龙门山及其邻区的地壳厚度和泊松比

根据龙门山及其周边地区(26°～35°N,98°～109°E)的132个台站的宽频带远震记录,使用H-k叠加方法计算地壳厚度和波速比.结果表明该区域的地壳厚度总体变化是:从东向西增加,东部的最小厚度为37.8km,西部的最大厚度是68.1 km,其中横跨龙门山断裂带的地壳厚度变化最大,从东南的41.5km增加到西北的52.5km.根据Airy均衡理论,用台站的高程和观测地壳厚度数据求得最小二乘意义下的壳幔密度差为0.649g/cm3,平均地壳厚度为37.9km.龙门山及其邻近地区基本上处于均衡状态.松潘-甘孜地体北部和西秦岭造山带具有低泊松比(v<0.26),扬子地台的西南部具有低一中泊松比(v<0.27),松潘-甘孜地体南部、三江褶皱带和四川盆地具有中一高泊松比(0.26≤P≤0.29).该地区的泊松比空间分布不支持青藏高原东部广泛分布的下地壳流的假说.龙门山断裂带南段及其附近地区的高泊松比(v≥0.30)可以看成是地壳具有较高的铁镁质组分和/或存在部分熔融.该地区下地壳可能是处于富含流体和温度较高的部分熔融状态.松潘-甘孜块体南部的上地壳物质向东运动,受刚性强度较大的扬子地台的阻挡,导致沿龙门山断裂带产生应变积累.当断层被地壳流体弱化,积累的应变能量快速释放,产生汶川Ms8.0地震.     

龙门山断裂带及其邻区电性结构特征

龙门山断裂带是中国大陆地壳中著名的造山带和地震带。为了研究龙门山逆冲推覆构造的深部结构及其与青藏高原物质东向逃逸之间的关系,布置了跨越西秦岭造山带、松潘—甘孜褶皱带、四川盆地的4条大地电磁测深剖面,每条剖面有宽频大地电磁测深点20个,共计80个宽频大地电磁测深数据以及16个长周期数据;进行了二维、三维反演,得到了电性模型。研究结果显示:在30 km以浅,龙门山断裂带基本上与电性梯度变化带相重合,说明龙门山断裂带是深达地壳中部的深大断裂带;松潘-—甘孜褶皱带在20 km以浅呈现以高阻为主的较为复杂的电性结构分布特征,这与其复杂的地表构造有关;在20 km以深,接近龙门山断裂带附近呈现为高阻,推测此高阻可能是对四川盆地的基底的反映,表明松潘—甘孜褶皱带以龙门山断裂为界推覆至四川盆地之上;推断青藏高原物质东向逃逸,有可能从松潘—甘孜褶皱带深部沿礼县—宕昌一带向东北方向逃逸,这一运移主要是发生在18 km以下、30 km以上的中下地壳范围内,物质逃逸的主要形式是部分熔融。     

汶川Ms 8.0级地震震源区地壳深部结构研究

2005年10月至2007年4月,我们在松潘-甘孜、龙门山地块布设的流动地震台阵观测剖面正好经过地震震源区映秀,这为研究地震震源区深部结构提供很好的机会.观测剖面自成都龙泉山,途经都江堰、卧龙,终止于新都桥,全长约400km,台站间距5～10km,34个流动宽频带地震仪共记录到该时间段内5.5级以上远震事件542个,大于等于6.0级为195个.利用该观测剖面记录到的远震P波波形资料,采用接收函数方法来研究汶川Ms8.0级地震震源区地壳深部结构,结合地震构造背景的分析,探讨引起这次地震的动力学模式,并由此认识汶川地震的孕育与成因机制.根据震源区地表破裂和余震分布及深部结构的综合分析,可以划出震源区下方的地震断裂带.主要研究结果表明:1)根据界面分布特征,发现松潘-甘孜地块及龙门山推覆体中在20～60km深度存在一个厚度约15～20km的低速中地壳,而四川盆地地壳内不存在低速层.该中地壳内的低速层,是引起中上地壳的推覆运动的滑脱层.2)Moho面自扬子盆地(36～42km)跨龙门山(50km)到松潘-甘孜腹地(62～65km)逐渐加深,跨鲜水河断裂又变浅(60km),说明横跨扬子盆地-龙门山-松潘-甘孜地块的该断裂带是地壳厚度的陡变带.该结果揭示了松潘-甘孜地块与扬子地块是碰撞接触模式,龙门山的推覆构造就是上地壳逆冲的结果.     

