El Nio事件发生对南北半球大气环流异常的对称及非对称性影响及其机理分析

利用合成分析方法,分析了1971~2003年间7个El Nio事件发生时南、北半球大气环流异常的对称与反对称特性。分析结果表明,El Nio事件发生期间,在热带地区15°S~15°N大气环流异常以对称性为主,但也有一定的反对称分量:高度场异常和纬向风异常的对称性较强,而经向风异常的反对称较强;同时在El Nio事件演变的各阶段,高度场异常和纬向风异常的变化较明显,而经向风的变化较小,高度场和风场异常在低层(700hPa)和高层(200 hPa)呈明显的反位相分布。并且,为探讨El Nio事件对南、北半球大气环流异常的非对称性影响的机理,本研究进一步利用ERA-40逐日资料,应用Hough函数分析了El Nio事件发生期间这些赤道波动的演变特征。结果表明,El Nio事件发生期间,热带地区大气环流异常对称性较强的主要原因是对称性Rossby波异常较强,而Rossby重力混合波异常对经向风场的反对称分量有重要作用;并且,研究结果还表明,在ElNio事件发生期间,热带东太平洋的海温正异常能够激发由对称性Rossby波和Kelvin波组成的Gill型环流异常。此外,分析表明Hough函数在分析热带大气波...     

E1 Ni(n)o事件发生对南北半球大气环流异常的对称及非对称性影响及其机理分析

利用合成分析方法, 分析了1971～2003年间7个El Ni(n)o事件发生时南、 北半球大气环流异常的对称与反对称特性.分析结果表明, El Ni(n)o事件发生期间, 在热带地区15°S～15°N大气环流异常以对称性为主, 但也有一定的反对称分量: 高度场异常和纬向风异常的对称性较强, 而经向风异常的反对称较强; 同时在El Nino事件演变的各阶段, 高度场异常和纬向风异常的变化较明显, 而经向风的变化较小, 高度场和风场异常在低层 (700 hPa) 和高层 (200 hPa) 呈明显的反位相分布.并且, 为探讨El Ni(n)o事件对南、 北半球大气环流异常的非对称性影响的机理, 本研究进一步利用ERA-40逐日资料, 应用Hough函数分析了El Nino事件发生期间这些赤道波动的演变特征.结果表明, El Ni(n)o事件发生期间, 热带地区大气环流异常对称性较强的主要原因是对称性Rossby波异常较强, 而Rossby重力混合波异常对经向风场的反对称分量有重要作用; 并且, 研究结果还表明, 在El Ni(n)o事件发生期间, 热带东太平洋的海温正异常能够激发由对称性Rossby波和Kelvin波组成的Gill型环流异常.此外, 分析表明Hough函数在分析热带大气波动的对称性及反对称性上具有明显的优越性.     

El Nino事件发生对南北半球大气环流异常的对称及非对称性影响及其机理分析

利用合成分析方法,分析了1971-2003年间7个El Nino事件发生时南、北半球大气环流异常的对称与反对称特性。分析结果表明,El Nino事件发生期间,在热带地区15°S-15°N大气环流异常以对称性为主,但也有一定的反对称分量：高度场异常和纬向风异常的对称性较强,而经向风异常的反对称较强;同时在El Nino事件演变的各阶段,高度场异常和纬向风异常的变化较明显,而经向风的变化较小,高度场和风场异常在低层（700hPa）和高层（200 hPa）呈明显的反位相分布。并且,为探讨El Nino事件对南、北半球大气环流异常的非对称性影响的机理,本研究进一步利用ERA-40逐日资料,应用Hough函数分析了El Nino事件发生期间这些赤道波动的演变特征。结果表明,El Nino事件发生期间,热带地区大气环流异常对称性较强的主要原因是对称性Rossby波异常较强,而Rossby重力混合波异常对经向风场的反对称分量有重要作用;并且,研究结果还表明,在ElNino事件发生期间,热带东太平洋的海温正异常能够激发由对称性Rossby波和Kelvin波组成的Gill型环流异常。此外,分析表明Hough函数在分析热带大气波动的对称性及反对称性上具有明显的优越性。     

