夏玉米在充分供水条件下不同生育期作物系数研究

利用2014年6—10月夏玉米全生育期试验数据和气象数据,采用LG型称重式蒸渗仪分析了在充分供水条件下陕西关中地区夏玉米全生育期最大耗水量及不同生育期的作物系数。结果表明：夏玉米在试验地段从播种到收获共119 d,充分供水条件下夏玉米全生育期最大耗水量599.9 mm。玉米实际蒸发蒸腾量（ET）与参考蒸散量（ET0）的逐日变化趋势倾向率除三叶—七叶期以外,其余时间段呈现出一致性;全生育期日平均ET为5.0 mm/d,抽雄—乳熟期的ET最大,占全生育期的33.2%。夏播玉米各生育期（播种—三叶、三叶—七叶、七叶—拔节、拔节—抽雄、抽雄—乳熟、乳熟—收获）作物系数分别为0.64,0.76,0.80,1.38,1.47,1.58。     

利用时域反射仪测定的土壤水分估算农田蒸散量

简要介绍了时域反射仪（TDR）测定土壤含水量的原理和方法,根据TDR实测的土壤水分和农田水量平衡原理,估算了冬小麦生育期内不同供水条件下的农田蒸散量,探讨了TDR探针不同埋设方式对测定土体贮水量以及对估算的农田蒸散量的影响,根据充分供水区测定的最大可能蒸散量、非充分供水区的实际蒸散量,以及用气象资料计算的参考作物蒸散量,分别计算了冬小麦生育期内的作物系物Kc和土壤水分胁迫系数Ks。     

基于涡度相关的春玉米逐日作物系数及蒸散模拟

作物系数是计算作物蒸散量的关键参数。利用2006—2008年和2011年辽宁锦州玉米农田生态系统的涡度相关、气象、作物发育期及叶面积指数观测数据,分析不受水分胁迫条件下玉米逐日作物系数特征及其与叶面积指数的关系。研究表明:作物系数与玉米农田实际蒸散均呈单峰型变化,约在7月末至8月初达到最大值 (玉米开花吐丝期)。在此基础上,建立了不受水分胁迫条件下玉米逐日作物系数与叶面积指数关系 (达到0.01显著性水平), 同时,采用积温表示的标准化生育期方法模拟相对叶面积指数,并建立了逐日作物系数与相对叶面积指数关系 (达到0.01显著性水平),解决了无叶面积观测地区玉米逐日实际蒸散量的计算。研究结果可为玉米农田用水管理以及灌溉措施的制定提供参考。     

广东省干旱逐日动态监测指标简介

根据土壤水份平衡原理,采用逐日气象资料建立逐日土壤水份模拟模型。模型为2层模型,假定上层土壤最大有效含水量为30mm,下层土壤最大有效含水量为250mm,逐日土壤水份计算包括补水和失水过程。1）补水过程：降水量优先补充上层土壤,达到其最大有效含水量后,多余降水补充下层土壤,下层土壤达到其最大有效含水量后,多余水份产生径流;2）失水过程：实际蒸散是可能蒸散和土壤干湿程度的函数,可能蒸散采用世界粮农组织（FAO）推荐的Penman—Monteith修正公式计算。在上层土壤中蒸散以可能速率发生,直到耗尽所有卜层土壤水份,不足部分从下层土壤中散失,下层土壤实际供水量取决于前一日末的下层土壤有效含水量。     

利用遥感信息研究区域冬小麦气孔导度的时空分布

气孔导度是影响作物蒸散和作物的光合速率进而影响作物产量的重要因子。文中通过利用NOAA－AVHRR数据首次对华北平原典型区冬小麦气孔导度分布进行了研究,给出了华北平原典型区冬小麦不同生长季节的气孔导度空间分布状况,为进一步研究田间水分和作物蒸散对产量影响以及建立遥感作物水分胁迫生物量模型和监测不同生育期的农田缺水等提供依据。     

产量对水的反应(节译)

