大地高程误差对卫星网与地面网联合平差的影响

在地面网与卫星网的联合平差中,地面网大地高程的精度对于平差方法的选择具有重要意义。本文从两网联合平差的基本数学模型出发,导出了地面网点大地坐标的微变化对联合平差后相应坐标平差值影响的一般表达式。并利用模拟同分别计算了表征大地经纬度和高程的变化对联合平差后大地坐标影响的相应系数矩阵。该系数矩阵表明,如果地面网大地坐标各分量的精度相近,则它们通过联合平差各自引起的大地纬度平差值的残差将保持同一数量级。根据对模拟网的数值计算结果得出的结论是:在三维坐标系进行联合平差时,高程和平面位置的精度具有同样重要意义,但并不意味着要求两者的精度相当,重要的问题在于可靠地获得它们各自的精度信息。即使大地高程的精度较低,只要能可靠地确定它们的方差与协方差,仍以在三维系统进行联合平差为宜。而当大地高程精度难以可靠地确定时,赋以大地高程较小的权可明显地减弱其对平差结果的不利影响,虽然这样在一定程度上损失了大地高程所提供的有用信息,但此之在二维平差中,放弃大地高程这一分量是更为适宜的。     

监测大区域地壳垂直形变的重复精密重力和水准测量联合平差模型

随着精密绝对和相对重力测量仪器的巨大改进及精度的极大提高，用重复精密重力测量的方法监测大区域地壳垂直形变已成为可能。与复测精密水准测量比较，它具有观测周期短、所花人力物力少、误差积累不象水准测量受大气垂直折光影响那样显著等优点，特别是在进行重复绝对重力测量的情况下能确定地壳的整体垂直位移。本文提出了两期重复重力和水准测量的三种联合平差模型，讨论了重力-高程因子的确定以及整体位移计算等问题。     

附有限制条件的间接平差的图像配准算法及其应用

图像配准是超分辨率图像重建过程中的一个重要步骤。在实际应用中,Keren算法在旋转角度大于6°时存在较大的配准误差,且其计算复杂度随着图像平移量增大将增长数倍;Vandewalle算法在角度配准中存在一定的优势,但整体配准精度不如Keren算法。针对两种配准算法存在的问题,利用测量平差中附有限制条件的间接平差原理,提出一种改进算法。利用Vandewalle算法解算出图像间的旋转参数和平移参数,将旋转参数作为Keren算法参数的限制条件,并以平移参数作为初始值,代入Keren配准公式中,依据附有限制条件的间接平差原理,迭代求出平移参数的改正值。研究表明,该算法成功避免了大角度旋转情况下Keren算法因角度的泰勒级数展开所带来的误差,提高了配准精度,且具有更好的重建效果。     

数字化曲线的参数平差

针对数字化地图的特点和一般数字化曲线拟合方法的不足,提出利用附有限制条件的参数平差来估计拟合曲线参数的计算方法。在参数平差中,把纵坐标和横坐标均看作为观测值,综合处理偶然误差和系统误差的联合影响,利用参数的协方差矩阵对平差结果进行精度评定,并利用圆曲线函数模型进行平差实例计算,检验了参数平差的合理性。     

稳健估计法在拟稳平差中的应用

本文对自由网拟稳平差提出将两期成果联合处理原理，并将两期中的点的显著位移当粗差看待，从而将稳健估计用来求出动点位移得出拟稳平差结果，文中应用实例取得了较好的效果。     

既有铁路曲线整正平差算法

在研究铁路线形特点和曲线整正原则的基础上,探讨以既有铁路线实测坐标为观测值,运用最小二乘平差方法进行曲线整正计算的方法.首先讨论铁路曲线平差的数学模型,然后给出曲线整正平差算法中拨距量计算的有关算式并对两则算例进行分析.结果表明这种平差算法不仅能够满足曲线整正计算的各项原则和技术要求,而且计算方便,精度高于传统方法.     

林地面积的手持GPS量测

通过秩亏自由网平差原理对手持式GPS接收机测量的坐标值进行平差,旨在提高手持式GPS测量地块面积的精度。实验证明,用秩亏自由网平差法求算面积的精度,有效地考虑了各点的误差,虽然计算过程很复杂,但是通过VisualBasic编制的程序可以很快完成面积计算、精度评定等工作。虽然手持式GPS有一定的定位误差,但是通过皮尺测距有效地控制了其误差,提高了观测精度,可广泛应用于林分面积量测及地类变化监测。     

多条带WorldView卫星图像几何定位精度分析

本文针对多个条带WorldView卫星图像,研究了基于有理函数模型的附加参数区域网平差方法,对高分辨率卫星图像定位精度进行了详细分析。青海地区WorldView卫星图像试验结果表明:无地面控制点时,多条带整体区域网定位结果优于各个条带单独平差结果,区域网平差方法结果优于直接前方交会方法;有地面控制点时,多条带区域网平差结果与各个条带单独平差结果相当,且沿路线不大于10km布设一个地面控制点,其精度可满足1∶2000比例尺加密精度要求,可用于公路初步设计。     

一种全站仪不整平后方交会测量数据处理模型研究

全站仪设站测量的人工整平是目前既有线铁路天窗期外业轨道测量效率高低的重要影响因素。为了实现全站仪的不整平后方交会测量,本文首先提出了基于斜距观测值的三维后方交会测量平差模型,经过实验验证发现,基于单一斜距观测值的后方交会测量平差模型存在一定缺陷。之后对上述平差模型进行了两种不同方法的改进,分别是基于斜距观测值的后方交会测量迭代平差和斜距观测值与竖盘读数观测值逐次平差。经实验数据验证与分析,改进后的两种平差模型均可以计算出较为可靠的后方交会点三维坐标与设站精度,说明改进模型具有可行性,同时提出了该方向需要继续深入研究的问题。     

数字化曲线的附加系统参数平差

针对一般地图数字化曲线拟合方法的不足,提出了利用附加系统参数平差计算拟合曲线的参数。在参数平差中,将数字化曲线的X坐标和Y坐标均看作观测值,综合处理偶然误差和系统误差的联合影响,并评定精度。用t分布对系统参数进行显著性检验,结果表明附加系统参数模型正确。     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.     

Toward seamless indoor-outdoor applications: Developing stakeholder-oriented location-based services

Location-Based Services (LBS),an emerging new business based on smartphone and mobile networks,are becoming more and more popular.Most of these LBSs,however,only offer non-seamless indoor/outdoor applications and simple applications without giving stakeholders the chance to play an active role.Our specific aim is to solve these issues.This paper presents concepts to solve these issues by expanding the Open Location Services Interface Standard (OpenLS) to allow seamless indoor/outdoor positioning and to extend the content of the services to include information recommended by stakeholders.     

地理数据库的关系模型及其实现

本文从以图论观点分析地理实体入手,系统阐述了地理数据库关系模型的设计法和过程。作者于1984年4～9月间在微型机上设计建立了关系型地理数据库的实方验系统(RGDB)。该系统采用了本文提出的关系模型,采用了可动态扩库的子库组合结构,这种结构具有灵活性和提高空间利用率的优点。RGDB含有多种功能的数据操作命令,除了具有一般检索功能外,还能进行“开窗”选取和十分“自由”的映象选取。本文对RGDB系统的主要性能和实现途径作了扼要介绍。     

GIS空间数据的采集误差及其分析

本文详细阐述了GIS数据采集过程中的误差来源，重点分析了通过地图、遥感和摄影测量等方式采集数据所产生的误差及其特性，分析了其对GIS数据的影响与消减方法。