Temperatures and winds over tropical middle atmosphere during two contrasting summer monsoons, 1975 and 1979

Using the monthly geopotential heights and winds for 700 and 200 hPa for India during July and August, and the weekly M-100 Soviet rocketsonde temperature and wind data for Thumba (8.5oN, 76.9oE) during the last week of June and the first week of September for the two contrasting summer monsoon years 1975 (a very strong monsoon year) and 1979 (a very weak monsoon year), a study has been made to examine the mean circulation features of the troposphere over India, and the structures of the temperatures and the winds of the middle atmosphere over Thumba. The study suggested that the axis of the monsoon trough (AMT) at 700 hPa shifted southward in 1975 and northward towards the foothills of the Himalayas in 1979, from its normal position. Superimposed on the low-pressure area (AMT) at 700 hPa, a well-defined divergence was noticed at 200 hPa over the northern India in 1975.The mean temperatures, at 25,50 and 60 km (middle atmosphere) over Thumba were cooler in 1975 than in 1979. While a cooling trend in 1975 and warming trend in 1979 were observed at 25 and 50 km, a reversed picture was noticed at 60 km. There was a weak easterly/ westerly (weak westerly phase) zonal wind in 1975 and a strong easterly zonal wind in 1979. A phase reversal of the zonal wind was observed at 50 km. A tentative physical mechanism was offered, in terms of upward propagation of the two equatorially trapped planetary waves i.e. the Kelvin and the mixed Rossby-gravity waves, to explain the occurrence of the two spells of strong warmings in the mesosphere in 1975.     

El Nino发展和衰弱期降水距平场的形成

This study proposes a new explanation for the formation of precipitation anomaly patterns in the boreal summer during the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) developing and decaying phases. During the boreal summer June-July-August (JJA) (0) of the El Nino (La Nina) developing phase, the upper level (300-100 hPa) positive potential temperature anomalies resemble a Matsuno-Gill-type response to central Pacific heating (cooling), and the lower level (1000-850 hPa) potential temperature anomalies are consistent with local SST anomalies. During the boreal summer JJA(1) of the El Niño (La Nina) decaying phase, the upper level potential temperature warms over the entire tropical zone and resembles a Matsuno-Gill-type response to Indian Ocean heating (cooling), and the lower level potential temperature anomalies follow local SST anomalies. The vertical heterogeneity of potential temperature anomalies influences the atmospheric stability, which in turn influences the precipitation anomaly pattern. The results of numerical experiments confirm our observations.     

Interannual variation of the Asian-Pacific oscillation

Previous studies have identified an Asian-Pacific Oscillation (APO) teleconnection pattern, which exhibits an out-of-phase relationship in the summer tropospheric temperature with warming over the Eurasia and cooling over the Northern Pacific and the Northern America, and vice versa. But the interannual variation of this teleconnection remains obscure. This study points out that interannual variation of the APO teleconnection is associated with the second empirical orthogonal function (EOF) mode of the northern-hemisphere upper tropospheric temperature during boreal summer, which accounts for 14% of the variance. A heat budget analysis is conducted for the Eurasian region and the North Pacific region respectively to reveal the cause of the zonal dipole mode temperature structure. For the Eurasia region, the warming is contributed by the adiabatic heating process due to downward vertical motion anomalies. For the Northern Pacific region, the temperature variation is mainly contributed by zonal advection associated with interannual zonal wind perturbation acting on the climatological temperature gradient. Composite analysis and numerical experiments with an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) shows the interannual zonal wind perturbation is related to the sea surface temperature anomalies over the equatorial eastern Pacific.     

物理协调大气变分客观分析模型及其在青藏高原的应用II:那曲试验区云—降水、热量和水汽的变化特征

本文利用约束变分客观分析法构建的物理协调大气变分客观分析模型,通过融合地面、探空、卫星等多源观测资料和ERA-Interim再分析资料,建立了青藏高原那曲试验区5年（2013～2017年）长时间序列的热力、动力相协调的大气分析数据集,并以此分析那曲试验区大气的基本环境特征与云—降水演变和大气动力、热力的垂直结构。分析表明:（1）试验区350 hPa以上风速的季节变化非常明显,风速在冬季11月至次年2月达到最大（＞50 m s?1）,盛夏7～8月风速的垂直变化最弱,温度的垂直变化最强,大气高湿区在夏秋雨季位于350～550 hPa,在冬春干季升至300～400 hPa。（2）试验区6～7月上旬降水最多;春、秋、冬三季,300～400 hPa高度层作为大气上升运动和下沉运动的交界处,是云量的集中区;夏季,增多的水汽和增强的大气上升运动导致高云和总云量明显增多,中、低云减少。（3）夏季的地表潜热通量与大气总的潜热释放最强,大气净辐射冷却最弱,高原地区较强的地面感热导致试验区500 hPa以下的近地面全年存在暖平流,500 hPa以上则由于强烈的西风和辐射冷却存在冷平流。此外,试验区整层大气全年以干平流为主,但在夏季出现了较弱的湿平流。（4）视热源Q₁具有明显的垂直分层特征:全年500 hPa以下大气表现为冷源,300～500 hPa和100～150 hPa表现为热源,150～300 hPa则在冬春干季表现为冷源,在夏秋雨季表现为热源,不同高度层的冷、热源的形成原因不同,其中夏季由于增强的上升运动、感热垂直输送和水汽凝结潜热以及高云的形成,因此几乎整层大气表现为热源。     