Ⅱ、最大蒸散气候是决定作物最佳生长和产量的需水量的最重要因素之一。作物需水量通常用蒸散率(ET)mm/日或 mm/期间表示。ET 的水平与由大气决定的蒸发有关。当计算或预测气候对作物蒸散水平的影响时,用可能蒸散(ETo)表示由大气决定的蒸发。ETo 表示由株高8—15Cm绿草复盖的地表,在绿草旺盛生长、完全遮     

气候变化对拉萨河谷冬小麦主要生育期的影响分析

了解气候变化对冬小麦生育期的影响,可为农业应对气候变化、调整农作物种植结构提供科学依据。本文利用1996—2022年近26 a拉萨冬小麦生育期以及逐日平均气温(T_m)、最高气温(T_max)、最低气温(T_min)、气温日较差(DTR)、相对湿度(RH)、降水量(Pr)、日照时数(S)和≥0℃积温(∑T₀)等资料,采用线性倾向估计、Pearson相关系数和优势分析方法等,分析了拉萨河谷冬小麦生育期变化特征以及影响的主导气象因子。结果表明：(1)近26 a拉萨河谷冬小麦营养生长期(Vegetative Growth Period,VGP)、生殖生长期(Reproductive Growth Period,RGP)和全生育期(Whole Growth Period,WGP)的T_m均呈上升趋势,T_min升温率大于T_max的升温率,DTR、RH呈减小趋势,∑T₀、Pr和S趋于增加。(2)冬小麦拔节前各生育期提早,提早率为0....     

基于SPEI的河南省冬小麦生育期干旱时空特征分析

利用河南省24个地面气象站1961-2009年逐日降水和气温资料计算SPEI(标准化降水蒸散指数),并按照SPEI的标准界值将干旱强度划分为轻度干旱、中度干旱和极端干旱.根据河南省冬小麦的生长特点将小麦生育期划分为生育前期、分蘖期和返青-抽穗-成熟期.采用Meteoinfo软件、Morlet小波分析方法、线性回归研究不同生育期干旱变化趋势、覆盖范围、发生频率、周期及空间分布,结果表明,冬小麦各个生育阶段均出现过不同程度的干旱,只是不同地区、不同年份发生的频率和强度不同,但各阶段均存在着轻度干旱发生的概率最大,而极端干旱发生的概率最小的特点.驻马店地区在各阶段发生干旱的概率都较大.对河南省冬小麦全生育期的SPEI分析表明,全生育期干旱出现概率的极值中心有显著的10 a左右的周期变化特征,近年来干旱指数呈逐渐增大的趋势.     

吉林省参考作物蒸散量的时空变化特征及影响因素

基于吉林省50个气象站1960—2014年逐日最高气温、最低气温、日照时数、风速数据,采用Penman-Monteith算法,计算各站逐日参考作物蒸散量,进而计算各站及全省四季和年平均参考作物蒸散量,利用数理统计方法,结合地理信息系统软件,分析参考作物蒸散量的时空变化特征及主要气候影响因子。结果表明:近55 a,吉林省年平均参考作物蒸散量为876 mm,年参考作物蒸散量呈显著下降趋势(p <0. 01);空间分布差异显著,由东南向西北逐级递增,56%的站点呈显著下降趋势(p <0. 05)。参考作物蒸散量夏季最大、春季次之、冬季最小,且均呈下降趋势,但只有春季的下降趋势显著(p <0. 01);春、夏、秋、冬季与年平均参考作物蒸散量在空间分布上基本一致,但气候倾向率为负值以及通过显著性检验的站点数依次减少。全省四季和年参考作物蒸散量均与降水呈显著负相关,与日照时数、风速、最高气温呈显著正相关;其中年、春、夏、秋季与气温日较差以及春、夏、秋季与平均气温也呈显著正相关;冬季与最低气温、平均气温呈显著正相关;而典型站点参考作物蒸散量各季节影响因素及影响大小略有差异,各气象因子的共同作用导致了参考作物蒸散量的变化。     

