宁夏一次短时暴雨天气的跟踪预报分析

用卫星云图、雷达对2008年8月7日强对流天气产生的暴雨过程跟踪观测资料,结合自动站地面降水实况和WRF模式风场资料进行短时预报分析.结果表明:扩散东移冷空气和副热带高压边缘偏南暖湿气流的共同影响下,大气层结不稳定发生强烈的强对流天气;利用卫星云图,新一代天气雷达基本反射率强度图、0.5°仰角基本速度图和风廓线产品跟踪监测,综合分析预报短时暴雨天气是有效的方法.     

上海暴雨和强对流天气的地面观测分析

近年来,人们利用卫星、雷达和地面观测资料相结合的分析方法,得到了一些暴雨和强对流天气预报的经验。例如,姚祖庆、肖稳安等利用卫星云图资料概括出影响长江中下游暴雨和强对流天气的5种环境云场特征和在这些云场中暴雨和强对流云团的演变过程,通过追踪这些云团活动来作暴雨和强对流天气的预报。杜秉玉等以雷达资料为主设计了长江三峡和荆江地区暴雨预报的临近预报系统。文中利用上海地区稠密的地面观测资料,分析1983年9月3日、1985年7月11日、1983年7月26日影响上海的暴雨和龙卷天气过程中地面气象要素场和物理量场的先兆表现,期望从地面观测资料的变化特征提供暴雨和强对流天气预报的依据。     

应用多种探测资料对比分析两次突发性局地强降水

为了做好突发性局地暴雨的临近预报和预警,利用常规天气图、BJ-ANC系统的北京区域雷达拼图和VDRAS风场、地面自动站、风廓线雷达的水平风垂直廓线、卫星云图等多种探测资料,对2009年7月13日和2008年8月14日北京城区的两次突发性强对流局地暴雨天气的影响系统和中尺度系统进行了对比分析,提炼了城区突发对流性暴雨预报预警的预报着眼点。分析表明：两个个例在水汽输送条件、中低层的动力条件、冷空气侵入等方面有有利的天气尺度条件;暴雨之前卫星云图上介于南北两个系统之间的晴空区、对流系统的发生发展与1 km以下的中尺度辐合中心的联系等方面有相似之处;而在雷达回波的移向移速、各层VDRAS风场配置及风廓线雷达资料中水平风垂直廓线结构等方面有差异。通过分析研究,进一步提高了运用高时空分辨率资料作短时突发性对流性暴雨的预报能力,这对于主汛期的预报和服务工作有十分重要的作用。     

云南突发性特大暴雨过程成因分析

利用逐时卫星云图、雷达同波、自动雨量站等加密观测资料和NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°再分析资料,分析了云南4次特大暴雨的成因.结果表明,这4次突发性特大暴雨过程主要是中低层低涡切变线、西南气流的辐合造成水汽、能量的聚积,低层增暖增湿,500 hPa干冷空气入侵,形成强对流不稳定区;当低层水汽充足、局地大气具有潜在不稳定能量和适当的触发条件时,在500 hPa槽后易产生特大暴雨天气.卫星云图显示,特大暴雨过程由对流单体合并、加强为中尺度对流云团引起的.在雷达回波发展、移动过程中,始终存在同波合并效应,前部回波移动缓慢,后部中小尺度回波活动频繁,小单体快速生成合并,使得整块同波稳定少动,在强降雨阶段存在较强的风向、风速辐合.     

多种气象资料在荆门暴雨分析中的应用

本文利用常规气象观测资料、加密自动气象站降水资料、卫星云图和SWAP强对流路径预报资料、多普勒雷达以及风廓线雷达资料,用天气动力学诊断方法,对2013年一次影响湖北省荆门地区的江淮气旋暴雨过程进行分析,结果表明:(1)此次暴雨过程是由于中高纬有高原槽发展东移,槽前正涡度平流作用使得低层西南涡加强,低层减压形成江淮气旋,气旋东移发展而产生暴雨;(2)强降雨主要集中在两个时段,分别与西南涡加强东移和江淮气旋生成有很好的对应;(3)500h Pa垂直速度表明,强上升运动区的移动方向与雨带移动方向一致;水汽通量辐合中心发展并向东北方向移动,跟强降水有直接的对应关系;(4)风廓线雷达反演的热成风温度平流变化,大气折射率常数大值中心以及SWAP的强对流云团的路径外推预报对本地强降水发生位置具有重要的指示意义。     