2008年汶川8.0级地震的发震构造:沿龙门山断裂带新生的地壳深部断裂

在区域地质构造研究中,龙门山断裂带也称为龙门山褶皱-冲断带或推覆构造带。许多研究者认为,2008年汶川8级地震的发震构造是这条断裂带或其中央映秀—北川断裂。笔者在深入分析龙门山断裂带的构造演化和岩石圈结构构造特征的基础上,着重探讨8级地震的发震构造,提出不同的认识。龙门山断裂带经历了松潘—甘孜造山带的前陆褶皱-冲断带(T3-J)、造山带(K-E)和青藏高原边缘隆起带(N-Q)3个动力学条件不同的演化阶段,在前两个阶段断裂带递进发展,第三阶段断裂带则被改造。从三维空间看,龙门山断裂带位于松潘—甘孜地块东南缘的上地壳内,并被推覆到扬子陆块上;而松潘—甘孜地块的中—下地壳和岩石圈地幔发生韧性增厚,而且向扬子陆块壳下俯冲,从而使浅、深部构造在垂向上形成"吞噬"扬子地块的"鳄鱼嘴"式结构。虽然在平面上汶川8级地震的主余震分布与映秀—北川断裂一致,但从剖面上看其震源所构成的震源破裂体位于龙门山断裂带之下的扬子陆块内。这种不一致性表明,8级地震的发震构造不是龙门山断裂带,而是扬子陆块内新生的高角度断裂,其走向基本与龙门山断裂带一致。推测这一震源断裂的形成过程是:当松潘—甘孜地块向东南推挤时,其前缘"鳄鱼嘴"构造咬合并错断被吞噬的扬子陆块部分,形成具有右旋逆平移性质的新断裂,导致汶川8级地震的发生。     

青藏高原东缘地壳上地幔结构及其动力学意义

本文综述了我们在青藏高原东缘实施的垂直切过龙门山断裂带宽频带地震探测的研究成果,揭示了研究区复杂的地壳上地幔结构,结果表明松潘-甘孜地块与四川盆地西缘莫霍面深度为58 km与40 km±,在龙门山断裂带下方存在约15 km的莫霍面错断; 松潘-甘孜与龙门山断裂带域地壳纵横波速度比Vp/Vs比值远大于173,预示着粘性下地壳流或基性/超基性物质的存在。探讨了研究区强烈的盆山之间以及深部不同层圈之间的相互作用,推断四川盆地对青藏高原东缘软流圈驱动的物质东向逃逸阻挡作用可能深达整个上地幔。     

龙门山大地电磁深部结构及汶川地震(MS 8.0)

2008年5月12日汶川发生的MS 8.0地震使四川、甘肃和陕西等省遭受重大人员伤亡及财产损失,本文通过震前完成的穿过龙门山构造带中段的松潘中江大地电磁测深剖面的反演解释,揭示了龙门山构造带及其两侧松潘甘孜褶皱带、川西前陆盆地地壳内部30 km深处电性结构。龙门山构造带东侧四川盆地为上部较厚低阻沉积盖层之下存在连续稳定高阻的扬子基底特征,而以西的松潘甘孜褶皱带分上部和下部两部分,上部为高阻古生界夹低阻中新生界,下部（中下地壳）呈连续低阻层,推测可能存在一个连续稳定的壳内高导层。而龙门山恰好是青藏高原与扬子地台联合作用的结果,形成了上部高阻及下部基底高阻,中间夹西倾低阻带,低阻带最厚10 km,其深度从地表10 km连续向西延伸至20 km深处,与松潘甘孜褶皱带15～20 km的低阻层相连。这个异常低阻带可能是松潘甘孜地块向东向上移动的传输带,北川映秀断层逆冲分量显然大于右行走滑分量,因此汶川地震属于右行平移-逆冲断裂型地震。     

