基于平面特征的地面雷达点云配准算法

针对地面LiDAR点云配准中不同坐标系点云数据存在对应的平面特征不同的问题,文章提出了一种基于总体最小二乘的地面LiDAR点云数据配准算法:通过对分割后的点云数据平面拟合,得到相应法向量;根据不同坐标系中LiDAR点云数据对应的平面法向量,利用反对称矩阵和罗德里格矩阵的性质,用3个独立参数代替3个旋转参数,采用总体最小二乘法建立旋转矩阵解算模型;采用总体最小二乘法确定平移参数的计算公式;最后根据转换后特征点云与对应平面点云的重复情况,给出了配准模型的精度公式。实验结果表明该方法精度较高,可以取得较好的点云配准效果,适合于含有大量重复平面特征的点云数据的配准。     

基于可移动角点的航空和地面LiDAR数据配准

针对航空和地面LiDAR数据配准中点云数据的共轭特征较少且精度差异较大的问题,提出了一种基于可移动角点的航空和地面LiDAR数据配准方法:从航空和地面LiDAR数据中分别提取相应的建筑物角点,采用6参数模型对角点进行初始配准;以地面角点为参照,利用迭代移动方法对误差较大的航空角点进行修正;最后根据移动后的航空和地面角点计算获得点云配准关系。实验结果表明,该文方法可取得较好的点云配准效果,角点修正后能有效提升点云配准精度,适合于含有角点特征的航空和地面LiDAR数据配准。     

地面LiDAR点云数据先局部后整体配准方法

针对地面LiDAR获取的庞大点云数据,提出无人工标志的地面LiDAR点云先局部后整体的配准方法。分割出待配准的两测站重叠区域小块点云,采用基于KD-Tree遍历最近邻域点集的ICP算法计算三维坐标转换参数,实现地面LiDAR点云数据的快速配准。     

基于DLG的LiDAR点云自动配准及精度分析

针对LiDAR数据平面精度达不到大比例尺传统测绘要求的问题,提出一种基于DLG的LiDAR点云自动配准方法。通过提取点云地物边界曲线与DLG数据曲线进行匹配,得到校正向量,实现机载LiDAR点云的全地形自动配准。本方法引入傅里叶描述子用于描述曲线特征,克服了常规方法中只提取直线特征的局限。通过对配准结果的精度统计和分析表明,能够达到较高的配准精度。     

基于建筑轮廓的车载和航空LiDAR数据配准

点云配准是集成车载和航空LiDAR数据进行三维建筑模型构建的重要环节。本文以建筑轮廓为配准基元,提出了一套完整的车载和航空LiDAR数据配准流程,包括点云数据中建筑轮廓的提取、基于建筑轮廓的点云配准两个步骤。文中首先提出了一种极大值累积量的方法,以实现车载LiDAR点云中建筑轮廓的提取;在利用建筑轮廓进行初始配准的基础上,提出了一种配准关系修正的方法以精确配准点云。实验证明,极大值累积量方法能够有效地从车载LiDAR点云中提取建筑轮廓,本文的配准方法能够实现车载和航空LiDAR数据的高精度配准。     

直线簇约束下的地面LiDAR点云配准方法

高精度的地面LiDAR点云配准是空间目标三维表面拓扑重建的关键,针对待配准LiDAR点云和基准LiDAR点云存在位置、姿态和比例缩放差异的问题,提出了基于直线簇的地面LiDAR点云配准方法。首先,根据直线间相交、平行和异面的拓扑关系,分别对待配准和基准LiDAR点云的直线进行聚簇,构建直线簇;然后,分别将同名直线用Plücker坐标表示,通过待配准LiDAR点云的直线簇在空间中的螺旋缩放运动,使其与基准LiDAR点云的直线簇比例尺一致,且同名Plücker直线重合,构建基于直线簇的共线条件方程,实现了比例因子和相对位姿一体化解算。实验结果表明,直线簇的螺旋缩放增强了配准方程的几何约束性,提高了抗噪声能力,实现了高精度的地面LiDAR点云配准。     

