水环境中腐殖质对重金属吸附行为的影响

水环境中金属离子-腐殖质-矿物（或细菌）之间的相互作用能够显影响金属离子在地质体中的迁移和归宿。本综述了水环境中腐殖质对金属离子在矿物、微生物等表面只附行为影响的研究现状，分析讨论了复合型表面的基本特点、腐殖质对金属吸附到矿物表面的影响因素、腐殖质影响细菌表面吸附金属离子的机理，以及对三相体系不同研究的研究思路与结论等。     

红壤中矿物表面对腐殖质吸附萘的影响

矿物表面可改变土壤腐殖质对疏水性有机污染物的结合能力。采用红壤和高岭石分别与胡敏酸结合制备得到的两种复合体对萘的吸附等温线非线性显著,其n=0.76或0.74,并且有机碳归一化吸附分配系数的实验值Koacds是采用Kow计算得出的理论值Koc的5倍以上,表明红壤、高岭石均对腐殖质吸附萘有强化作用,且红壤较之高岭石对腐殖质吸附萘的影响稍强些。主要原因是,红壤中除了高岭石外,还有与腐殖质结合力很强的铁氧化物,而且很可能是吸附态腐殖质组成结构形态发生了有利于对萘吸附的改变。     

土壤矿物学研究综述

土壤矿物是土壤物质组成的主体 ,是土壤微量元素的主要来源。土壤矿物的研究是土壤学研究的前沿基础领域。通过对土壤矿物尤其是粘土矿物的研究 ,可以揭示土壤的发生学特性、母质特征、成土过程及环境 ,揭示土壤的发育程度和肥力水平 ,为环境保护、优质生产和土壤改良提供基础依据。本文指出了土壤矿物学的研究意义 ,综述了土壤矿物学的研究进展 ,总结了不同类型土壤矿物的组成特征及其与成土作用、风化程度和生物气候条件间的变化规律     

矿物环境属性与无机界天然自净化功能

本将矿物学研究从岩石圈拓展到水圈、大气圈、生物圈与土壤圈之间交互作用的矿物环境属性范畴，研究表明，矿物可成为记录环境演变信息的载体；防止矿物的破坏与分解有可能减少甚至避免由此所造成的对人体健康的影响与生态环境的破坏；矿物与生物交互作用的研究与天然矿物治理污染物的是建立在充分利用自然规律的基础之上，体现了天然自净化作用的特色。天然矿物对污染物的净化功能主要体现在环境矿物材料基本性能方面。天然铁的硫化物，铁的氧化物，锰的氧化物、钛的氧化物。蛭石，有机蒙脱石和含高价阳离子蒙脱石，以及黄钾铁矾等均在处理无机与有机污染物方面展现出良好效果，矿物与其环境界面原子尺度相互作用过程研究，矿物内部结构缺陷影响矿物表面活性规律研究，矿物晶体结构中不同维次连通性孔道效应研究,矿物化学活性作发化污染物方法研究，以及矿物晶芽与生物细胞层次上交互作用净化污染物机理研究等，将是近期着力开发无机界矿物天然自净化功能的重点研究内容。     

纳米颗粒物:独具特性的地球化学组成

至少一维尺度上小于100 nm的颗粒物均称为纳米颗粒物,在人工纳米颗粒物产生的几十亿年前,地球已经通过其特有的生物地球化学过程合成各类天然纳米颗粒物.这些纳米颗粒物及其次生产物具有独特的理化特性,并参与各种地球化学过程,体现其非凡的地球化学意义.从地球化学的角度,解析了环境纳米颗粒物的定义和分类,重点阐述了风化壳与水体中天然和次生纳米颗粒物的形成,并在天然纳米颗粒物中区分了纳米矿物和矿物纳米颗粒物;同时,也讨论了大气纳米颗粒物的来源、成因与环境影响.该综述列举了目前环境中纳米颗粒物表征与鉴别的技术和方法,重点剖析了纳米颗粒物的地球化学功能和环境意义,并对该领域的研究前沿问题进行了概述.      