地表类型影响区域水循环的模拟试验

利用1992-2001年10a逐日降水、气温、湿度、风速和气压资料，使用气候要素逐步插值方法，修改VIC模式同一栅格中多种覆盖类型蒸发的计算方法，采用遥感等4种地表覆盖类型，考虑植被分布不均匀性，计算各种植被类型对地表水循环的贡献，结果表明：1）均匀落叶阔叶林地表年平均流量误差为-24．82％，均匀农田地表年平均流量误差为21．82％，《中国资源与环境数据库（1：400万）》（REDC）地表年平均流量误差为-14．32％，遥感地表的年平均流量误差最小，为1．43％，与实测吻合。2）采用均匀落叶阔叶林地表类型计算的蒸散，与降水年平均分布一致，与地形无关；均匀农田地表类型计算的蒸散，受地形影响明显；REDC地表类型计算的蒸散空间分布与地表植被类型有较好的对应关系。3）VIC-3L具有描述各类地表类型的能力，能够模拟出同一网格单元中多种植被类型对地表蒸散、径流等的作用，计算得到的蒸散、蒸发、径流等地表水平衡分量和空间分布显示出与均匀地表类型结果明显的不同。4）应用遥感地表覆盖类型，计算的地面蒸散、径流、土壤湿度和积雪升华的空间分布表明，地面蒸散受植被类型的影响是显著的。     

Study of crop coefficient and the ratio of soil evaporation to evapotranspiration in an irrigated maize field in an arid area of Yellow River Basin in China

A field experiment was conducted in a maize field in 2006 in an arid area of the Yellow River Basin in China. The daytime evapotranspiration (ET_c) and soil evaporation beneath the maize canopy (E _g) were measured by Bowen ratio energy balance method and micro-lysimeters, respectively. The results showed that the total ET_c during maize growth season was 696 mm, and the maximum values occurred at about 90–140 days after sowing. The crop coefficient (K _c), which was calculated from the ratio of ET_c to reference evapotranspiration (ET₀), was quite different from the values reported by other researchers in similar climate areas, with average values of 0.34, 0.47, 1.0 and 0.9 for initial, development, mid-season and late-season stages, respectively. High correlations between leaf area index (LAI) and average K _c for every 4 days were obtained. The total E _g was 201.4 mm with average values ranged from 0.92 to 2.05 for four growth stages of maize; and accounted for around 28.9 % of ET_c. The ratio E _g/ET_c showed high negative relationship with LAI. These results were very important in precise management of irrigation for maize in Yellow River Basin areas.     

Single and dual crop coefficients and crop evapotranspiration for wheat and maize in a semi-arid region

In this study, weighing lysimeters were used to investigate the daily crop coefficient and evapotranspiration of wheat and maize in the Fars province, Iran. The locally calibrated Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Penman–Monteith equation was used to calculate the reference crop evapotranspiration (ET_o). Micro-lysimetry was used to measure soil evaporation (E). Transpiration (T) was estimated by the difference between crop evapotranspiration (ET_c) and E. The single crop coefficient (K _c) was calculated by the ratio of ET_c to ET_o. Furthermore, the dual crop coefficient is composed of the soil evaporation coefficient (K _e) and the basal crop coefficients (K _cb) calculated from the ratio of E and T to ET_o, respectively. The maximum measured evapotranspiration rate for wheat was 9.9 mm?day^?1 and for maize was 10 mm?day^?1. The total evaporation from the soil surface was about 30 % of the total wheat ET_c and 29.8 % of total maize ET_c. The single crop coefficient (K _c) values for the initial, mid-, and end-season growth stages of maize were 0.48, 1.40, and 0.31 and those of wheat were 0.77, 1.35, and 0.26, respectively. The measured K _c values for the initial and mid-season stages were different from the FAO recommended values. Therefore, the FAO standard equation for K _c-_mid was calibrated locally for wheat and maize. The K _cb values for the initial, mid-, and end-season growth stages were 0.23, 1.14, and 0.13 for wheat and 0.10, 1.07, and 0.06 for maize, respectively. Furthermore, the FAO procedure for single crop coefficient showed better predictions on a daily basis, although the dual crop coefficient method was more accurate on seasonal scale.     

