a negative correlation with summer precipitation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and a positive correlation with that in South China and North China. The SVD analysis of both snow cover over the TP in winter and spring and rainfall at the same 160 stations indicates that the former has a marked positive correlation with precipitation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and a reversed correlation in South China and North China. On the decadal scale, the AHS and winter and spring snow cover over the TP have a close correlation with the decadal precipitation pattern shift （southern flood and northern drought） in East China. The mechanism on how the AHS over the TP influences rainfall in East China is discussed. The weakening of AHS over the TP in spring and summer reduces the thermodynamic difference between ocean and continent, leading to a weaker East Asian summer monsoon, which brings more water vapor to the Yangtze River Valley and less water vapor to North China. Meanwhile, the weakening of AHS over the TP renders the position of the subtropical high further westward and the r     

Recent Progress in the Impact of the Tibetan Plateau on Climate in China

Studies of the impacts of the Tibetan Plateau （TP） on climate in China in the last four years are reviewed. It is reported that temperature and precipitation over the TP have increased during recent decades. From satellite data analysis, it is demonstrated that most of the precipitation over the TP is from deep convection clouds. Moreover, the huge TP mechanical forcing and extraordinary elevated thermal forcing impose remarkable impacts upon local circulation and global climate. In winter and spring, stream flow is deflected by a large obstacle and appears as an asymmetric dipole, making East Asia much colder than mid Asia in winter and forming persistent rainfall in late winter and early spring over South China. In late spring, TP heating contributes to the establishment and intensification of the South Asian high and the abrupt seasonal transition of the surrounding circulations. In summer, TP heating in conjunction with the TP air pump cause the deviating stream field to resemble a cyclonic spiral, converging towards and rising over the TP. Therefore, the prominent Asian monsoon climate over East Asia and the dry climate over mid Asia in summer are forced by both TP local forcing and Eurasian continental forcing.
Due to the longer memory of snow and soil moisture, the TP thermal status both in summer and in late winter and spring can influence the variation of Eastern Asian summer rainfall. A combined index using both snow cover over the TP and the ENSO index in winter shows a better seasonal forecast.
On the other hand, strong sensible heating over the Tibetan Plateau in spring contributes significantly to anchor the earliest Asian monsoon being over the eastern Bay of Bengal （BOB） and the western Indochina peninsula. Qualitative prediction of the BOB monsoon onset was attempted by using the sign of meridional temperature gradient in March in the upper troposphere, or at 400 hPa over the TP. It is also demonstrated by a numerical experiment and theoretical study that the heating over the TP lea     

青藏高原感热通量的变化及与江淮流域降水异常的关系

利用1979—2010年NCEP-R2再分析资料和全国586站降水资料, 对青藏高原感热通量进行小波变换和EOF分析, 并研究了它与江淮流域降水的关系。结果发现:高原感热通量具有2 a和8 a的变化周期。空间分布上主要有东、西反相变化和南、北反相变化以及全区一致性变化3种形态。高原感热通量与江淮流域降水异常的同期相关中, 1998年以来, 春季高原东部的感热通量偏小, 其他地区偏大, 与此同期江淮流域降水偏少;夏季西藏西部的感热通量偏小, 其他地区偏大, 与此同期江淮流域降水偏多。两者超前相关中, 江淮流域降水对春季的感热通量变化最敏感。1998年以来, 当春季高原东南部的感热通量偏小, 其他地区偏大时, 江淮流域的夏季降水偏多, 秋季降水偏少;当春季高原感热通量东部偏小, 西部偏大时, 江淮流域的冬季降水以长江为界南多北少, 次年春季降水偏少。     

青藏高原大气热源和冬春积雪与中国东部降水的年代际变化关系

利用NCEP 1950—2004年逐日再分析资料,采用倒算法,对青藏高原大气热源的长期变化进行了计算,结果发现,青藏高原及附近地区上空大气春夏季热源在过去50年里,尤其是最近20年,表现为持续减弱的趋势。而1960—2004年青藏高原50站的冬春雪深却出现了增加,尤其是春季雪深在1977年出现了由少到多的突变。用SVD方法对高原积雪和高原大气热源关系的分析表明,二者存在非常显著的反相关关系,即高原冬春积雪偏多,高原大气春夏季热源偏弱。高原大气春夏季热源和中国160站降水的SVD分析表明,高原大气春夏季热源和夏季长江中下游降水呈反相关,与华南和华北降水呈正相关;而高原冬春积雪和中国160站降水的SVD分析显示,高原冬春积雪和夏季长江流域降水呈显著正相关,与华南和华北降水呈反相关。在年代际尺度上,青藏高原大气热源和冬春积雪与中国东部降水型的年代际变化(南涝北旱)有很好的相关。最后讨论了青藏高原大气热源影响中国东部降水的机制。青藏高原春夏季热源减弱,使得海陆热力差异减小,致使东亚夏季风强度减弱,输送到华北的水汽减少,而到达长江流域的水汽却增加;同时,高原热源减弱,使得副热带高压偏西,夏季雨带在长江流域维持更长时间。导致近20年来长江流域降水偏多,华北偏少,形成"南涝北旱"雨型。高原冬春积雪的增加,降低了地表温度,减弱了地面热源,并进而使得青藏高原及附近地区大气热源减弱。     