车载联合机载LiDAR点云数据的建筑物立面精细分割

从数据量庞大且散乱的车载LiDAR点云中分割出建筑物立面数据是一项繁琐而艰巨的工作。本文提出一种结合机载LiDAR点云的车载LiDAR点云建筑物立面分割方法。该方法在空-地点云严格配准的基础上,从机载LiDAR点云中分割出每栋建筑物的顶部点云,提取建筑物顶部外轮廓线并进行规则矢量化处理,设置轮廓线缓冲区实现立面点云的粗分割;再采用基于稳健特征值的平面拟合法对单栋建筑物的每个立面进行去噪滤波,实现建筑物立面的精细分割。试验结果证明了该算法对城市场景中车载LiDAR点云处理的有效性。     

基于地形变化检测的机载LiDAR滤波方法

LiDAR滤波是从其数据中提取数字地形模型(DTM)的一个主要步骤。当前的LiDAR滤波方法大都是通过单一的LiDAR点云数据来进行的,由于点云缺乏真实数据作参考,在滤波时可能会出现较大的误差。因此,提出一种基于地形变化检测的机载LiDAR滤波方法。首先将LiDAR点云数据与已有的DEM数据精确配准并统一到同一坐标系下,然后对LiDAR点云数据进行格网化组织,使LiDAR点云数据与DEM数据中相应的区域对应,最后把已有的DEM数据与LiDAR点云数据叠加进行滤波。为了验证该方法,采用城区和山区2种不同地形特点的数据分别进行试验。结果表明该方法能有效滤除城市和山地环境中的地物,并且保留地形的细节信息。     

基于共面条件的点云配准旋转角参数求解方法

针对目前LiDAR获取的点云数据配准中ICP算法迭代计算效率较低和使用标靶配准时精扫标靶费时费力等问题,提出利用扫描地物所包含的平面特征及点云数据的离散特性,通过拟合平面得到平面的单位法向量进行旋转角的求解.由于点云数据中含有误差,使用拟合平面的法向量不仅避免了对标靶的精细扫描,而且也消弱了点云误差对转换参数的影响.最后通过实例验证了本文方法的可行性与严密性.     

顾及城区机载LiDAR数据特征的配准算法

条带配准是点云数据处理的一个重要环节.文章介绍了经典ICP配准算法的基本原理;考虑到城区机载LiDAR数据中地物的组成、空间分布等特征,提出了一种ICP算法中对应点集的选择策略,并建立了城区机载LiDAR数据的自动配准流程.利用河南安阳试验场的真实点云数据进行配准实验,结果表明在不需要人工干预的情况下,可以很好地将条带数据拼接在一起,建立无缝点云数据.     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.     

Toward seamless indoor-outdoor applications: Developing stakeholder-oriented location-based services

Location-Based Services (LBS),an emerging new business based on smartphone and mobile networks,are becoming more and more popular.Most of these LBSs,however,only offer non-seamless indoor/outdoor applications and simple applications without giving stakeholders the chance to play an active role.Our specific aim is to solve these issues.This paper presents concepts to solve these issues by expanding the Open Location Services Interface Standard (OpenLS) to allow seamless indoor/outdoor positioning and to extend the content of the services to include information recommended by stakeholders.     

GIS空间数据的采集误差及其分析

本文详细阐述了GIS数据采集过程中的误差来源，重点分析了通过地图、遥感和摄影测量等方式采集数据所产生的误差及其特性，分析了其对GIS数据的影响与消减方法。     

地理数据库的关系模型及其实现

本文从以图论观点分析地理实体入手,系统阐述了地理数据库关系模型的设计法和过程。作者于1984年4～9月间在微型机上设计建立了关系型地理数据库的实方验系统(RGDB)。该系统采用了本文提出的关系模型,采用了可动态扩库的子库组合结构,这种结构具有灵活性和提高空间利用率的优点。RGDB含有多种功能的数据操作命令,除了具有一般检索功能外,还能进行“开窗”选取和十分“自由”的映象选取。本文对RGDB系统的主要性能和实现途径作了扼要介绍。