东太平洋暖池及经向风异常在ENSO事件发生、发展过程中的作用

利用1982～1999期间LDEO海表温度资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析风场资料,分析东太平洋暖池及经向风异常与ENSO事件的可能关系。结果表明,东太平洋暖池气候平均海表温度存在明显的季节变化特征,且与El Niño事件春季发生、夏季发展、秋季达到成熟及冬季衰亡的成长过程非常相似。经向风异常及其散度与ENSO事件密切相关。综合考虑,提出了东太平洋暖池及经向风异常（北风距平及经向风距平散度辐合）对ENSO事件发生、发展作用的概念模型:北风距平爆发通过产生北风吹洋流的作用,将东太平洋暖池暖水由北向南输送至赤道附近,从而有利于Ni?o3区海表温度上升;几乎与此同时,东太平洋暖池赤道上经向风距平散度辐合不仅能导致暖水在赤道附近堆积,而且辐合的风场对赤道附近的冷上升流有抑制作用,从而有利于Niño3区海表温度的增加,上述增温因素的叠加作用有（不）利于El Niño（La Niña）事件的发生、发展。进一步分析表明,东太平洋暖池及经向风异常仅对El Niño（La Niña）事件发生、发展起促进（抑制）作用而不起决定作用。将东太平洋暖池、经向风异常与西太平洋暖池、西风距平结合起来一并考虑,完善了El Niño事件发生、发展机制。最后,初步分析1980、1990年代El Niño事件特性差异的可能原因。     

ENSO 与中国东部夏季降水的关联

计算1 月减6 月El Niño 3.4 指数与6—8 月平均200、850 hPa 风场的相关矢量,分析中等或强ElNiño/La Niña 事件后的夏季(6—8 月)中国东部降水异常分布、西太平洋副热带高压异常特征。结果表明,对ENSO 的响应,无论高、底层大气环流还是西太平洋副热带高压,1970 年代中期气候突变后变为更敏感。主要表现在:对衰减的El Niño 的响应,夏季南亚高压偏东,西太平洋副热带高压偏强、偏西、偏南,印度季风、南海季风减弱,黄河下游以南副热带季风增强。黄河中下游及以南形成异常环流辐合带,由El Niño 导致的降水正异常最有可能出现在这一西南-东北的带状区域。对衰减的La Niña 响应大致相反。      

东部型和中部型厄尔尼诺事件对山东夏季降水的不同影响

利用1951—2017年NOAA月平均海面温度、NCEP/NCAR的再分析资料以及中国160站月降水观测资料,通过分类合成分析方法研究了东部型（eastern Pacific,EP）和中部型（central Pacific,CP）厄尔尼诺（El Niño）事件当年及次年对山东夏季降水年际变化的影响。结果表明,两类El Niño发生年,山东夏季降水均较常年显著偏少,但EP El Niño对山东夏季降水的影响强度和范围略弱于CP El Niño：EP El Niño发生年夏季,仅鲁西北部分地区以及胶州湾附近降水较常年显著偏少,而CP El Niño当年夏季山东全区降水较常年显著偏少。EP El Niño和CP El Niño次年对山东夏季降水异常的影响呈反位相,且影响大值区空间位置也完全相反：EP El Niño次年夏季山东东部尤其是半岛地区降水较常年异常偏少（青岛地区最为突出）,而CP El Niño次年夏季山东中部和北部尤其是西北部地区降水较常年异常偏多。EP El Niño当年和次年夏季、CP El Niño当年夏季500 hPa高度场异常分布形势不利于西北太平洋副热带高压的北上,850 hPa风场为偏北风和偏东风异常,山东水汽输送条件差,水汽无明显辐合,造成大部分地区降水偏少。CP El Niño次年夏季西北太平洋副热带高压偏强,位置偏西偏北,850 hPa显著西南风场异常,山东中西部水汽辐合明显,这些是降水偏多的重要原因。     