南海夏季风演变的气候学特征

本文总结南海北部地区夏季风演变的气候学特征，发现南海地区５月第３候对流层高层东风和北风爆发，对流层低层西风第１次跃升，东亚经向季风环流圈开始形成，这可以成为南海地区夏季风爆发的标志。对流层低层西风在６月中旬开始的第２次连续跃升对应江淮地区的梅雨爆发期。类似地，中国大陆夏季对流层低层５月初和６月初有两次爆发性增暖过程，第２次比第１次强烈得多。南海北部地区对流层低层纬向风速、比湿盛夏呈双峰型，纬向风速峰值分别出现在６月第５候和８月第４候，比湿峰值分别出现在６月第６候和８月第５候。比湿突升对应纬向风速突升，但略落后于风速峰值出现的时间。南海北部地区季风爆发前，温度是波动式上升的，南海季风爆发后，温度是波动式下降的。中国大陆东部及南海地区夏季对流层低层比湿分布有３次突变，即４月中旬南海北部比湿突增，并开始出现高比湿中心，而南海南部为最大比湿中心；５月中旬最大比湿中心已从南海南部跳到了南海北部－华南并向江淮流域扩展；６月中旬江淮流域比湿突增并一直维持到８月，同时南海南部高比湿带消失。而５月中旬ＯＬＲ有一次突变，ＯＬＲ低值区爆发性向北扩张，这对应于南海地区夏季风的爆发。而孟加拉湾地区夏季风演变的气候学特征与南海地区有较     

El Niño事件发生对南北半球大气环流异常的对称及非对称性影响及其机理分析

利用合成分析方法, 分析了1971～2003年间7个El Niño事件发生时南、北半球大气环流异常的对称与反对称特性。分析结果表明, El Niño事件发生期间, 在热带地区15°S～15°N大气环流异常以对称性为主, 但也有一定的反对称分量: 高度场异常和纬向风异常的对称性较强, 而经向风异常的反对称较强; 同时在El Niño事件演变的各阶段, 高度场异常和纬向风异常的变化较明显, 而经向风的变化较小, 高度场和风场异常在低层 (700 hPa) 和高层 (200 hPa) 呈明显的反位相分布。并且, 为探讨El Niño事件对南、北半球大气环流异常的非对称性影响的机理, 本研究进一步利用ERA－40逐日资料, 应用Hough函数分析了El Niño事件发生期间这些赤道波动的演变特征。结果表明, El Niño事件发生期间, 热带地区大气环流异常对称性较强的主要原因是对称性Rossby波异常较强, 而Rossby重力混合波异常对经向风场的反对称分量有重要作用; 并且, 研究结果还表明, 在El Niño事件发生期间, 热带东太平洋的海温正异常能够激发由对称性Rossby波和Kelvin波组成的Gill型环流异常。此外, 分析表明Hough函数在分析热带大气波动的对称性及反对称性上具有明显的优越性。     

Medium-range oscillations in the summer tropical easterlies at 200 hPa

By the use of space-time spectral analysis and band-pass filter, some of the features of the medium-range Oscillations in the summer tropical easterlies (10oS-20o) at 200 hPa are investigated based on a two-year (1980 and 1982) wind (u, v) data set for the period from May to September. Space-time power spectral analysis shows that the total energy of the westward moving waves was the largest and that of the standing waves and eastward moving waves was relatively small in the 200 hPa easterlies; the total energy of the eastward moving waves was at minimum at 10oN. Three kind of the medium-range oscillations with about 50 day, 25 day and quasi-biweekly periods were found in the easterlies, which all show a remarkable interannual variation and latitudinal differences in these two years. The wave energy of zonal wind is mainly associated with the planetary waves (1-3), which all may make important contributions to the 50 day and 25 day oscillations in different years or different latitudes. The quasi-biweekly oscillation is mainly related to the synoptic waves (4-6). In equatorial region, the 50 day oscillation was dominant with a eastward phase propagation in 1982 while the dominant oscillation in 1980 was of 25day period with a westward phase propagations in 1980. Both of them are of the mode of zonal wavenumber 1. Strong westward 50 day oscillation was found in 10oN-20oN in these two years. Regular propagations of the meridional wind 50 day oscillation were also found in the easterlies.The 50 day and 25 day oscillation of zonal wind all demonstrate southward phase propagation over the region of the South Asia monsoon and northward phase propagation near interational date line, where are the climatic mean position of the tropical upper-tropospheric easterly jet and the tropical upper tropospheric trough (TUTT), respectively.     

