两次雷暴的地闪及降水宏微观特征

用地闪及TRMM卫星等资料,分析四川两次长生命期雷暴的地闪及降水的宏微观特征。结果表明:在"副高边缘效应"及高空槽的影响下,两次雷暴均主要发生于夜间的川西高原以东地区,且主要以多单体系统及单体的形式出现。宏观上,雷暴系统或单体中心区地闪频数峰值提前或同步于降水量峰值出现;而于雷暴系统或单体边缘区地闪频数峰值则易滞后于降水量峰值。雷暴微物理结构上看,两次过程中的双单体或单体雷暴基本可等效为双极性电荷结构,负地闪放电主要源于雷暴系统中较低的云水及可降水强中心区域,而正地闪放电则源于较高的云冰强中心的边缘处。雷暴中正、负地闪的比率分别与云冰及云水区域距离地面的位置有着直接的联系。     

三维雷暴云电耦合数值模式中空间电位的求解

将电路分析方法引入三维雷暴云动力—电耦合数值模式中,考虑了带电水成物粒子对电导率的影响,直接用模式计算求解与雷暴云中流动的带电粒子有关的电流密度。比较分析了雷暴云内首次放电出现之前电路分析法和泊松方程得到的电位和电场。结果表明,雷暴云内电导率普遍大于晴天大气,峰值位于各极性电荷区中心。与雷暴云中流动的带电粒子有关的电流密度的正、负最大值分别对应正、负电荷区中心,当电荷密度的绝对值不超过0.7nC.m-3时,其最大值的量级为10-9A.m-2,传导电流和位移电流最大值的量级均为10-8A.m-2,都为负,均在中部负电荷区中心。电路分析法得到的电位的垂直廓线与电荷结构的相互关系更明显,垂直电场的正、负最大值分别处于电荷密度最大的中部负电荷中心的上边缘和下边缘,与以往的观测结果更接近。     

雷暴云特征数据集及我国雷暴活动特征

基于FY-2E气象卫星相当黑体亮度温度（TBB）和云分类数据（CLC）及全球闪电探测网（WWLLN）闪电数据,通过对TBB不超过-32℃的云区进行椭圆拟合,定义1 h内上述云区或椭圆区域有WWLLN闪电发生的个例为雷暴云,获得雷暴云时间、位置、形态、结构、闪电活动等特征参量,构建雷暴云特征数据集,并基于该数据集初步分析了我国陆地和毗邻海域的雷暴活动特征。研究表明:我国华南、西南、青藏高原东、中部和南海雷暴最为活跃,华北和东北地区是北方雷暴活动较强的区域。雷暴活动时间变化海陆差异明显,陆地雷暴活动峰值出现在6—8月,南海雷暴活动一个峰值出现在5月左右,另一峰值出现在8月后,且纬度越低出现越晚。陆地大部分地区雷暴活动在14:00—20:00（北京时）达到峰值,毗邻海域雷暴活动峰值主要出现在早上。雷暴云TBB不超过-32℃面积符合对数正态分布,峰值区间位于1×103~1×104 km2,平均值为3.0×104 km2。南海雷暴云面积最大,陆地上大于雷暴云面积平均值1.2×105 km2的区域主要分布于我国地形的第一阶梯和柴达木盆地。     

台风“珍珠”登陆期间动量通量的多尺度分析

利用台风"珍珠"登陆前后的近地层湍流观测资料,分析了该台风经过观测场地前后地面气象要素的变化及其动量通量特征。结果表明,台风"珍珠"经过观测场地前后的近地层气象要素发生了急剧的变化,并且在台风前部存在强的中尺度对流系统,反映在风速能谱密度结构上,频率f在3×10-4~2×10-3Hz之间的中尺度信号对能谱的贡献比平稳天气形势下的能谱贡献大很多,尤其是顺风方向风速的能谱密度的峰值与湍流信号的峰值相当;动量通量分析结果表明,台风中心经过观测场地的前后三小时,近地层通量以向下输送的中尺度通量为主,湍流通量的贡献相对于中尺度通量较小,也是向下输送的;而在其他时段,近地层通量主要以向上输送的湍流通量为主,中尺度通量量值很小,可以忽略。     

甘肃中川地区云闪的多站同步观测及雷暴的等效电荷结构

利用甘肃中川地区GPS同步的7个测站闪电慢天线获得的电场变化资料, 通过非线性最小二乘法对2004年8月20日一次雷暴过程中的10次云闪进行了拟合分析, 估算了其所中和的电矩、 取向及空间位置等参量。结果表明, 其中5次云闪是雷暴云中部主负电荷区与其下部正电荷区之间的放电, 另外5次是中部主负电荷区与其上部正电荷区之间的放电, 对应的放电中心的海拔高度分别在3.2~5.6 km和6.8~7.7 km, 中和电矩分别约为4.56~61.0 C·km和 1.06~15.9 C·km。发生在雷暴云上部正电荷区与中部主负电荷区之间的闪电所中和电矩较发生在雷暴云中部主负电荷区与下部正电荷区之间的闪电所中和电矩小。结果证实了中国内陆高原地区雷暴云的上部和下部有两个正电荷区存在, 与闪电放电相联系的雷暴云电荷结构可用简化的三极性来代表。     