ENSO 年冬季北半球平流层大气环流异常特征分析

利用1957-2002年欧洲中心的再分析资料和Hadley气候预测和研究中心的全球海表温度资料,对ENSO年冬季的平流层环流进行了合成分析,分别从暖事件和冷事件年的温度场、高度场和风场,分析研究了平流层大气环流的异常特征.分析结果表明,对应El Ni(n)o年冬季,在赤道东太平洋的温度场、高度场和纬向风场都有由大气低层的正距平转变为平流层负距平的特征;与之相反,在El Ni(n)a年冬季,赤道东太平洋大气低层的负距平到了高层变为正距平.同时,在纬向平均垂直剖面图中, El Ni(n)o年冬季北半球高纬地区从对流层顶到平流层温度场和高度场为正距平,而La Ni(n)na年出现相反的情况.在热带平流层,El Ni(n)o年冬季高空纬向风场在50 hPa到15 hPa左右为负距平,从15 hPa到1 hPa为正距平;而El Ni(n)a年则相反.在El Ni(n)o年冬季100 hPa以上的北半球高纬度地区存在一个类偶极子结构的异常高度场和风场,El Ni(n)o年在极区主要为正距平,El Ni(n)a年在极区主要为负距平.     

两类厄尔尼诺事件对登陆中国热带气旋的影响

利用上海台风研究所整编的1951—2016年西北太平洋热带气旋最佳路径数据集,NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和NOAA的COBE SST再分析资料,〖JP〗按照热带气旋生成区域将热带气旋分为南海热带气旋与西北太平洋热带气旋两类,采用合成分析等统计学方法探讨了热带气旋活动盛期,登陆中国的热带气旋对东部型和中部型厄尔尼诺（El Niño）事件的响应。结果表明,热带气旋活动盛期,南海热带气旋在两类El Niño事件下生成频数差异不大;东部型El Niño存续期南海热带气旋登陆中国比率较中部型El Niño时偏低,登陆时强度较中部型偏弱。中部型El Niño存续期间,西北太平洋热带气旋生成频数比东部型El Niño时的频数偏高,而登陆中国热带气旋较东部型偏少,登陆时热带气旋强度较东部型偏弱;但两类El Niño事件期间西北太平洋热带气旋在中国的登陆率差异没有通过显著性检验。与中部型El Niño事件相比,在东部型El Niño事件期间,西北太平洋海面温度偏低,对流层中部水汽条件较差,对流层低层涡度异常偏低,同时在热带气旋较为集中生成的海域存在沃克（Walker）环流的异常下沉气流,西太平洋副热带高压偏强偏东偏南,共同导致登陆中国热带气旋频数偏少。     

El Niño 事件对不同区域风场异常影响的差异

利用NMC850hPa月平均风场资料,对赤道太平洋-印度洋区域、热带两大洋过渡区域、东亚-西太平洋区域环流异常受El Niño茄事件影响程度作了估计。结果显示,3个区域环流异常受El Niño事件影响差异明显,从而揭示出某些区域环流异常成因的多元性。     

ENSO事件对中国南方冬春季气温的影响

本文分析了赤道东太平洋水温对中国南方冬春季气温的影响,讨论了这种影响的可能物理过程。结果表明,中国南方冬春季节,在El Niño年当年多偏暖天气,在反El Niño年当年多偏冷天气。同时指出,这种影响可能是通过赤道东太平洋海洋对大气的异常加热、对北半球冬季Hadley环流和中纬度西风环流型的影响来实现的。      

Summer monsoon circulation and precipitation over the tropical Indian Ocean during ENSO in the NCEP climate forecast system