Stratospheric zonal wind and temperature in relation to summer monsoon rainfall over India

Summary  The interannual variability of the Indian summer monsoon (June–September) rainfall is examined in relation to the stratospheric zonal wind and temperature fluctuations at three stations, widely spaced apart. The data analyzed are for Balboa, Ascension and Singapore, equatorial stations using recent period (1964–1994) data, at each of the 10, 30 and 50 hPa levels. The 10 hPa zonal wind for Balboa and Ascension during January and the 30 hPa zonal wind for Balboa during April are found to be positively correlated with the subsequent Indian summer monsoon rainfall, whereas the temperature at 10 hPa for Ascension during May is negatively correlated with Indian summer monsoon rainfall. The relationship with stratospheric temperatures appears to be the best, and is found to be stable over the period of analysis. Stratospheric temperature is also significantly correlated with the summer monsoon rainfall over a large and coherent region, in the north-west of India. Thus, the 10 hPa temperature for Ascension in May appears to be useful for forecasting summer monsoon rainfall for not only the whole of India, but also for a smaller region lying to the north-west of India. Received July 30, 1999 Revised March 17, 2000     

The effects of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau on the mean summer circulation over east Asia

Four numerical experiments of simulation have been conducted in this paper by the use of a five-layer primitive equation numerical model with incorporated pressure-sigma vertical coordinate system. The initial fields are taken from the July zonal mean data of many years, while the heat sources and sinks are ideally specified according to the mean heating field over the East Asia calculated from the real data of July, 1979. On the basis of simulated results of temperature and geopotential height patterns we emphatically discuss the effects of the topography and the heating of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. From the analyses in this paper, it appears that the heating over the Bengal region makes a larger contribution to the middle and the south branches of the monsoon cell and is also the main cause for the existence of the southerly channel to the east of the Plateau, for the break of the subtropical anticyclone belt below the 500 hPa level and for the formation of the summer Asian anticyclone at the 300 hPa level, while the heating over the Plateau makes a larger contribution to the Plateau monsoon cell and to the anticyclone at the 100 hPa.     

夏季亚洲—太平洋涛动与大气环流和季风降水

利用ERA-40再分析资料和数值模拟,分析了在亚洲-太平洋区域的大气遥相关以及与亚洲季风降水和西北太平洋热带气旋活动气候特征的关系,探讨了青藏高原加热和太平洋海表温度(SST)对遥相关的影响,结果表明:亚洲-太平洋涛动(Asian-Pacific Oscillation,APO)是夏季对流层扰动温度在亚洲与太平洋中纬度之间的一种"跷跷板"现象,当亚洲大陆中纬度对流层偏冷时,中、东太平洋中纬度对流层偏暖,反之亦然;这种遥相关也出现在平流层中,只是其位相与对流层的相反.APO为研究亚洲与太平洋大气环流相互作用提供了一个途径.APO指数也是亚洲-太平洋对流层热力差异指数,它具有年际和年代际的多时间尺度变化特征,在1958-2001年亚洲与太平洋之间的对流层热力差异呈现出减弱趋势,同时也有显著的5.5 a周期.APO形成可能与太阳辐射在亚洲陆地和太平洋的加热差异所造成的纬向垂直环流有关,数值模拟进一步表明:夏季青藏高原加热可以造成高原附近对流层温度升高、上升运动加强,太平洋下沉运动加强、温度下降,从而形成APO现象;而太平洋年代际涛动和赤道东太平洋的厄尔尼若现象对APO的影响可能较小.当夏季APO异常时,南亚高压、欧亚中纬度西风急流、南亚热带东风急流以及太平洋上空的副热带高压都出现显著变化,并伴随着亚洲季风降水及西北太平洋热带气旋活动异常.过去40多年来的长江中上游地区夏季变冷与APO有关,可能是全球大气环流年代际变化在该区域的一种反映.APO异常信号可以传播到南、北两极.此外,亚洲-太平洋之间的这种遥相关型也出现在其他季节.     