四川阿坝——秀山地学断面

四川省阿坝—秀山地学断面长约1000km,横跨上扬子地台和松潘-甘孜地槽褶皱系。在综合研究现有地质、地球物理资料的基础上,对断面及邻区划分出不同性质的三大岩石圈块体;结合表壳变形特征又区分出以四川地块为中心的东、西对冲构造体系;并进一步划分出8个次级构造带(块)。在垂向上划分出地壳、岩石圈厚度及形态,讨论了地壳次级分层及壳、幔低速层、低阻层和高阻层异常的特征,提出了初步解释。指出龙门山断裂带西部地壳缩短、增厚的主要因素。概述了地壳演化。     

宽角反射、折射地震数据与重力数据综合解释龙门山及邻近地区地壳结构

青藏高原东部的隆升机制一直都是地学界的研究热点,研究学者们提出和发展了多种岩石圈变形模型,而存在多种模型的主要原因之一是对青藏高原东部地壳及岩石圈结构认识不足。本文主要针对SinoProbe-02项目横跨龙门山断裂带、全长400多公里的宽角、折射地震数据及重力数据进行联合反演和综合解释。研究结果表明,龙门山及邻近地区地壳结构可明确划分为上地壳、中地壳和下地壳。上地壳上层为沉积层,龙门山断裂带以西大部分区域被三叠纪复理岩覆盖,而在龙日坝断裂与岷江断裂之间出现了密度为2.7g/cm³的高速异常体;向东靠近龙门山地区,沉积层厚度逐渐减薄。中地壳速度变化不均一,而且变形强烈;若尔盖盆地和龙门山断裂带下方出现明显低速带;中地壳在龙门山西侧厚度加厚,在岷江断裂下方和四川盆地靠近龙门山断裂带地区附近厚度达到最大。莫霍面整体深度从东往西增厚,最厚可达56 km。本次研究得到的地壳结构和密度分布分析结果表明现有的地壳厚度和物质组成不足以支撑龙门山及邻近地区目前所达到的隆升高度,因此四川盆地刚性基底西缘因挤压作用产生的弯曲应力也是该地区抬升的重要条件之一。     

汶川Ms8.0地震后龙门山断裂带地壳应力场及其构造意义

2008年5月12日在青藏高原东缘龙门山断裂带中段发生汶川8.0级特大地震。大震发生时释放应力并对震源区及外围构造应力场产生影响,受汶川地震断层破裂方式和强度空间差异性的影响,震后龙门山断裂带地壳应力场也应表现差异特征,至今鲜有针对该科学问题深入的分析和讨论。经过系统收集、梳理汶川地震后沿龙门山断裂带水压致裂地应力测量数据与2008年汶川地震中强余震序列震源机制解资料,对汶川地震后龙门山断裂带中上地壳构造应力场进行厘定,通过与震前构造应力场对比,深入探讨了汶川8.0级地震对龙门山断裂带地壳应力场的影响,进而对汶川震后应力调整过程及青藏高原东缘龙门山地区深部构造变形模式进行研究,研究结果表明:受汶川8.0级地震的影响,震后龙门山断裂带地壳构造应力场空间分布具有差异性,近地表至上地壳15 km深度范围,映秀—青川段最大主应力方向为北西西向、地应力状态为逆走滑型,青川东北部最大主应力方向偏转至北东东向、应力状态转变为走滑型;15~25km深度范围,龙门山断裂带最大主应力方向仍为北西—北西西向、应力状态以逆冲型为主。汶川8.0级地震后,龙门山断裂带中地壳北西西向逆冲挤压的构造应力特征进一步支持了青藏高原东缘龙门山地区东西两侧刚性块体碰撞挤压、逆冲推覆的动力学模式。     