This study investigates the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) teleconnections to tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) and their relationship with the Indian summer monsoon in the coupled general circulation model climate forecast system (CFS). The model shows good skill in simulating the impact of El Niño over the Indian Oceanic rim during its decay phase (the summer following peak phase of El Niño). Summer surface circulation patterns during the developing phase of El Niño are more influenced by local Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomalies in the model unlike in observations. Eastern TIO cooling similar to that of Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is a dominant model feature in summer. This anomalous SST pattern therefore is attributed to the tendency of the model to simulate more frequent IOD events. On the other hand, in the model baroclinic response to the diabatic heating anomalies induced by the El Niño related warm SSTs is weak, resulting in reduced zonal extension of the Rossby wave response. This is mostly due to weak eastern Pacific summer time SST anomalies in the model during the developing phase of El Niño as compared to observations. Both eastern TIO cooling and weak SST warming in El Niño region combined together undermine the ENSO teleconnections to the TIO and south Asia regions. The model is able to capture the spatial patterns of SST, circulation and precipitation well during the decay phase of El Niño over the Indo-western Pacific including the typical spring asymmetric mode and summer basin-wide warming in TIO. The model simulated El Niño decay one or two seasons later, resulting long persistent warm SST and circulation anomalies mainly over the southwest TIO. In response to the late decay of El Niño, Ekman pumping shows two maxima over the southern TIO. In conjunction with this unrealistic Ekman pumping, westward propagating Rossby waves display two peaks, which play key role in the long-persistence of the TIO warming in the model (for more than a season after summer). This study strongly supports the need of simulating the correct onset and decay phases of El Niño/La Niña for capturing the realistic ENSO teleconnections. These results have strong implications for the forecasting of Indian summer monsoon as this model is currently being adopted as an operational model in India.     

Upper-ocean dynamical features and prediction of the super El Niño in 2015/16: A comparison with the cases in 1982/83 and 1997/98

The 2015/16 super El Niño event has been widely recognized as comparable to the 1982/83 and 1997/98 El Niño events. This study examines the main features of upper-ocean dynamics in this new super event, contrasts them to those in the two historical super events, and quantitatively compares the major oceanic dynamical feedbacks based on a mixed-layer heat budget analysis of the tropical Pacific. During the early stage, this new event is characterized by an eastward propagation of SST anomalies and a weak warm-pool El Niño; whereas during its mature phase, it is characterized by a weak westward propagation and a westward-shifted SST anomaly center, mainly due to the strong easterly wind and cold upwelling anomalies in the far eastern Pacific, as well as the westward anomalies of equatorial zonal current and subsurface ocean temperature. The heat budget analysis shows that the thermocline feedback is the most crucial process inducing the SST anomaly growth and phase transition of all the super events, and particularly for this new event, the zonal advective feedback also exerts an important impact on the formation of the strong warming and westward-shifted pattern of SST anomalies. During this event, several westerly wind burst events occur, and oceanic Kelvin waves propagate eastwards before being maintained over eastern Pacific in the mature stage. Mean-while, there is no evidence for westward propagation of the off-equatorial oceanic Rossby waves though the discharging process of equatorial heat during the development and mature stages. The second generation El Niño prediction system of the Beijing Climate Center produced reasonable event real-time operational prediction during 2014–16, wherein the statistical prediction model that considers the preceding oceanic precursors plays an important role in the multi-method ensemble prediction of this super.     

Different impacts of various El Niño events on the Indian Ocean Dipole

Our early work (Wang and Wang in J Clim 26:1322–1338, 2013) separates El Niño Modoki events into El Niño Modoki I and II because they show different impacts on rainfall in southern China and typhoon landfall activity. The warm SST anomalies originate in the equatorial central Pacific and subtropical northeastern Pacific for El Niño Modoki I and II, respectively. El Niño Modoki I features a symmetric SST anomaly distribution about the equator with the maximum warming in the equatorial central Pacific, whereas El Niño Modoki II shows an asymmetric distribution with the warm SST anomalies extending from the northeastern Pacific to the equatorial central Pacific. The present paper investigates the influence of the various groups of El Niño events on the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). Similar to canonical El Niño, El Niño Modoki I is associated with a weakening of the Walker circulation in the Indo-Pacific region which decreases precipitation in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean and maritime continent and thus results in the surface easterly wind anomalies off Java-Sumatra. Under the Bjerknes feedback, the easterly wind anomalies induce cold SST anomalies off Java- Sumatra, and thus a positive IOD tends to occur in the Indian Ocean during canonical El Niño and El Niño Modoki I. However, El Niño Modoki II has an opposite impact on the Walker circulation, resulting in more precipitation and surface westerly wind anomalies off Java-Sumatra. Thus, El Niño Modoki II is favorable for the onset and development of a negative IOD on the frame of the Bjerknes feedback.     