不同水分处理下南京地区冬小麦耗水量特征及其模拟

通过对冬小麦设定的5个生育期分别进行不同程度的水分肋迫试验。结果表明，全生育期内，冬小麦耗水量呈双峰型，且随土壤湿度的增加而增大。本文利用了气象和作物观测资料对不同水分条件下的冬小麦耗水量进行了模拟，并用实测资料进行验证，效果令人满意。     

Effects of crop residue on soil and plant water evaporation in a dryland cotton system

Summary Dryland agricultural cropping systems emphasize sustaining crop yields with limited use of fertilizer while conserving both rain water and the soil. Conservation of these resources may be achieved with management systems that retain residues at the soil surface simultaneously modifying both its energy and water balance. A conservation practice used with cotton grown on erodible soils of the Texas High Plains is to plant cotton into chemically terminated wheat residues. In this study, the partitioning of daily and seasonal evapotranspiration (E _t) into soil and plant water evaporation was compared for a conventional and a terminated-wheat cotton crop using the numerical model ENWATBAL. The model was configured to account for the effects of residue on the radiative fluxes and by introducing an additional resistance to latent and sensible heat fluxes derived from measurements of wind speed and vapor conductance from a soil covered with wheat-stubble. Our results showed that seasonalE _t was similar in both systems and that cumulative soil water evaporation was 50% ofE _t in conventional cotton and 31% ofE _t in the wheat-stubble cotton. Calculated values ofE _t were in agreement with measured values. The main benefit of the wheat residues was to suppress soil water evaporation by intercepting irradiance early in the growing season when the crop leaf area index (LAI) was low. In semiarid regions LAI of dryland cotton seldom exceeds 2 and residues can improve water conservation. Measured soil temperatures showed that early in the season residues reduced temperature at 0.1 m depth by as much as 5°C and that differences between systems diminished with depth and over time. Residues increased lint yield per unit ofE _t while not modifying seasonalE _t and reducing cumulative soil water evaporation.With 8 Figures     

黄淮海地区冬小麦农业气象指标体系的构建

冬小麦农业气象指标体系是定量评价冬小麦农业气象条件优劣和发布灾害预警预报的基础,更是农业气象业务服务的基础。在解释冬小麦农业气象指标内涵的基础上,参照冬小麦农业气象指标体系构建的通则,综合农业气象指标研究方法的优缺点,构建了由4个一级指标、21个二级指标构成的我国黄淮海地区冬小麦农业气象指标体系。其中一级指标由冬小麦品种特性农业气象指标、关键生育期农业气象指标、主要农业气象灾害指标、主要病虫害指标四大类构成。冬小麦品种特性农业气象指标由反映品种特性和地域布局的指标构成,包括品种类型、区域布局和耕作栽培管理气象指标;关键生育期农业气象指标由反映关键生育阶段气象条件适宜与否的指标构成,包括播种出苗期、分蘖期、越冬期、返青期、拔节期、抽穗开花期、乳熟期、成熟收获期气象指标;主要农业气象灾害指标由反映受灾程度的指标构成,包括干旱、越冬冻害、晚霜冻、湿渍害、干热风、烂场雨等;主要病虫害指标由反映病虫害发生发展程度的指标构成,包括白粉病、赤霉病、锈病、蚜虫等。此外,还对指标的筛选和综合集成及赋权方法进行了探讨。     

河南省稻麦类作物对气候变化的响应

小麦和水稻是世界最重要的粮食作物。利用河南省小麦和水稻的历史观测资料,结合DSSAT-CERES 小麦和ORYZA2000水稻模拟模型,分析和模拟河南省稻麦类作物在历史气候变化条件下发育期和产量的变化。结果表明：冬小麦全育期长度呈缩短趋势,但播种-越冬天数平均每10年增加1.7天,开花到乳熟天数平均每10年增加2-4天,返青后各发育期均表现出不同程度的提前;水稻各发育期均有不同程度的提前,尤其是拔节期以前,分蘖前的发育期间隔天数以缩短为主,拔节后以延长为主。雨养小麦模拟产量和水氮增产潜力均呈减少趋势;随着播种期的提前,水稻减产趋势逐渐减弱。     

