一种适用于深潜山及内幕的有效储层地震预测方法——以廊固凹陷杨税务潜山为例

杨税务潜山位于廊固凹陷北部,为一呈北东向展布多断块构成的潜山带,油气资源丰富,由于其埋藏深、裂缝-孔隙-岩溶储层交织,各向异性、非均质性较强,使得有效储层难以分辨识别、油藏分布复杂,选点部井较难.本文在充分分析沉积储层特征及油藏主控因素等基础上,选择有利岩性储层发育段,利用叠前逆时偏移和井控拓频等技术,进行高分辨率及内幕信息丰富剖面处理;利用叠前方位道集属性、分频相干和体曲率属性等技术方法,进行裂缝+孔洞复合型储层识别预测;利用AVO属性及地震频率梯度等组合技术进行储层含油气检测,实现了研究区有效储层油气甜点分布预测,其预测成果有效指导了安探1X、安探3X等工业油流井的部署,实践证明,该套组合技术方法简单、有效实用,适用于深潜山及内幕的有效储层地震预测,对类似区带或构造的有效储层地震预测具有指导意义.     

利用地震叠前数据预测火山岩裂缝的方法和效果分析——以松辽盆地北部徐家围子断陷营城组火山岩为例

裂缝问题是火山岩复杂岩性油气藏勘探开发中必须考虑的重要因素之一.火山岩储层裂缝预测的准确性直接影响着油气的产能、钻井工艺和增产改造措施等.本文主要根据等效HTI介质(扩容各向异性介质)的特性,立足地下介质各向异性理论,利用三维地震叠前P波在HTI介质中的属性分布特征来检测裂缝的发育情况.利用三维地震叠前P波裂缝检测技术在松辽盆地北部徐家围子断陷深层营城组火山岩中尝试开展了储层裂缝发育预测研究.通过研究建立了火山岩裂缝地震叠前预测方法,并对营城组火山岩裂缝发育情况进行预测,结果表明裂缝主要分布在工区中部构造高部位,发育方向以北北西向为主.最后利用测井资料和钻井产能资料等进行效果分析,证实该技术对于认识火山岩储层裂缝发育具有实际应用价值,说明应用地震资料开展储层裂缝预测具有横向分辨率高、实现井间分布描述和宏观空间分布规律清楚等特点.     

青西油田碳酸盐岩裂缝性储层地球物理预测技术的应用

白云岩成岩收缩晶间孔、洞、缝与构造网状缝相互沟通可以组成良好的油气储层，但是这种复杂裂缝—孔隙型储层分布随机性强、发育程度和差异性大，储层预测难度大。本文以中国西部酒泉盆地青西油田下白垩统下沟组湖相白云岩裂缝—孔隙型储层为例，提出地球物理综合预测碳酸盐岩裂缝的方法。本文描述了综合地球物理方法预测碳酸盐岩裂缝储层的实施和应用效果。     

裂缝型碳酸盐岩储层预测技术及海外气田勘探实践

裂缝型碳酸盐岩储层由于极高的孔渗性,是最为有利的油气勘探目标之一.这类储层预测难度较大,特别是对于石膏和盐层非常发育的碳酸盐岩储层.本次研究从裂缝型碳酸盐岩的发育特征研究入手,分析地震识别此类储层的可行性.优选多种地震地质储层预测方法,针对土库曼斯坦阿姆河右岸区块霍贾姆巴兹三维区的储层特点,开展了一系列的含气储层预测研究.主要应用了相干分析,像素成像技术,叠前各向异性裂缝检测,构造应力场分析,蚂蚁追踪算法等技术.预测了研究区有利的含气储层发育带,预测储层与钻探结果符合程度较高.形成了裂缝型碳酸盐岩储层预测技术系列,在海外气田勘探实践中发挥了重要的作用.     

塔中北坡地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩叠前地震裂缝预测方法应用研究

塔中北坡顺南地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩具有良好的勘探开发前景,近期在多个层系钻遇了储层和油气.研究显示该地区裂缝比较发育,并对储层的形成和改造起到了非常关键的作用,但目前针对该区的裂缝预测技术研究成果较少,以叠后属性评价为主.因此,本文从裂缝实际地质特征观察出发,基于叠前地震资料,综合多种方法进行裂缝预测.首先利用叠前构造应力场反演间接评价裂缝的发育密度和方向,基于评价结果对地震叠前数据进行不同方位划分方案的资料处理并对比,使用纵波方位各向异性方法预测储层裂缝发育方向与相对密度.多方法结合的预测结果符合研究区裂缝发育规律并与地质模式相吻合,通过与岩心及成像测井资料对比,验证了该地区使用较窄方位采集的地震数据进行裂缝预测结果的有效性.     