松潘甘孜地块四姑娘山花岗岩锆石U-Pb年代学证据及与汶川地震的关系

松潘甘孜地体东部的花岗岩主要形成于印支晚期至燕山初期,其中四姑娘山花岗岩体的锆石普遍具有岩浆锆石的特征。通过四姑娘山花岗岩体的黑云母花岗闪长岩中的23粒锆石的锆石激光探针U-Pb定年,确定其岩浆结晶年龄为燕山早期(191±1)Ma,此年龄对解决龙门山断裂带形成的初始时间有重要意义。虽然在松潘甘孜地体多数岩体长轴走向和矿物定向均呈北西向,但过去区调中划分的北西向的金川—理县构造岩浆带不能代表这种楔入作用的产物,而应重新划分为北东向的道孚—金川—小金—黑水构造岩浆带,四姑娘山岩体是这个北东向构造岩浆带中的典型。这些花岗岩主要是扬子地块沿龙门山构造带向松潘甘孜地体内楔入导致松潘甘孜地体中下地壳低速层发生部分熔融的结果。地球物理资料显示,四姑娘山地区是有"山根"的,这些"山根"主要由巨大的花岗岩基组成,它们不是引起汶川地震的原因,但是减弱了汶川地震的地震波向西北方向的青藏高原传递,并对汶川地震时的龙门山断裂带向西南段的扩张起了一定的阻挡作用,即降低了汶川地震的大量余震在龙门山断裂带西南段发生的概率。     

Crustal structure of the northeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau from the Songpan-Ganzi terrane to the Ordos basin

The 1000-km-long Darlag–Lanzhou–Jingbian seismic refraction profile is located in the NE margin of the Tibetan plateau. This profile crosses the northern Songpan-Ganzi terrane, the Qinling-Qilian fold system, the Haiyuan arcuate tectonic region, and the stable Ordos basin. The P-wave and S-wave velocity structure and Poisson's ratios reveal many significant characteristics in the profile. The crustal thickness increases from northeast to southwest. The average crustal thickness observed increases from 42 km in the Ordos basin to 63 km in the Songpan-Ganzi terrane. The crust becomes obviously thicker south of the Haiyuan fault and beneath the West-Qinlin Shan. The crustal velocities have significant variations along the profile. The average P-wave velocities for the crystalline crust vary between 6.3 and 6.4 km/s. Beneath the Songpan-Ganzi terrane, West-Qinling Shan, and Haiyuan arcuate tectonic region P-wave velocities of 6.3 km/s are 0.15 km/s lower than the worldwide average of 6.45 km/s. North of the Kunlun fault, with exclusion of the Haiyuan arcuate tectonic region, the average P-wave velocity is 6.4 km/s and only 0.5 km/s lower than the worldwide average. A combination of the P-wave velocity and Poisson's ratio suggests that the crust is dominantly felsic in composition with an intermediate composition at the base. A mafic lower crust is absent in the NE margin of the Tibetan plateau from the Songpan-Ganzi terrane to the Ordos basin. There are low velocity zones in the West-Qinling Shan and the Haiyuan arcuate tectonic region. The low velocity zones have low S-wave velocities and high Poisson's ratios, so it is possible these zones are due to partial melting. The crust is divided into two layers, the upper and the lower crust, with crustal thickening mainly in the lower crust as the NE Tibetan plateau is approached. The results in the study show that the thickness of the lower crust increases from 22 to 38 km as the crustal thickness increases from 42 km in the Ordos basin to 63 km in the Songpan-Ganzi terrane south of the Kunlun fault. Both the Conrad discontinuity and Moho in the West-Qinling Shan and in the Haiyuan arcuate tectonic region are laminated interfaces, implying intense tectonic activity. The arcuate faults and large earthquakes in the Haiyuan arcuate tectonic region are the result of interaction between the Tibetan plateau and the Sino–Korean and Gobi Ala Shan platforms.     

利用接收函数方法研究青藏高原东南部地壳结构

青藏高原东南部作为板块碰撞的前缘地带一直是地球科学研究的热点,为了揭示碰撞前缘地带地壳结构特征,作者 利用布设在中国青藏高原东南部的38个宽频带流动台站记录的2487条远震P波接收函数,采用接收函数CCP叠加（共转换点 叠加）和H-κ叠加两种方法获得了研究区域详细的地壳厚度图像和泊松比值。研究结果显示：两种方法获得的地壳厚度特征 具有较好的一致性;青藏高原东南部地壳厚度存在明显的东西差异和南北差异;喜马拉雅构造区内莫霍面深度变化较大, 介于65~80 km之间;拉萨地体内莫霍面深度介于72~80 km之间;雅鲁藏布缝合带两侧地壳厚度突变,缝合带北侧和南侧地 壳厚度相差约8 km。研究区域平均泊松比值较小,为0.24,和大多数造山带泊松比偏低的特征类似。研究区域中下地壳广 泛存在强转换界面,该界面可能对应中下地壳高速层的上界面,埋深40~70 km,表明壳内发生深熔或部分熔融作用,导致 壳内发生重力分异,在中下地壳形成了高速薄层。     