Role of Triad Kinetic Energy Interactions for Maintenance of Upper Tropospheric Low Frequency Waves during Summer Monsoon 1988

ＲｏｌｅｏｆＴｒｉａｄＫｉｎｅｔｉｃＥｎｅｒｇｙＩｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｓｆｏｒＭａｉｎｔｅｎａｎｃｅｏｆＵｐｐｅｒＴｒｏｐｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃＬｏｗＦｒｅｑｕｅｎｃｙＷａｖｅｓｄｕｒｉｎｇＳｕｍｍｅｒＭｏｎｓｏｏｎ１９８８Ｄ．Ｒ．Ｃｈａｋｒａｂｏｒｔｙａ...     

青藏高原加热与亚洲环流季节变化和夏季风爆发

利用逐日NCEP/NCAR再分析资料分析了春夏过渡季节青减高原非绝热加热和大气环流季节变化以及亚洲季风爆发的关系.结果表明,过渡季节的早期(5月中旬以前)青藏高原总非绝热加热与感热加热的时间演变曲线趋势一致,感热加热在过渡季节早期的环流演变中有很重要的作用.青藏高原非绝热加热的时间演变与北半球环流的季节变化和亚洲夏季风爆发有很好的相关.在过渡季节里,青藏高原非绝热加热的变化引起了海-陆热力差异对比的变化,给亚洲夏季风的爆发建立了有利的背景环境,对亚洲夏季风爆发有明显的影响.结果还表明,用各区域纬向风垂直差异的时空分布能更准确地表示季节变化的区域差异.     

中国气温与全球气温变化的关系

利用１９５１～１９８９年全球格点及中国１６０站逐月气温资料,分析了中国气温场与全球温度场变化的关系及其相应的环流异常,指出：年平均气温显著增暖的中国东北,新疆北部,属中心位于欧亚大陆中北部增暖区的一部分,而中国西南地区的变冷局地现象。年平均气温变化的时空特征主要由冬季气温贡献所致,与中国冬季气温的增暖相对应,欧亚大陆北美大陆地也增暖,北太平洋和北大西洋地区则变冷,这种变化可从欧亚大陆纬向型流加强和     

近20年华北地区干旱期大气环流异常特征

利用NCAR/NCEP再分析资料和中国气象局整编的中国160站气温、降水月平均资料, 计算并分析了1951年1月-2000年10月中国华北地区Palmer drought severity index (PDSI)。研究表明:近50年来华北干旱有显著的年际和年代际变化。从20世纪80年代以来, 华北出现了持续性严重干旱现象; 另外, 华北地区干旱持续时间一般都在两年以上。华北夏季典型干旱年的前期 (冬季和春季) 及同期环流特征是:北半球中高纬度500hPa高度距平场出现EU型遥相关分布, 华北地区长期处于大陆暖高压控制下。     

Volcanos and El Niño: signal separation in Northern Hemisphere winter

The frequent coincidence of volcanic forcing with El Niño events disables the clear assignment of climate anomalies to either volcanic or El Niño forcing. In order to select the signals, a set of four different perpetual January GCM experiments was performed (control, volcano case, El Niño case and combined volcano/El Niño case) and studied with advanced statistical methods for the Northern Hemisphere winter. The results were compared with observations. The signals for the different forcings are discussed for three variables (temperature, zonal wind and geopotential height) and five levels (surface, 850 hPa, 500 hPa, 200 hPa and 50 hPa). The global El Niño signal can be selected more clearly in the troposphere than in the stratosphere. In contrast, the global volcano signal is strongest in the stratospheric temperature field. The amplitude of the perturbation for the volcano case is largest in the Atlantic region. The observed effect of local cooling due to the volcanic reduction of shortwave radiation over large land areas (like Asia) in subtropical regions, the observed advective warming over Eurasia and the advective cooling over Greenland are well simulated in the model. The radiative cooling near the surface is important for the volcano signal in the subtropics, but it is weak in high latitudes during winter. A statistically significant tropospheric signal of El Niño forcing occurs in the subtropics and in the midlatitudes of the North Pacific. The local anomalies in the El Niño forcing region in the tropics, and the warming over North America in middle and high latitudes are simulated as observed. The combined signal is different from a simple linear combination of the separate signals. It leads to a climate perturbation stronger than for forcing with El Niño or stratospheric aerosol alone and to a somewhat modified pattern.     