The climate of Europe 6000 years ago

Palaeoclimates across Europe for 6000 y BP were estimated from pollen data using the modern pollen analogue technique constrained with lake-level data. The constraint consists of restricting the set of modern pollen samples considered as analogues of the fossil samples to those locations where the implied change in annual precipitation minus evapotranspiration (P–E) is consistent with the regional change in moisture balance as indicated by lakes. An artificial neural network was used for the spatial interpolation of lake-level changes to the pollen sites, and for mapping palaeoclimate anomalies. The climate variables reconstructed were mean temperature of the coldest month (T _c ), growing degree days above 5  °C (GDD), moisture availability expressed as the ratio of actual to equilibrium evapotranspiration (α), and P–E. The constraint improved the spatial coherency of the reconstructed palaeoclimate anomalies, especially for P–E. The reconstructions indicate clear spatial and seasonal patterns of Holocene climate change, which can provide a quantitative benchmark for the evaluation of palaeoclimate model simulations. Winter temperatures (T _c ) were 1–3 K greater than present in the far N and NE of Europe, but 2–4 K less than present in the Mediterranean region. Summer warmth (GDD) was greater than present in NW Europe (by 400–800 K day at the highest elevations) and in the Alps, but >400 K day less than present at lower elevations in S Europe. P–E was 50–250 mm less than present in NW Europe and the Alps, but α was 10–15% greater than present in S Europe and P–E was 50–200 mm greater than present in S and E Europe. Received: 3 January 1996 / Accepted: 15 July 1996     

以黄淮海为例研究农田实际蒸散量

以田间实验资料为基础 ,建立农田蒸散量和土壤相对含水量与潜在蒸散的函数关系。利用这种函数关系 ,计算黄淮海地区 ,在自然条件下农田蒸散量的变化。结果表明 ,黄淮海农田蒸散量的年变化呈双峰型 ,第一峰值出现在冬小麦抽穗开花期 ,第二高峰出现在夏玉米抽雄开花期。农田蒸散的区域分布趋势与自然降水分布相一致 ,在量值上约等于降水量的 84%     

最大蒸发量的计算、分析及其应用

本文利用潘曼(Penman)公式E_0=(ΔH rE_a)/(Δ r),计算了宁夏各地自然蒸发量E_r值,分析了E_r的时空分布特征;以E_r/r的比值(干燥指数)作为划分宁夏农业气候区域的指标,并根据E_r=L_iE_0的关系式,订正了宁夏地区春、夏、秋各季的转换系数K_i值;以计算出的农作物各生育期内自由水面蒸发量E_0值和实测田间蒸发量′fc的比例系数(′fc/E_0),作为土壤-植物-近地表层这个系统的水份状况的重要指标,鉴定出了宁夏灌区小麦、水稻、小糜子等主要作物生育期的蒸发系数j_t值和耗水量。用水分平衡方程式,求出了作物灌溉量和生育末期土壤水分储水量,为研究宁夏农业气候区划及建立农作物水分平衡预报,提供了依据。     

黄土高原多沙粗沙区作物水分供需状况评价

采用最大可能蒸散、作物实际蒸散、水分盈亏、水分订正系数评价了黄土高原多沙粗沙区主要作物(春小麦、冬小麦、春玉米、夏玉米和棉花)和草地生长季水分供需状况,结果表明,需水量:冬小麦>棉花>春玉米>春小麦>夏玉米;水分订正系数:春玉米>夏玉米>棉花>春小麦>冬小麦。草地需水量为350～450mm,水分订正系数0.95以上,水分供需矛盾小,实施退耕还牧无论对缓解水资源短缺,还是改善生态环境,在黄土高原多沙粗沙区都是十分有效的措施。