矿物表面活性与反应性

矿物表面活性是矿物表界面反应中一个重要的指标性参数。如矿物溶解和晶体生长、矿物表面吸附和表面络合反应、矿物表面氧化还原和催化反应,都与矿物表面活性相关。甚至生物矿物界面作用过程中,常用到矿物表面反应性氧基(ROS),其释放能力也与矿物表面活性密切相     

纳米矿物-水溶液界面过程

在地球环境中普遍存在的纳米矿物-水溶液界面对许多基本的地球化学过程都至关重要,因而是纳米地球化学的前沿核心研究领域.简要介绍了纳米矿物-水溶液界面领域的基本概念和近期研究进展.举例描述了纳米矿物团聚、吸附、溶解和化学反应等几个相互关联的主要过程,具体阐述了纳米矿物自身特征（如组成、结构、尺寸、形貌、表面保护剂等）以及环境介质条件（如pH、离子强度、化学反应物质、天然有机质浓度和组成、微生物、光辐射等）对纳米矿物-水溶液界面过程的影响规律和微观机制.针对本领域发展面临的机遇和挑战,为未来的研究方向提出了一些设想和建议.      

关键带中天然半导体矿物光电子的产生与作用

在地球上最不均匀和最复杂的区域——关键带这一极为复杂的开放系统中,矿物与微生物无时无刻不在发生着人们尚未充分认识到的自然作用。文中总结了作者十余年来在矿物与微生物交互作用研究领域,侧重在半导体矿物与微生物协同作用研究方向上所取得的研究成果,重点简述了自然界中半导体矿物特征、半导体矿物光电子特性、矿物光电子促进生命起源与演化、微生物利用矿物光电子——光电能微生物的发现以及土壤矿物光电子与微生物协同固碳作用等研究工作。矿物与微生物之间电子转移和能量流动是关键带中最为重要的动力机制之一,探讨关键带中大量存在的天然半导体矿物如何转化太阳能为化学能或者生物质能的微观作用,可为揭示关键带中多个圈层之间交互作用如何影响地球物质演化、生物进化与环境演变的宏观过程提供理论依据,充满着科学发现与理论突破的机遇。     

黏土矿物—水界面的量子力学模拟研究

黏土矿物广泛分布于自然界中,其对地质和地球化学过程有重要意义,也是工业、环境等领域中的重要矿物材料。黏土矿物的众多物化性质均与其表界面结构和性质有关。作为实验研究方法的重要补充,量子力学模拟被广泛用于黏土表界面性质的研究。本文回顾了利用量子分子动力学模拟对黏土矿物-水界面性质的研究,包括表界面结构、表面酸度和离子络合等方面。     

长石风化作用及影响因素分析

长石类矿物是地壳中最常见的硅酸盐矿物,其风化作用对地球表面环境有显著影响,因而是风化作用研究的重点矿物之一。文中以长石为例,对硅酸盐矿物的风化作用研究现状从矿物的自然风化、模拟矿物化学风化和矿物的生物风化3个方面进行阐述;对影响矿物风化的各种因素及其在风化过程中所起的作用,以及长石微生物风化作用的机理和过程进行分析;指出目前硅酸盐矿物风化研究中存在的问题,并对未来的发展方向提出建议,指出对微生物-矿物复合体微环境物理化学性质的深入研究可能成为揭示微生物-矿物相互作用机理的一个突破口。     

Absorbed complex of riverine solid substances and its role in geochemical balance of the ocean

Data on the composition of the absorbed complex of riverine solid substances and its transformation in marine environments obtained from field observations and experimental investigations are systematized and generalized. Average values of the specific surface of the riverine suspended particulates (~20 m²/g) and the total exchange capacity of solid substances of the continental runoff (~28 mg-equiv/100 g or 280 g-equiv/t of the transported terrigenous material) are determined. It is shown that the composition of the absorbed complex in the riverine suspended particulates, as well as bottom sediments of rivers and inland water bodies differs principally from that of bottom sediments in oceans and seas: Ca dominates in the first case; Na, in the second case. When the riverine terrigenous material enters oceans and seas, the composition of the absorbed complex is subjected to the ion-exchange transformation reflected in the replacement of exchange Ca (~80%) mainly by Na and also by K and Mg of seawater. This process is responsible for the influx of 45.5 Mt/yr of dissolved Ca to ocean and the removal of 37.3, 12.8, and 3.9 Mt/yr of Na, K, and Mg, respectively. The relative transport of Ca, Na, K, and Mg to ocean with the river runoff is +7.5,–12.3,–22.4, and–2.6%, respectively.     

