简化5级-CKF在SINS大失准角初始对准中的应用

针对大失准角情况下,利用3级-CKF进行SINS初始对准性能不高的问题,提出5级-CKF算法。在系统模型噪声和量测噪声均为加性噪声且量测方程为线性方程时,推导了简化5级-CKF算法,步骤需要在Kalman滤波的基础上利用5级容积采样点对非线性状态方程的状态及其方差进行预测。采用SINS静基座初始对准仿真实验验证算法的有效性,结果表明:简化5级-CKF对任意失准角都是有效的,失准角较小时,3级-CKF和简化5级-CKF的对准精度和收敛速度性能相近,但简化5级-CKF的数值稳定性更高;失准角较大时,简化5级-CKF较3级-CKF具有更高的收敛速度和对准精度。     

大失准角的SINS/GPS组合对准算法研究

利用四元数误差方程和非线性滤波技术能较好地解决大失准角下SINS的空中对准问题。迭代滤波比扩展卡尔曼滤波能在更大程度上改善对准精度，但计算量大。针对此不足，本文基于扩展卡尔曼滤波的状态与偏差解耦算法具有较高数值效率和迭代滤波具有较高精度的特点，推导出了一种非线性滤波算法，并对基于加性四元数误差方程的SINS／GPS组合对准进行了数字仿真。仿真结果表明：该算法既具有迭代滤波的精度又比迭代滤波计算量小。     

低精度INS／GPS组合导航大方位失准角初始对准方案

在低精度MEMS-IMU和GPS组合导航中,由于IMU的精度问题,无法通过传统的解析方法实现方位失准角的粗对准,造成了大方位失准角问题,从而导致系统的强非线性。通过变换状态量,用方位失准角的两个三角函数代替方位失准角作为状态量,建立了新的线性系统方程。用改进奇异值分解法对新对准系统进行可观测度分析,完成了车载导航试验,结果表明：本初始对准方案在低精度的组合导航中具有很好的对准精度和对准速度。     

移动测量平台在线对准方法研究

针对移动测量平台难以进行有效机动并受恶劣环境的影响阻碍惯性导航系统在线对准速度和精度提高的难题,提出了一种基于EKF-KF混合动态滤波的移动测量平台在线对准方法。将系统误差方程中的水平失准角和大方位失准角进行分离,采用扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)对大方位失准角进行估计,采用Kalman滤波(KF)对水平失准角进行估计,并将方位失准角的估计误差对水平失准角的估计进行修正。仿真结果表明,EKF-KF混合动态滤波缩短了移动测量平台在线对准的估计时间,提高了失准角的估计精度。     

GNSS/SINS定位稳健SE2(3)-EKF方法

GNSS/SINS组合导航中因姿态失准角等误差较大会引起状态误差坐标定义不一致和线性化误差较大问题,导致传统滤波和定位性能有所降低,尤其在面临较复杂的GNSS观测环境时更为显著。本文通过将姿态、速度及位置状态构造为特殊SE₂(3)-EKF群元素,考虑陀螺及加速度计零偏误差,形成群-矢量混合误差模型,在此基础上设计了一种基于量测左不变的GNSS/SINS抗差滤波方法(RLIEKF),通过市区环境下存在大失准角误差和GNSS异常的车载组合导航试验,验证本文方法的优越性。试验结果表明：相对于传统EKF方法,RLIEKF方法由于在时间更新及GNSS量测更新中顾及了姿态角误差,在不同大失准角情况下仍具有较快的收敛速度,无须复杂且长时间的姿态对准步骤,较好地弥补了GNSS信号短时间缺失无法定位问题,可显著提升滤波新息精度,具备更好的抗差性能,对于复杂观测环境表现更为稳健,且计算效率相当,具备较好的工程实用价值。     

一种新的车载低成本MEMS陀螺仪快速初始对准算法

车载导航系统常用惯性测量元件（IMU）与全球卫星导航系统（GNSS）技术组合以提高系统的稳定性。由于车载导航系统的应用场景限制，对初始对准速度有着较高要求。为了提高传统车载组合导航系统中低成本微机电系统（MEMS）陀螺仪的初始对准速度，降低初始对准过程中的计算量，本文提出了一种适用于任意失准角下的基于网络RTK辅助与无损Kalman滤波（UKF）的MEMS陀螺仪初始对准算法。同时针对车载系统的特点，简化了IMU系统误差方程，分析了简化带来的误差。在诺瓦泰ProPak6和诺瓦泰IMU-IGM-S1组成的导航系统中验证了本文提出的算法。试验结果表明，在以诺瓦泰双天线GNSS输出航向角为"真值"的情况下，本文提出的算法基本可以在5 s内完成陀螺仪的初始对准，对准精度达0.3°。     