多尺度裂缝综合预测应用研究（英文）

裂缝预测在致密油气、煤层气、页岩气等非常规油气勘探中起着十分重要的作用。本文将裂缝分成大(大于1/4波长)、中(1/4~1/100波长)、小(远小于1/100波长)三种尺度类型开展综合预测研究。基于多尺度岩石物理正演模拟技术,分析区分中等尺度裂缝的叠前方位各向异性敏感属性,结合地质、测井和地震属性大尺度裂缝预测方法和岩心薄片观测小尺度裂缝预测,形成了一套综合地质岩心信息、成像测井解释和地震信息的多尺度裂缝综合预测方法。该方法通过岩心裂缝描述和成像测井解释,分析得到裂缝发育控制因素,再通过应力场构造模拟,完成区域性大尺度裂缝发育控制因素研究。利用叠后几何类属性进行大尺度裂缝预测,结合叠前衰减属性进行中等尺度裂缝预测,以及岩性统计学反演和断层叠合结果,验证中等尺度裂缝与岩性、断层的对应关系,明确了中尺度裂缝成因。通过岩心电镜扫描,分析小裂缝发育状况,最后综合三类裂缝研究成果分析储层裂缝发育状况。通过对某实际工区灰岩储层的裂缝发育情况进行综合预测研究,结果表明文中提出的多尺度裂缝预测基础理论方法和多尺度裂缝预测技术流程,能够较好地解决裂缝预测的强非均质性、多尺度问题,综合地质、测井和地震多信息裂缝多尺度预测技术能够实现裂缝性油气藏的储层描述和甜点预测。     

多尺度裂缝储层地震预测方法研究

常用的叠前裂缝预测方法并不能明确区分不同尺度的裂缝,本文研究并提出基于裂缝密度的大、中尺度裂缝定量预测方法。该方法通过基于Curvelet变换的多方向相干分析技术进行大尺度裂缝(大于1/4波长)预测,通过地震方位各向异性方法和叠前衰减地震属性(如频率衰减梯度)进行中尺度裂缝(1/4～1/100波长)预测,然后将得到的两种不同尺度裂缝的发育强度以裂缝密度为基准进行融合,综合地评价不同尺度裂缝。将该方法运用到裂缝储层地震物理模型中,结果表明,该方法不但克服了叠前衰减属性的方位各向异性预测中尺度裂缝的同时,预测出断层和大尺度裂缝的密度分布不连续的问题,还能对裂缝的尺度进行区分,较准确的定量预测裂缝发育带。     

相控地震多属性预测技术在南堡凹陷碳酸盐岩储层的应用

碳酸盐岩储层是南堡凹陷潜山重要的勘探领域,由于受到构造、岩性等多种因素的影响,常规储层预测难度大.本文提出相控储层预测方法,通过井上精细对比,确定南堡凹陷潜山碳酸盐岩储层的优势发育段,结合古地貌确定其有利分布相带,在有利相带约束下,优选出地震平均能量属性、曲率体属性、蚂蚁体属性和谱分解属性,融合这些属性,综合预测储层发育区.通过与已钻井的对比,储层发育区与钻井资料吻合度高,证实了该方法的有效性,同时为南堡凹陷潜山的展开勘探提供了参考.     

叠后多属性分析在哈山西石炭系火山岩裂缝预测中的应用研究

裂缝油气藏在油气勘探开发中占有重要地位,准确地预测储层中的裂缝发育程度等参数是勘探开发中的难点.本文采用叠后多属性分析技术对哈山西地区的石炭系火山岩裂缝密度进行了定量预测:在储层特征分析的基础上,首先提取了对裂缝发育反映较好的多种地震属性,包括相干体、倾角方位角、曲率、蚂蚁体、弧长、瞬时频率、均方根振幅、反射强度、道微分、吸收衰减属性,并对提取的属性进行了敏感性分析.在此基础上,利用BP神经网络的方法,对裂缝密度进行了定量预测,预测结果与工区钻井资料吻合,为下步的勘探开发提供了依据.     

利用叠前地震数据预测裂缝储层的应用研究

叠前地震资料储层预测技术是在Zoeppritz方程基础上发展起来的,通过处理地震数据随着不同入射角地震反射属性,得到地震属性随着入射角变化而改变,研究分析得到反映岩性变化的纵波速度、横波速度、泊松比和截距与梯度剖面,预测裂缝储层的发育及分布.同时根据不同方位角地震资料属性,计算得到不同方位角目的层的属性差异,使用各向异性椭圆公式作拟合,求出背景趋势A和各向异性因子B,利用最大振幅包络方位和对应θ,求出裂缝发育优势方向,及B/A各向异性因子,实现对裂缝储层预测.     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

Anomalies in the secular variations in the main geomagnetic field in the context of the hierarchic dipole model