合肥市大气颗粒物组成及其环境指示意义

化学组成、微量元素、X-射线粉末衍射、红外吸收光谱、扫描电镜分析等研究，显示合肥市各个取样点大气颗粒物组成基本稳定，矿物组成为：伊利石、石膏、绿泥石、石英、长石、方解石、白云石、无定型非晶质物，具有异常的钙、钴、铜、铅、锌含量，主要为微米粒级颗粒，综合分析结果揭示合肥地区大气颗粒物主要源于水泥工业和交通造成的污染，部分来源于地面扬尘和工业窑炉。大气降尘中较多石膏（大于10%）的存在，说明大气SO2污染比较严重。     

有机酸与矿物间界面作用研究评述

介绍了近年来有机酸与矿物之间相互作用的研究进展，重点探讨有机还可能与矿物间相互作用的环境意义、作用模式以及低分子量有机酸和高分子量腐殖酸在与矿物作用时各自的特点和彼此间的差异。有机酸-矿物界面作用控制着金属、有机污染物的迁移、转化与归宿以及生物可给性。有机酸-矿物界面作用存在多种模式，主要受有机酸和矿物的活性基团类型、含量分布以及有机酸分子量大小和疏水性等因素的影响。     

Formation of Concentric Rings Around Sources

Zones of increased concentration formed by a solvent flowing from a source are considered. A matehmatical model for forming such zones is proposed. It takes into account that such a zone is composed of a set of independent particles. Hence the distribution of a substance around the source can be explained by movement of an individual particle. In the model this movement is a continuous semi-Markov process with terminal stopping at some random point in space. Parameters of the process depend on the velocity field of the flow. Forward and backward partial differential equations for the distribution density of a random stopping point of the process are derived. The forward equation is investigated for the centrally symmetric case. Solutions of the equation demonstrate either a maximum or a local minimum at the source location. In the latter case a concentric ring around the source is formed. If different substances vary in their absorption rates, they can form separable concentration zones as a family of concentric rings.     

日本福岛第一核电站核泄漏后放射性物质运动轨迹

日本北部近海于2011年3月11日发生里氏9.0级地震,导致福岛第一核电站发生一连串事故并引发了核泄漏。日前此次核事故级别由事发后定的5级提至7级(核事故最高级别),核泄漏后放射性物质的扩散与迁移是目前关于核事故研究的热点之一。利用HYSPLIT模型模拟核爆炸后空气中放射性物质的运动轨迹发现核大气颗粒物主要运移方向为东和东北方向,进入太平洋上空,甚至美国境内,亦有朝南转西南运移的轨迹与趋势,使得放射性物质进入中国上空。根据历史气象资料对接下来的5—8月份大气颗粒物的运动轨迹进行预测,分析结果显示放射性物质随后可能往北,东北和西部运移,由于风向,降雨和洋流等的影响,将会继续影响中国,运移到中国的携带放射性物质的大气颗粒物主要来自高空。     

Pollutants,human health and the environment – A risk-based approach

Over the last 50 a there has been mounting unease about the risk of synthetic chemicals to human health. Publication of Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring in 1962 catalyzed public concern about chemicals. There is now a vast range of synthetic substances in the environment and their potential cocktail as well as the effects of chronic exposure is of concern. Concerns about pollution are not restricted to toxic chemicals, with radioactivity being an issue that continues to be emotive, and exposure to substances such as particulates has been seen to cause health problems. Improved understanding of chemical risks to the environment and human health suggest that a precautionary approach is adopted, with new approaches demonstrating how nature uses thousands of sustainable, non-toxic processes, which can be copied by industry. Policy has evolved from the prevention of local pollution to the holistic management of environmental quality. Regulation is now increasingly underpinned by risk assessment and responsibility for understanding and managing chemical risk is being transferred progressively to manufacturers and users. There is now an increased emphasis on individual responsibilities which requires a debate about the risks and benefits of chemicals in which all members of society can participate.     