三门峡市2006年两次下击暴流天气过程诊断分析

2006年5月26日和6月25日三门峡辖区均出现了以地面大风、冰雹为主的灾害性天气.利用常规观测资料和非常规加密探测资料以及雷达、卫星云图资料对这两次灾害性天气过程进行诊断分析,结果表明:这两次灾害性天气均是由500 hPa华北冷涡后部的下滑槽或横槽转竖带动北方冷空气急剧南下造成的下击暴流引发的强对流天气.当雷达回波顶高超过10 km、强度≥50 dBz并出现回波悬垂结构的超级对流单体或多单体超级对流风暴移来时,易产生强对流天气;强回波质心在移动过程中不断下降或回波悬垂结构、低层弱回波区出现在风暴后部时,是下击暴流发生的前兆;冰雹指数、风暴跟踪信息、中气旋3个产品叠加对强对流风暴发生、发展、移向的预报具有较好的参考作用.     

"2009.6.3"广东强降水过程分析

利用常规观测资料、数值预报、NCF.P1°*1°再分析资料、物理诊断量、卫星云图、雷达回波、地面自动站等资料,分析了2009年6月3日(以下简称"6.3")广东暴雨级强降水过程的特征,并探讨了此次暴雨级强降水的成因及落区.结果表明:此次天气过程是在高空槽、中层切变和地面低压槽共同配合下产生的;西北部暴雨发生在850hPa切变线南侧的风速辐合区,中部及粤东的暴雨与500hPa高空槽的移动有很好的对应关系.分析还发现:以大尺度天气为背景,充分分析数值预报可以大概确定强降水强度及落区,再仔细分析卫星云图、雷达回波、自动站等资料可以基本确定强降水发生、发展及结束时间.     

台风“天鸽”和“山竹”对肇庆风雨影响的对比分析

利用常规气象观测资料、区域加密自动站资料、多普勒天气雷达资料和卫星云图资料,对台风"天鸽"和"山竹"天气过程中肇庆的风雨分布特征及成因进行分析。结果表明:"天鸽"和"山竹"登陆时强度相当,登陆后移动路径相似、移速相仿,两次台风过程对肇庆风雨影响的强度都是自东南向西北递减,但"山竹"过程大风、暴雨天气范围更大,强度更强,持续时间更长,且局地出现了龙卷天气。热带气旋对肇庆的风雨影响差异主要与其结构、范围大小、登陆后维持在台风级别的持续时间、以及肇庆独特的地形分布有关。低层垂直风切变、强天气威胁指数和粗理查逊数对台风外围局地龙卷天气的发生具有指示意义。     

强对流天气雷电参数和雷达回波特征个例分析

分析2003年4月12日发生在江西省中北部的一次强对流过程的多普勒天气雷达探测资料和同时期的雷电参数结果发现：雷电参数对强对流天气反映更加敏感,雷电密集区的移动反映出强对流单体的移动趋势;雷电频数变化预示着强对流的不同发展阶段;根据雷电极性的变化,可判断强对流的种类。因此,结合雷达回波、卫星云图等资料,雷电参数可用于强对流天气的监测预报。雷电参数为强对流天气的短时预报增加了一种新的监测预警依据和手段。     

牡丹江大风天气相对螺旋度特征分析

本文利用多普勒雷达资料垂直风廓线(VWP)产品提供发生在牡丹江一次大风天气过程资料及暴雨天气过程,计算并分析这次大风天气的风暴相对螺旋度(SRH)特征,利用垂直风廓线产品计算风暴相对螺旋度(SRH),并分析牡丹江这次大风天气过程的SRH特征。结果表明:风暴相对螺旋度(SRH)对尺度非常小的强对流大风和暴雨天气有提前10-20 min的预报作用。应用VWP产品计算出的SRH,可以作为实际业务工作中预报大风和暴雨等天气的因子。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on