The developed dynamic model of the main geomagnetic field (MGF) includes the sources of three levels, which have existed and continuously changed during the 100-year period. The spatial-temporal dynamics of the secular variations in MGF has been considered based on this model. It has been indicated that, at different times, the formation of anomalies (located in similar regions) depended on the total dynamics of different combinations of sources, including a change in the parameters of the dipoles of the secondorder smallness. Anomalies generated by the dynamics of the dipoles of the third-order smallness do not evidently manifest themselves in the total secular variations but are responsible for the specific shapes of isodynamic lines. Based on the stability and continuity of the constructed model, the conclusion is made that long-living turbulent flows of different scales can exist in the liquid core.     

The changes in the electric conductivity of the lithosphere in the source region of the strongest Olyutora earthquake in the Koryak highlands

The results of the magnetotelluric (MT) soundings before and after an earthquake are analyzed. The interpretation is based on the longitudinal and transverse MT curves (along and across the strike of the main tectonic elements, respectively). The MT curves are distorted by the ρ- and coast effect. The distortions due to the coast effect are estimated by the testing three-dimensional (3D) model. It is established that the coast effect distortion at the periods up to 1000 s is small and can be disregarded. The divergence of the longitudinal and transverse MT curves, which points to the presence of the deep faults, is thoroughly studied. The inversion of the MTsounding curves is carried out by the REBOCC program of the numerical two-dimensional modeling. This program implements the procedures of elimination of the ρ-effect and the joint inversion of the longitudinal and transverse MT sounding curves. The obtained geoelectrical cross sections provide an insight into the structure of electrical conductivity of the lithosphere before and after the earthquake. The more intense variations in the electric conductivity are observed in the zone of the deep faults. These variations are related to the changes in the porosity and saturation of the rocks by the highly mineralized fluids.     

Hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period

Abstract

The basin area of the Ganges River in Bangladesh is extremely dependent on a regular water supply from upstream to meet requirements for agriculture, fisheries, navigation, salinity control, and domestic and industrial sectors. In 1975, India commissioned a barrage on the Ganges River at Farakka to divert a significant portion of the dry season flow in order to make the Calcutta Port navigable. Statistical analyses of discharge and water level data have been carried out to determine if significant changes have occurred in the hydrology of the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period. Siltation of the Gorai River (an offtake of the Ganges River) has also been examined using the stage-discharge relationship and regression analysis. The analyses show that the diversion has caused considerable hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh. The water supply in the dry season has been reduced substantially, while siltation of the Gorai River has increased significantly.     

The electric field produced in the mantle by the dynamo in the core

A rigorous singular perturbation theory is developed to estimate the electric field E produced in the mantle M by the core dynamo when the electrical conductivity σ in M depends only on radius r, and when |r?_rln σ| ? 1 in most of M. It is assumed that σ has only one local minimum in M, either (a) at the Earth's surface ?V, or (b) at a radius b inside the mantle, or (c) at the core-mantle boundary ?K. In all three cases, the region where σ is no more than e times its minimum value constitutes a thin critical layer; in case (a), the radial electric field E_r ≈ 0 there, while in cases (b) and (c), E_r is very large there. Outside the critical layer, E_r ≈ 0 in all three cases. In no case is the tangential electric field E_S small, nearly toroidal, or nearly calculable from the magnetic vector potential A as ??_tA_S. The defects in Muth's (1979) argument which led him to contrary conclusions are identified. Benton (1979) cited Muth's work to argue that the core-fluid velocity u just below ?K can be estimated from measurements on ?V of the magnetic field B and its time derivative $\text{?}{}_{\mathrm{t}}\text{B}$. A simple model for westward drift is discussed which shows that Benton's conclusion is also wrong.In case (a), it is shown that knowledge of σ in M is unnecessary for estimating E_S on ?K with a relative error |r?_r 1nσ|^?1from measurements of E_S on ?V and knowledge of ?_tB in M (calculable from ?_tB on ?V if σ is small). Then, in case (a), u just below ?K can be estimated as $\text{?}\text{r}\text{×}\text{E}{}_{\mathrm{S}}\text{/B}{}_{\mathrm{r}}$. The method is impractical unless the contribution to E_S on ?V from ocean currents can be removed.The perturbation theory appropriate when σ in M is small is considered briefly; smallness of σ and of |r?_r ln σ|^?1 a independent questions. It is found that as σ → 0, B approaches the vacuum field in M but E does not; the explanation lies in the hydromagnetic approximation, which is certainly valid in M but fails as σ → 0. It is also found that the singular perturbation theory for |r?_r ln σ|^?1 is a useful tool in the perturbation calculations for σ when both σ and |r?_r ln σ|^?1 are small.     