龙门山中段及邻区地壳密度结构及其地球动力学启示

龙门山是我国东西构造、地貌分界线的重要组成部分。其两侧的岩石圈结构差异,是形成龙门山造山带的主要原因之一,并对龙门山的构造演化起着持续影响。为了解龙门山两侧壳幔结构差异,本文从重力角度探讨跨龙门山地区的地壳密度结构。我们使用EGM2008模型的重力异常数据,以最新的阿坝-遂宁人工源地震剖面速度模型为基础,得到了龙门山造山带中段及其邻区的精细地壳密度结构。密度结构显示松潘-甘孜地区和四川盆地分别具有软弱和坚硬的下地壳。根据本文所得到的地壳密度结构模型,我们认为龙门山的隆升主要受印度洋板块与欧亚大陆板块的陆-陆碰撞作用影响,强烈的挤压作用使青藏高原物质向东运移,东移物质在青藏高原东缘龙门山地区受到坚硬的四川盆地的阻挡转而向上运移,造成了龙门山的隆升。     

Crustal structure of the Kaapvaal craton and its significance for early crustal evolution

High-quality seismic data obtained from a dense broadband array near Kimberley, South Africa, exhibit crustal reverberations of remarkable clarity that provide well-resolved constraints on the structure of the lowermost crust and Moho. Receiver function analysis of Moho conversions and crustal multiples beneath the Kimberley array shows that the crust is 35 km thick with an average Poisson's ratio of 0.25. The density contrast across the Moho is 15%, indicating a crustal density about 2.86 gm/cc just above the Moho, appropriate for felsic to intermediate rock compositions. Analysis of waveform broadening of the crustal reverberation phases suggests that the Moho transition can be no more than 0.5 km thick and the total variation in crustal thickness over the 2400 km² footprint of the array no more than 1 km. Waveform and travel time analysis of a large earthquake triggered by deep gold mining operations (the Welkom mine event) some 200 km away from the array yield an average crustal thickness of 35 km along the propagation path between the Kimberley array and the event. P- and S-wave velocities for the lowermost crust are modeled to be 6.75 and 3.90 km/s, respectively, with uppermost mantle velocities of 8.2 and 4.79 km/s, respectively. Seismograms from the Welkom event exhibit theoretically predicted but rarely observed crustal reverberation phases that involve reflection or conversion at the Moho. Correlation between observed and synthetic waveforms and phase amplitudes of the Moho reverberations suggests that the crust along the propagation path between source and receiver is highly uniform in both thickness and average seismic velocity and that the Moho transition zone is everywhere less than about 2 km thick. While the extremely flat Moho, sharp transition zone and low crustal densities beneath the region of study may date from the time of crustal formation, a more geologically plausible interpretation involves extensive crustal melting and ductile flow during the major craton-wide Ventersdorp tectonomagmatic event near the end of Archean time.     

South African seismicity, April 1997 to April 1999, and regional variations in the crust and uppermost mantle of the Kaapvaal craton