Temperature dependence of the reactivity of cemented paste backfill

The environmental performance of cemented paste backfill (CPB; a mixture of tailings, water and binder), which contains sulphide mineral-bearing tailings, is strongly influenced by its reactivity. However, our understanding of the reactivity of CPB under various thermal loading conditions as well as its evolution with time is limited. Hence, a laboratory investigation is conducted to study the effects of curing and ambient (atmospheric) temperatures on the reactivity of CPB. Oxygen consumption (OC) tests are conducted on CPB specimens cured at different temperatures to study their reactivity. Furthermore, microstructural analyses (e.g., x-ray diffraction (XRD), mercury intrusion porosimetry, and thermogravimetry/derivative thermogravimetry) are performed to assess the microstructural characteristics of the tested CPBs. The results show that the reactivity of CPB is temperature-dependent. As the curing temperature increases, the reactivity generally decreases. The reactivity is also affected by the ambient temperature. The reactivity increases as the atmospheric temperature increases. However, the extent of the effect of the temperature depends on the curing time and is generally more pronounced at the early ages. Furthermore, the presence of sulphate in the pore water of CPB can significantly affect the reactivity of CPB cured at high temperatures (50 °C). The findings of this study will therefore help to better assess and predict the environmental behavior of CPB under various field thermal conditions.     

Periodic frontogenesis in a region of freshwater influence

Observations are presented from a series of three conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) surveys of the salinity and temperature structure of Liverpool Bay, a region that is strongly influenced by the input of fresh water from the rivers of northwest England. The surveys demonstrate the development, seaward movement, and eventual decay of a haline front. The frontogenesis is driven by the relaxation of a freshwater-induced horizontal density gradient following the decrease in tidal range at neap tides. It results in the area of Liverpool Bay being stratified for a period of 8 d before the increase in tidal mixing as the spring tide approaches returns the region to its initial vertically mixed state. In Liverpool Bay this process usually repeats on the spring-neap cycle, though strong wind-mixing may prevent the frontogenesis and subsequent stratification. Analysis with a 1-dimensional numerical model suggests that relaxation of an initially nonlinear horizontal density field, creating the front, is triggered by the stability produced by tidal straining of the water column during the ebb half-cycle. The reduction in tidal mixing energy approaching neap tide does not lead to frontogenesis without this initial stability. Such a regular stratification signal will have a marked effect on the local environment. The periodic frontogenesis will act as a tidal pump, moving buoyant substances in the water column offshore, while the onshore residual currents lower in the water column will more deeper dissolved substances inshore. The cycling of stability on the springneap time scale is considerably faster than the seasonal cycle of thermal stratification in the shelf seas, but is similar in creating the conditions required for phytoplankton blooms. Conditions favorable for enhanced primary production may therefore occur frequently in such regions of freshwater influence.     

Influence of Intra- and Interspecific Interactions on Short-term Movement of the Amphipod Corophium volutator in Varying Environmental Conditions

Movement of animals on intertidal mudflats can have profound consequences for population and community dynamics. Such movement is often influenced by biotic interactions, but the abiotic environment can also be important, affecting the strength of species’ interactions and even changing their outcome. Here, we focused on two biotic interactions and examined their effect on movement of the burrow-dwelling amphipod Corophium volutator: intraspecific interactions (specifically, the effect of conspecific density) and interspecific interactions with a competitor–predator, the mud snail Ilyanassa obsoleta (=Nassarius obsoletus). We assessed the magnitude of the temporal variation and examined the influence of pertinent abiotic variables (lunar cycle, presence of tide pools). Despite substantial temporal variation in movement levels, density of conspecifics did not influence emigration or immigration rates of C. volutator. Mud snails negatively affected immigration of C. volutator, and this was consistent across all lunar phases. However, mud snails influenced mortality and emigration of C. volutator in a contrasting way relative to lunar phases; sometimes amphipods evaded snails and survived, but at other times did not emigrate and were killed. The presence of tide pools did not change the nature or strength of the snail–amphipod interaction. Our results further clarify the complex interactions between C. volutator and I. obsoleta and suggest that resources on the mudflat are sufficient to sustain high densities of amphipods in a density-independent manner. Further, they highlight the importance of considering multiple environmental variables when examining interspecific interactions.     

构造应力作用下流体运动的动力学分析——构造流体动力学

本文从流体动力学的基本规律出发,应用渗流力学、岩土力学及弹性力学的理论及方法,推导出了考虑应力状态的可变形介质中流体运动的动力学方程,由该方程可以看出：应力状态是影响流体运动的一个非常重要的因素,它通过３种方式来影响流体的运动,其一是：应力的作用改变介质的渗透性能,从而影响流体运动;其二是：平均正应力的变化速率影响介质的含流体能力,它以源汇项的形式反映在方程中;其三是：应力的作用影响流场的初始状态及边界状态,通过影响定解条件反映在动力学方程中,从而影响运动特征。构造应力场对流体运动的最终影响是这３方面作用