Analysis of the non-linearity in the pattern and time evolution of El Niño southern oscillation

In this study the observed non-linearity in the spatial pattern and time evolution of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events is analyzed. It is shown that ENSO skewness is not only a characteristic of the amplitude of events (El Niños being stronger than La Niñas) but also of the spatial pattern and time evolution. It is demonstrated that these non-linearities can be related to the non-linear response of the zonal winds to sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. It is shown in observations as well as in coupled model simulations that significant differences in the spatial pattern between positive (El Niño) versus negative (La Niña) and strong versus weak events exist, which is mostly describing the difference between central and east Pacific events. Central Pacific events tend to be weak El Niño or strong La Niña events. In turn east Pacific events tend to be strong El Niño or weak La Niña events. A rotation of the two leading empirical orthogonal function modes illustrates that for both El Niño and La Niña extreme events are more likely than expected from a normal distribution. The Bjerknes feedbacks and time evolution of strong ENSO events in observations as well as in coupled model simulations also show strong asymmetries, with strong El Niños being forced more strongly by zonal wind than by thermocline depth anomalies and are followed by La Niña events. In turn strong La Niña events are preceded by El Niño events and are more strongly forced by thermocline depth anomalies than by wind anomalies. Further, the zonal wind response to sea surface temperature anomalies during strong El Niño events is stronger and shifted to the east relative to strong La Niña events, supporting the eastward shifted El Niño pattern and the asymmetric time evolution. Based on the simplified hybrid coupled RECHOZ model of ENSO it can be shown that the non-linear zonal wind response to SST anomalies causes the asymmetric forcings of ENSO events. This also implies that strong El Niños are mostly wind driven and less predictable and strong La Niñas are mostly thermocline depth driven and better predictable, which is demonstrated by a set of 100 perfect model forecast ensembles.     

Modulation of Convectively Coupled Kelvin Wave Activity in the Tropical Pacific by ENSO

The influence of El Nio-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the convectively coupled Kelvin waves over the tropical Pacific is investigated by comparing the Kelvin wave activity in the eastern Pacific (EP) El Nio, central Pacific (CP) El Nio, and La Nia years, respectively, to 30-yr (1982-2011) mean statistics. The convectively coupled Kelvin waves in this study are represented by the two leading modes of empirical orthogonal function (EOF) of 2-25-day band-pass filtered daily outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), with the estimated zonal wavenumber of 3 or 4, period of 8 days, and eastward propagating speed of 17 ms-1 . The most significant impact of ENSO on the Kelvin wave activity is the intensification of the Kelvin waves during the EP El Nios. The impact of La Nia on the reduction of the Kelvin wave intensity is relatively weaker, reflecting the nonlinearity of tropical deep convection and the associated Kelvin waves in response to ENSO sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. The impact of the CP El Nio on the Kelvin waves is less significant due to relatively weaker SST anomalies and smaller spatial coverage. ENSO may also alter the frequency, wavelength, and phase speed of the Kelvin waves. This study demonstrates that low-frequency ENSO SST anomalies modulate high-frequency tropical disturbances, an example of weather-climate linkage.     