Events induced by deep gold-mining activity on the edge of the Witwatersrand basin dominate the seismicity of South Africa. The deployment of 54 broad-band seismic stations at 84 separate locations across southern Africa between April 1997 and April 1999 (Kaapvaal network) enabled the seismicity of South Africa to be better defined over a 2-year period. Seismic events located by the South African national network, and by localized seismic networks deployed in mines or across gold-mining areas, were used to evaluate earthquake location procedures and to show that the Kaapvaal network locates mining-induced tremors with an average error of 1.56±0.10 km compared with 9.50±0.36 km for the South African network. Travel times of seismic events from the mines recorded at the Kaapvaal network indicate regional variations in the thickness of the crust but no clearly resolved variations in seismic wavespeeds in the uppermost mantle. Greater average crustal thicknesses (48–50 km compared with 41–43 km) are observed in the northern parts of the Kaapvaal craton that were affected by the Bushveld magmatism at 2.05 Ga. Estimates of average crustal thickness for the southern part of the Kaapvaal craton from receiver functions (38 km) agree well with those from refracted arrivals from mining-induced earthquakes if the crustal thicknesses below the sources are assumed to be 40–43 km. In contrast, the average crustal thickness inferred from refracted arrivals for the northern part of the Kaapvaal craton is larger by about 7 km (51 km) than that inferred from receiver functions (44 km), suggesting a thick mafic lower crust of variable seismic properties due to variations in composition and metamorphic grade. Pn wavespeeds are high (8.3–8.4 km/s), indicating the presence of highly depleted magnesium-rich peridotite throughout the uppermost mantle of the craton. Seismic Pg and Sg phases indicate that the upper crust around the Witwatersrand basin is comparatively uniform in composition when averaged over several kilometres.     

The isostatic state of the southern Urals crust

The Uralide orogen, in Central Russia, is the focus of intense geoscientific investigations during recent years. The international research is motivated by some unusual lithospheric features compared with other collisional belts including the preservation of (a) a collisional architecture with an orogenic root and a crustal thickness of 55–58 km, and (b) large volumes of very low-grade and non-metamorphic oceanic crust and island arc rocks in the upper crust of a low–relief mountain belt. The latter cause anomalous gravity highs along the thickened crust and the isostatic equilibrium inside the Uralides lithosphere as well as the overthrust high-metamorphic rocks. The integrated URSEIS '95 seismic experiment provides fundamentally new data revealing the lithospheric architecture of an intact Paleozoic collisional orogen that allows the construction of density models. In the Urals' lithosphere different velocity structures resolved by wide-angle seismic experiments along both the URSEIS '95- and the Troitsk profile. They can be used to constrain lithospheric density models: a first model consists of a deep subducted continental lower crust which has been highly eclogitized at depths of 60–90 km to a density of 3550 kg/m³. The second model shows a slightly eclogitized lower crust underlying the Uralide orogen with a crustal thickness of 60 km. The eclogitized lower crust causes a too-small impedance contrast to the lithospheric mantle resulting in a lack of reflectors in the area of the largest crustal thickness. Both models fit the measured gravity field. Analyzing the isostatic state of the southern Urals' lithosphere, both density models are in isostatic equilibrium.     

The Seismic Structure of Wilkes Land/Terre Adelie, East Antarctica and Comparison with Australia: First Steps in Reconstructing the Deep Lithosphere of Gondwana

A determination of the seismic structure of the crust and uppermost mantle of East Antarctica, in the region of Casey station, Wilkes Land and Dumont DUrville station, Terre Adelie is presented. High-fidelity waveforms from teleseismic earthquakes recorded at stations CASY and DRV (1996-2001) are used to calculate the seismic receiver function, the signal produced as energy passes through layers in the seismic velocity structure under the receiving station. The receiver functions are stacked to improve the signal-to-noise ratio and then modelled using an inverse algorithm to find the structure that best fits the observed waveform at each station. Inferences are made regarding the tectonic structure, in particular, the crustal thickness and character of the seismic Moho.The crustal thickness under Casey Station is found to be 30 km (+/- 2 km) with a fairly sharp Moho, considerably less than Dumont D'Urville Station, where the crustal thickness is 42 km, and there IS a significant low velocity region the deep crust. The structure of the Wilkes Land lithosphere is comparable to that of the Albany-Fraser Orogen, Western Australia, part of its conjugate margin. This places a new constraint on the relative position of East Antarctica and Australia in the reconstruction of Gondwana, and earlier, supercontinents. A recent reinterpretation of Antarctic geology proposes tectonic province boundaries trending perpendicular to the coast with counterparts in southern Australia. Seismic techniques, determining structure beneath regions with no surface exposure, are vital tools in testing such tectonic hypotheses, towards the reconstruction of Gondwana to full lithospheric depth.     