基于小波降噪的IMU精对准性能分析

精对准性能是保障惯性导航精度必不可少的重要条件,论文总结了国内外精对准的研究现状,发现精对准一般是通过卡尔曼滤波和惯性传感器的小失准角线性误差方程实现;基于此,本文通过卡尔曼滤波及小波分析,对低、中、高三种不同性能的惯性传感器进行精对准性能分析,对比发现,高精度的惯性传感器有着较好的对准精度;而低精度的传感器,由于噪声偏差及非线性原因,对准精度较低,甚至出现滤波发散的情况.      

噪声协方差自适应控制下的双天线GNSS/INS初始对准方法

为降低系统模型误差及观测模型误差的影响,结合噪声协方差自适应控制机制,对双天线GNSS/INS初始对准方法进行改进。利用噪声协方差自适应控制下的扩展卡尔曼滤波进行数据处理,包括系统噪声协方差控制及观测噪声协方差控制。试验结果表明,系统噪声协方差自适应控制机制可提高系统稳定性,降低滤波稳态值;观测噪声协方差自适应控制机制可降低观测噪声的影响,提高对准绝对精度。采用后处理的方式,利用基线长度偏差最小的基线结果辅助姿态解算,绝对精度进一步提高,对准绝对精度主要受观测值影响。利用本文方法,横滚角、俯仰角对准绝对精度可达0.02°,航向角对准绝对精度可达0.04°。     

新型自适应滤波算法在惯导/双星组合中的应用

在系统模型误差和噪声统计特性未知时,为防止滤波发散和提高系统的实时性,提出了一种模糊自适应Kalman滤波算法。该算法利用滤波异常判据获得一个滤波状态因子,进而利用模糊推理系统在线调整量测噪声协方差阵的值,使滤波实现自适应。将该算法应用到惯导/双星组合导航系统中,并和简化的Sage-Husa自适应滤波算法进行仿真比较。仿真结果表明：在滤波精度相当的情况下,该算法简化了运算,提高了实时性。     

异步联邦UKF的GNSS／SINS／摄影定位组合导航算法仿真

在飞行器进近过程中,为了提高组合系统的导航精度,针对传统联邦滤波器对非线性系统模型易导致滤波发散问题.分析了两种导航方式的优缺点,提出了基于卫星导航／惯性导航／摄影测量(GNSS／SINS／Photogrammetry)的组合导航联邦滤波算法,并推导了系统误差模型.该算法取长补短利用联邦无迹卡尔曼滤波器将GNSS定位和摄影定位、定姿精度高的优势对SINS进行在线误差估计.针对多传感器非等间隔数据采样问题,采用时间与量测更新分离的异步非等间隔联邦滤波算法进行信息融合,并对滤波器结构进行改进以减少算法复杂度.仿真实验证明基于联邦UKF的组合导航系统较传统联邦滤波算法位姿精度有明显的提高,且系统鲁棒性也有一定的增强.      

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.     

Toward seamless indoor-outdoor applications: Developing stakeholder-oriented location-based services

Location-Based Services (LBS),an emerging new business based on smartphone and mobile networks,are becoming more and more popular.Most of these LBSs,however,only offer non-seamless indoor/outdoor applications and simple applications without giving stakeholders the chance to play an active role.Our specific aim is to solve these issues.This paper presents concepts to solve these issues by expanding the Open Location Services Interface Standard (OpenLS) to allow seamless indoor/outdoor positioning and to extend the content of the services to include information recommended by stakeholders.     

地理数据库的关系模型及其实现

本文从以图论观点分析地理实体入手,系统阐述了地理数据库关系模型的设计法和过程。作者于1984年4～9月间在微型机上设计建立了关系型地理数据库的实方验系统(RGDB)。该系统采用了本文提出的关系模型,采用了可动态扩库的子库组合结构,这种结构具有灵活性和提高空间利用率的优点。RGDB含有多种功能的数据操作命令,除了具有一般检索功能外,还能进行“开窗”选取和十分“自由”的映象选取。本文对RGDB系统的主要性能和实现途径作了扼要介绍。     

GIS空间数据的采集误差及其分析

本文详细阐述了GIS数据采集过程中的误差来源，重点分析了通过地图、遥感和摄影测量等方式采集数据所产生的误差及其特性，分析了其对GIS数据的影响与消减方法。