ENSO teleconnections in projections of future climate in ECHAM5/MPI-OM

The teleconnections of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in future climate projections are investigated using results of the coupled climate model ECHAM5/MPI-OM. For this, the IPCC SRES scenario A1B and a quadrupled CO₂ simulation are considered. It is found that changes of the mean state in the tropical Pacific are likely to condition ENSO teleconnections in the Pacific North America (PNA) region and in the North Atlantic European (NAE) region. With increasing greenhouse gas emissions the changes of the mean states in the tropical and sub-tropical Pacific are El Niño-like in this particular model. Sea surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific are increased predominantly in its eastern part and redistribute the precipitation further eastward. The dynamical response of the atmosphere is such that the equatorial east–west (Walker) circulation and the eastern Pacific inverse Hadley circulation are decreased. Over the subtropical East Pacific and North Atlantic the 200 hPa westerly wind is substantially increased. Composite maps of different climate parameters for positive and negative ENSO events are used to reveal changes of the ENSO teleconnections. Mean sea level pressure and upper tropospheric zonal winds indicate an eastward shift of the well-known teleconnection patterns in the PNA region and an increasing North Atlantic oscillation (NAO) like response over the NAE region. Surface temperature and precipitation underline this effect, particularly over the North Pacific and the central North Atlantic. Moreover, in the NAE region the 200 hPa westerly wind is increasingly related to the stationary wave activity. Here the stationary waves appear NAO-like.     

Tropical cyclones in the SW Indian Ocean. Part 1: inter-annual variability and statistical prediction

The southwestern Indian Ocean (SWIO) is characterized by significant climate variability and frequent tropical cyclones (TC). Year-to-year fluctuations of TC and associated oceanic and atmospheric fields in the period 1961–2002 are studied with reanalysis data as composites and cross-correlations, with wavelet filtering and cross-modulus analysis, and by hovmoller analysis and multi-variate statistical modeling. Observational limitations in the early part of the record are recognized. An intense TC-days index is formed and is characterized by quasi-biennial to decadal cycles that relate to ocean Rossby waves and high latitude atmospheric circulations, respectively. New variables are uncovered that significantly improve the seasonal prediction of SWIO TC. One predictor is the geopotential height in the SE Pacific, which explains 31% of SWIO TC variability. It foretells of downstream oscillations in the sub-tropical jet stream, which govern wind shear, an equatorial duct and attendant circulation anomalies over the SWIO. An anti-phase association between Amazon convection and intense TCs is found to be related to the Atlantic Zonal Circulation. Drought across the Amazon is related to an increase in TC activity in the SWIO, when zonal wind anomalies over the Atlantic become upper easterly/lower westerly. This feature is related to Pacific Ocean El Niño Southern Oscillation phase. A La Niña signal favors TC development through a westward propagating cyclonic circulation and downweling Rossby wave in the South Indian Ocean that enhances thermodynamic energy. It is recommended to repeat this analysis every few years to determine whether teleconnections evolve due to climate drift or improving observations.     

Relationships between the East Asian-western north pacific monsoon and ENSO simulated by FGOALS-s2

The relationships between ENSO and the East Asian-western North Pacific monsoon simulated by the Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System model, Spectral Version 2 (FGOALS-s2), a state-of-the-art coupled general circulation model (CGCM), are evaluated. For El Nio developing summers, FGOALS-s2 reproduces the anomalous cyclone over the western North Pacific (WNP) and associated negative precipitation anomalies in situ. In the observation, the anomalous cyclone is transformed to an anomalous anticyclone over the WNP (WNPAC) during El Nio mature winters. The model reproduces the WNPAC and associated positive precipitation anomalies over southeastern China during winter. However, the model fails to simulate the asymmetry of the wintertime circulation anomalies over the WNP between El Nio and La Nia. The simulated anomalous cyclone over the WNP (WNPC) associated with La Nia is generally symmetric about the WNPAC associated with El Nio, rather than shifted westward as that in the observation. The discrepancy can partially explain why simulated La Nin a events decay much faster than observed. In the observation, the WNPAC maintains throughout the El Nio decaying summer under the combined effects of local forcing of the WNP cold sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) and remote forcing from basinwide warming in the tropical Indian Ocean. FGOALS-s2 captures the two mechanisms and reproduces the WNPAC throughout the summer. However, owing to biases in the mean state, the precipitation anomalies over East Asia, especially those of the Meiyu rain belt, are much weaker than that in the observation.