亚洲夏季风建立前后对流层温度场演变特征及其热力成因

对１９９６年亚洲夏季风爆发前后（３～６月）印度及南海季风区对流层温度演变特征及其热力成因作了比较分析。结果表明：印度和南海夏季风的爆发与各季风区对流层中上层南北温差逆转密切相关,而南北温差逆转是由１０～３０°Ｎ之间纬度带对流层的季节性增暖引起的。夏季风爆发前期,南海季风区的增温主要由暖平流及非绝热加热过程（主要为凝结潜热）共同作用所致。春季在印度季风区大陆上空存在显著的下沉绝热增温,使得对流层中上层的增温率比华南大陆及邻近地区上空的增温率显著得多。但印度季风区冬末春初的南北温差（南暖北冷）也非常明显,以至该地区对流层中上层增暖到引起南北温差发生逆转的时间较迟,而南海季风区对流层中层南北温差发生逆转的时间相对要早,因而印度夏季风比南海夏季风迟爆发。     

1990年代末东亚北部地区夏季水汽输送年代际变化特征及其影响机制

利用1983～2011年降水量、环流和海温的再分析资料,探讨了东亚北部地区夏季水汽输送的年代际变化特征,并分析了前冬北大西洋海温对东亚北部地区夏季水汽输送与大气环流的可能影响。研究结果表明,20世纪90年代末期东亚北部地区夏季整层水汽与降水年代际的变化特征相一致,整层水汽通量的年代际变化主要是由于纬向水汽输送异常作用的结果。东亚北部地区（35°～55°N,90°～145°E）西边界的水汽输送通量由多变少,东边界的水汽输送通量由少变多特征则直接导致了该地区降水由偏多转为偏少的年代际变化。就外强迫海温角度来说,前冬北大西洋海温跟东亚北部地区夏季500 hPa高度场、850 hPa风场和850 hPa比湿均显著相关。同时,在20世纪90年代中后期前冬北大西洋海温也表现出由偏低向偏高转变的年代际变化特征,且由于海温自身的记忆性前冬的海温异常一直延续到夏季。并在夏季激发出横跨北大西洋和欧亚大陆中高纬度地区的大西洋-欧亚（AEA）遥相关结构,并进一步影响东亚北部地区夏季水汽输送。     

近16 a来冬季欧亚大陆中纬度地区低温事件频发及其成因

利用ECMWF的ERA-Interim再分析资料和NOAA/NCDC站点资料,通过逐日气温的季节内方差,构造了冬季冷强度指数,并研究了近16 a来欧亚大陆中纬度地区低温事件频发的原因。结果表明:近16 a来,欧亚大陆中纬度地区极端低温天气发生频率呈显著上升趋势,对应在欧洲西北部、西伯利亚以及东亚地区冬季冷强度增强趋势明显,但冬季季节内温度方差增强趋势不明显,表明新构造的冷强度指数能更好地刻画低温事件的总体变化特征。近年来欧亚大陆中纬度地区寒潮事件频发且持续时间加长,相应地,西伯利亚高压增强并向西北扩展,伴随着欧亚大陆中高纬度地区北风增强,西风减弱,对应冬季平均气温也出现显著下降趋势,导致冬季冷强度不断增强。进一步分析温度平流各项发现,近年来冬季欧亚大陆中纬度地区以冷平流为主,纬向与经向温度平流分量同等重要,除经向风及经向温度梯度变化项的作用外,纬向风与纬向温度梯度变化项也起着重要的作用。温度平流各项对各个地区的贡献不同,经向风与经向温度梯度的变化主要促使西伯利亚地区降温,纬向风变化项主要引起欧洲地区降温,纬向温度梯度变化项主要使东亚地区降温。     

Peninsular Indian rainfall and its association with meteorological and oceanic parameters over the Indian Ocean

The present study attempts to formulate a regression model to predict summer rainfall over Peninsular India (PIR) using some regional predictors. Parameters having significant correlation (99%) with PIR were identified for the period 1975–1997 (training), and a 15-year sliding correlation (90%) was found to check the consistency of the relationship between PIR and predictors. From a set of 14 candidate predictors, 4 were selected using a stepwise regression method and tested over a period from 1998 to 2006. The predictors selected are sea surface temperature during March over Indian Ocean, air temperature at 850?hPa during May over Peninsular India, zonal, and meridional wind at 700?hPa during February and January, respectively, over the Arabian Sea. The model captures a variance of 77.7% and has a multiple correlation of 0.88. The root mean square error, absolute mean error, and bias for the training (test) period were 7.6% (21.5%), 6.6% (17.9%), and 0% (11.4%) of mean rainfall, respectively. Results of the climatological predictions show that the model developed is useful.     

Some Aspects of the Characteristics of Monsoon Disturbances Using a Combined Barotropic－Baroclinic Model

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