Trends in the characteristics of the annual and semiannual variations observed in the radio wave absorption in the lower ionosphere

The continuous increase in concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is expected to cool higher levels of the atmosphere. There is some direct and indirect experimental evidence of long-term trends in temperature and other parameters in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT). Here we look for long-term trends in the annual and semiannual variations of the radio wave absorption in the lower ionosphere, which corresponds to the MLT region heights. Data from central and southeastern Europe are used. A consistent tendency to a positive trend in the amplitude of the semiannual wave appears to be observed. The reality of a similar tendency in the amplitude of the annual wave is questionable in the sense that the trend in the amplitude of the annual wave is probably induced by the trend in the yearly average values of absorption. The phases of both the annual and semiannual waves display a forward tendency, i.e. shift to an earlier time in the year. A tentative interpretation of these results in terms of changes of the seasonal variation of temperature and wind at MLT heights does not contradict the trends observed in those parameters.     

Changes in sediment transport in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China

In this paper, the changes in sediment transport over 51 years from 1955 to 2006 in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China are assessed. Key factors affecting sediment yield and sediment transport, such as precipitation depth, discharge, and human activities are studied. To investigate the changes in sediment yield in this watershed, a trend analysis on sediment concentration, precipitation depth, and discharge is conducted. Precipitation depths at 2 Climate Stations （CSs）, as well as discharge and sediment transport at 3 Gauging Stations （GSs） are used to assess the features of sediment transport in the Kuye River. The rtmoff modulus （defined as the annual average discharge per unit area, L/（s·km^2）） and the sediment transport modulus （defined as the annual suspended sediment transport per unit area, t/（yr km^2）） are introduced in this study to assess the changes in runoff and sediment yield for this watershed. The results show that the highest average monthly discharge during the study period in the Kuye River is 66.23 m^3/s in August with an average monthly sediment concentration of 88.9 kg/m^3. However, the highest average monthly sediment concentration during the study period in the Kuye River is 125.34 kg/m^3 and occurs in July, which has an average discharge of 42.6 m^3/s that is much less than the average monthly discharge in August. It is found that both the runoff modulus and sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS on the Kuye River has a clear downward trend. During the summer season from July to August, the sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS is much higher than those at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs on the Yellow River. The easily erodible loess in the Kuye River watershed and the sparse vegetation are responsible for the extremely high sediment yield from the Kuye River watershed. The analyses of the grain size distribution of suspended load in the Kuye River are presented. The average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Kuye River is largest in February and then decreases until June. In July, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load approaches another peak and decreases until September. Then, the median grain size of suspended load starts to increase until February of the following year. However, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Yellow River at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs is the smallest between early summer and late fall The median grain size in the Yellow River starts to increase in November and approaches the largest size in January.     

Site response in the Qionghai Basin in the Wenchuan earthquake

Amplification effects of soil site response can significantly impact ground motions, and must be considered in the seismic fortification of buildings/structures to prevent or mitigate this potential seismic hazard. Utilizing acceleration time histories from the main shock of the Wenchuan earthquake recorded at four stations (i.e., one on bedrock and three on soil) in the Qionghai Basin, the site responses from three soil sites are studied by using the traditional spectral ratio method. The bedrock site is selected as a reference site. This study found that peak ground accelerations (PGAs) on the soil sites are much larger than on bedrock, with EW, NS and UD components of 3.96–6.58, 6.27–10.98, and 3.17–6.66 times those of the bedrock site, respectively. The amplification effects of the soil sites on ground motions in the frequency range of 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz are significant, depending on the thickness of the soil layer and the frequency content of the site. A significant amplification occurs with high frequency components of ground motion at shallow soil sites, and low and high frequency components of ground motion at intermediate soil sites.     

Variations in the Caspian Sea Level in the Historic Epoch

Reconstruction of variations in the Caspian Sea level is proposed based on the results of investigations of deposits in the Agrakhan sand bar and bays (or former bays) of the eastern sea coast. The history of sedimentation in particular regions is reconstructed by the radiocarbon dating. Generalized data on the age of deposits are used to construct the most likely temporal course of variations in the sea level within the historic epoch.     

浙江省北部及邻区中强地震前地倾斜异常特征及其预测意义

解释并讨论了湖州和宁波台１９９３年以来的地倾斜资料,总结了震前有异常显示的６次地震。发现：①异常在现场记录资料中均有显示,异常形态的识别对预报地震有重要的意义;②能观测到异常全过程的倾斜仪与震中的距离基本符合式ｌｇＤｊ＝０．３０３（ＭＳ＋１．６）给出的监测能力半径,大于这个半径的台有时也能观测到异常,但多为短临异常。如果震前记录到异常的全过程,则利用单台资料可能对地震三要素进行预测。