南海雷暴大风时空分布及闪电和对流活动特征北大核心CSCD

利用2019-2020年风云四号气象卫星A星(FY-4A)多通道扫描成像辐射计(AGRI)提供的云顶数据和地基全球闪电定位网(WWLLN)提供的闪电数据,结合MICAPS气象观测站和海洋浮标记录的极大风数据,研究南海区域(5°~30°N,105°~125°E)71次雷暴大风过程的时空分布及其闪电和对流活动特征。结果表明:观测站记录的雷暴大风主要分布在南海北部;雷暴大风主要发生在5-9月,峰值出现在8月,3月发生次数最少;雷暴大风主要发生在07:00-12:00(北京时,下同),10:00频次最高,午后频次减少。雷暴大风闪电密度的极大值分布在广东南部近海区域,且闪电集中发生在距离观测站40~80 km半径范围内;孤立雷暴大风过程首次闪电跃变的发生时刻相对大风峰值时刻超前30 min至2 min。在对流特征方面,在雷暴大风风速峰值时刻,观测站处的云顶亮温为200~220 K,云顶高度为12.5~15 km。孤立雷暴大风云团云顶亮温最低值(即最强对流发生位置)与大风观测站点的距离平均为77.2 km,云顶亮温平均相差2.6 K。     

青藏高原云闪起始阶段放电特征分析

2003年夏季在青藏高原那曲地区进行了雷电综合观测试验,利用宽带干涉仪系统获取的闪电资料,根据辐射源定位结果和相应的电场变化对云闪放电起始阶段进行了分析,初步分析结果表明:雷暴过境时地面电场为正值的情况下,云闪放电多发生在中部负电荷区和下部正电荷区之间,上部正电荷区一般不参与放电。虽然不同的云闪会有不同的放电发展过程,但放电起始阶段具有相似的特征。云闪放电起始于中部负电荷区,在初始几十毫秒内,辐射源垂直向下发展,云内负流光向下发展速度约为1.14~1.72×105m/s。在下部正电荷区内,闪电通道可以垂直发展,也可以水平发展。且发生在正电荷区的放电过程比较复杂,正电荷区辐射点比负电荷区要多。     

云中闪电及云下部正电荷的初步分析

1986年夏季,我们在兰州中川机场附近对雷暴过程中的闪电进行了3站电场、电场变化及声光差的同步观测。本文定量分析了8月3日和4日两次雷暴过程中的7个云闪放电。结果表明,除一个为云中负电荷区和其上部正电荷区之间的放电外,其余都是负电荷区和云下部范围很大的正电荷区之间的放电。放电中心在海拔高度为3.8—6km之间(对应环境温度为7.6—-13.5℃),中和电矩约18—48Ckm。云下部的这种放电现象在文献中还很少见报道。     

贵州铜仁雷暴大风天气时空特征及天气分型

利用2016-2021年重要天气报、雷暴观测资料等,统计分析出贵州铜仁雷暴大风的时空分布的特征分析,并对其环流形势及离铜仁较近的怀化站探空特征进行分类分型,结果表明：贵州铜仁雷暴大风主要出现在3月至9月,5月发生次数最多,年均12.5站次,高频时段出现在14时—23时,峰值在22时（北京时,下同）;总体呈现“北多南少、东多西少”的分布特征,且主要以单站雷暴大风天气为主。根据天气形势配置将其分为以下４类：斜压锋生类、低层暖平流强迫类、准正压类和高层冷平流强迫类。其中低层暖平流强迫类根据中低层切变线北侧冷平流的强弱又可以分为：强冷暖平流强迫类、强暖平流强迫类和中间类。总结归纳各类雷暴大风过程的天气环流形势配置及垂直分布特征,可为短期天气预报预警提供参考。     

青藏高原中部聂荣半干旱草地夏季近地层能量平衡与输送分析

利用青藏高原中部聂荣地区草地下垫面2014年7~8月近地层气象要素梯度观测及湍流观测数据,分析讨论了该地区观测期间的基本气象要素特征、能量平衡特征以及能量输送特征,主要结论如下:(1)向下、向上短波辐射和净辐射日变化规律一致,向下、向上长波辐射日变化平缓。反照率呈"U"型分布,早晚大,中午小,聂荣夏季地表平均反照率为0.20。(2)在夏季白天,聂荣地区净辐射大部分以潜热的形式加热大气。考虑了土壤浅层热储存和垂直运动引起的平流输送后,能量闭合率由0.65提高到0.80,闭合率有显著的提高。(3)在不稳定层结下,动量总体输送系数CD平均值为4.7×10~(-3)和热量总体输送系数CH平均值为3.5×10~(-3);在稳定层结下,CD平均值为3.4×10~(-3),CH平均值为1.8×10~(-3);C_D和C_H在近中性层结下的平均值分别为4.30×10~(-3)和2.39 10~(-3)。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on