南海海盆区深部结构的不对称性及控制因素

南海海盆区具有复杂的构造演化史,但目前对其深部结构的不对称性的研究和控制因素的探讨还存在不足.利用南海最新的重力数据和从27条地震剖面上获取的海盆范围沉积物精确数据计算了全海盆的剩余地幔布格重力异常（residual mantle Bouguer anomaly,RMBA）,并反演了海盆的地壳厚度,运用Crust1.0数据进行了相关性分析.研究结果表明,南海海盆的残留扩张脊两翼在地形、RMBA和洋壳厚度上存在明显的不对称性,北翼比南翼有更多的海山分布、更低的RMBA值以及更厚的洋壳.这种明显的南北不对称性表明北侧比南侧有更高的地幔温度和更活跃的岩浆活动,反映了南海深部结构的不对称性.南海深部结构的不对称性可能与洋中脊向南的跃迁有关.洋脊跃迁导致在新老洋脊之间产生部分熔融,使扩张中心北侧产生更高的地幔温度,以及更强烈的岩浆活动,从而显示出更低的RMBA值和更厚的洋壳,并形成更多的后扩张期海山.      

Main features of crustal structure in western and southern Europe based on data of explosion seismology

During the past two decades deep seismic sounding measurements have been carried out in western and southern Europe, mainly using the refraction method. These investigations were performed partly on a national basis but as well within international cooperative programs under the sponsorship of the European Seismological Commission.

In France, a systematic study has been executed to determine the main feature of deep structures under the Central Massif and the Paris Basin. In the Forez and Margeride regions, the sub-crustal velocity is lower (7.2 km/sec) than the normal value (8.0 km/sec) observed in the adjacent areas.

The central and southern part of Western Germany is covered by an extensive network of refraction profiles. The crustal thickness varies, similarly to France, from 25 to 35 km. A great amount of deep reflection data was obtained by commercial and special reflection work. The crust beneath the Rhinegraben area shows the typical “rift system” structure with a low subcrustal velocity (7.4–7.7 km/sec).

Very intensive refraction work has been carried out in the Alpine area. The maximum crustal thickness found near the axis of the negative gravity anomaly is about 55–60 km. Furthermore, a clear lowvelocity layer at a depth between 10 and 30 km has been detected. A key position with regard to the geotectonic structure of the Alps is held by the zone of Ivrea characterized by a pronounced gravity high. From the refraction work it may be concluded that there material of the lower crust and the upper mantle (7.2–7.5 km/sec) is overlying a layer of extremely low velocity (5.0 km/sec) which is interpreted as sialic crust.

Three years ago, a systematic study of crustal structure of the Italian peninsula has been started. Reversed profiles were observed on Sicily, in Calabria, and in Puglia. On Sicily, the structure is very complicated; the crust of the western part looks like a transition between a continental and oceanic structure whereas the eastern side shows a continental-type crust. In Calabria and Puglia, the crustal thickness has been determined to be about 25–35 km.     

Crustal character and thickness over the Dangerous Grounds and beneath the Northwest Borneo Trough

New deep reflection seismic, bathymetry, gravity and magnetic data have been acquired in a marine geophysical survey of the southern South China Sea, including the Dangerous Grounds, Northwest Borneo Trough and the Central Luconia Platform. The seismic and bathymetry data map the topography of shallow density interfaces, allowing the application of gravity modeling to delineate the thickness and composition of the deeper crustal layers. Many of the strongest gravity anomalies across the area are accounted for by the basement topography mapped in the seismic data, with substantial basement relief associated with major rift development. The total crustal thickness is however quite constant, with variations only between 25 and 30 km across the Central Luconia Platform and Dangerous Grounds. The Northwest Borneo Trough is underlain by thinned crust (25–20 km total crustal thickness) consistent with the substantial water depths. There is no evidence of any crustal suture associated with the trough, nor any evidence of relict oceanic crust beneath the trough. The crustal thinning also does not extend along the complete length of the trough, with crustal thicknesses of 25 km and more modeled on the most easterly lines to cross the trough. Modeled magnetic field variations are also consistent with the study area being underlain by continental crust, with the magnetic field variations well explained by irregular magnetisations consistent with inhomogeneous continental crust, terminating at the basement unconformity as mapped from the seismic data.