青藏高原臭氧低值中心的变化与我国气候的关系

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、GPCP降水资料以及我国160个台站的降水资料, 研究了青藏高原臭氧低值中心偏强年和偏弱年的气候差异。结果表明，5～7月平均的青藏高原臭氧总量变化与我国当年夏季、冬季以及第二年春季的气温和降水等有明显的相关关系:在臭氧低值中心偏强年夏季, 中国绝大部分地区地面气温比多年平均偏高, 长江以南地区降水偏多, 长江以北大部分地区降水偏少, 尤其是长江中下游和黄河中下游之间的地面降水偏少特别明显。在臭氧低值中心偏强年冬季和次年春季, 中国大部分地区冬季风比多年平均弱, 使得绝大部分地区地面气温偏高。臭氧低值中心偏弱年的情况基本上与偏强年相反。因此, 青藏高原上空臭氧低值中心的变化在气候预测中是一个值得重视的因子。     

南北极区和青藏高原臭氧变化与中国降水和温度的联系

利用 1 978年 1 1月～ 1 993年 4月TOMS全球臭氧资料和中国地面资料 ,研究了南北极区春季和青藏高原大气臭氧变化与中国降水和温度变化的联系。结果显示 ,南北极区春季和青藏高原冬季臭氧变化与中国的降水和温度变化具有较好的相关性 ,因此可利用大气臭氧变化预测中国部分地区降水和温度变化。     

Seasonal Variation of Climatological Bypassing Flows around the Tibetan Plateau

The present study investigated diagnostically the seasonal variation of the bypassing flows caused by the splitting effect of the Tibetan Plateau (TP). The relationships among the splitting bypassing flows around the TP to precipitation in China, the westerly jet stream, and the thermal status over the TP are revealed. The bypassing flows occur from the 1st to the 22nd pentad and from the 59th to the 73rd pentad, respectively, and they disappear from the 29th to the 58th pentad. They are strongest in winter from the 1st to the 22nd pentad and from the 59th to the 73rd pentad, respectively. During the rebuilding of the bypassing flows from mid-October to mid-February, they are the main cause of precipitation over southeastern China. The enhancement of the bypassing flow intensity in March can cause the precipitation to increase in the early stage of the persistent spring rain over southeastern China. From winter to summer, the seasonal transition of the bypassing flows in the lower troposphere precedes that of the westerly jet stream axis in the upper troposphere to the west of the TP by ～4 pentads, while from summer to winter lags by ～4 pentads. The seasonal variation of the thermal status over the TP plays an important role in the bypassing flows around the TP. The strengthening of the heating over the TP weakens the bypassing flows, and the increase in cooling over the TP is related to the rebuilding and strengthening of the bypassing flows.     

MM5 Simulations of the China Regional Climate During the Mid-Holocene

Using a regional climate model MM5 nested with an atmospheric global climate model CCM3, a series of simulations and sensitivity experiments have been performed to investigate responses of the mid-Holocene climate to different factors over China. Model simulations of the mid-Holocene climate change, especially the precipitation change, are in good agreement with the geologic records. Model results show that relative to the present day (PD) climate, the temperature over China increased in the mid-Holocene, and the increase in summer is more than that in winter. The summer monsoon strengthened over the eastern China north of 30°N, and the winter monsoon weakened over the whole eastern China; the precipitation increased over the west part of China, North China, and Northeast China, and decreased over the south part of China.The sensitive experiments indicate that changes in the global climate (large-scale circulation background),vegetation, earth orbital parameter, and CO2 concentration led to the mid-Holocene climate change relative to the PD climate, and changes in precipitation, temperature and wind fields were mainly affected by change of the large-scale circulation background, especially with its effect on precipitation exceeding 50%. Changes in vegetation resulted in increasing of temperature in both winter and summer over China, especially over eastern China; furthermore, its effect on precipitation in North China accounts for 25% of the total change.Change in the orbital parameter produced the larger seasonal variation of solar radiation in the mid-Holocene than the PD, which resulted in declining of temperature in winter and increasing in summer; and also had an important effect on precipitation with an effect equivalent to vegetation in Northeast China and North China. During the mid-Holocene, CO2 content was only 280×10-6, which reduced temperature in a very small magnitude. Therefore, factors affecting the mid-Holocene climate change over China from strong to weak are large-scale circulation pattern, vegetation, earth orbital parameter, and CO2 concentration.