宝石的红外反射光谱及红外光谱鉴定系统

红外透过光谱技术是当前鉴别翡翠是否有聚合物充填的最好方法，而红外反射光谱技术是一种快速、无损伤的测试方法，主要提供矿物的基频振动光谱信息，在宝石学研究方面特别是鉴定宝石种属方面显示出新的应用可能性。本文介绍红外反射光谱技术的宝石学应用和包含318个光谱的数据库以及检索、鉴定程序的宝石红外光谱鉴定系统。     

Reflectance spectroradiometry applied to a semi-quantitative analysis of the mineralogy of the N4ws deposit,Carajás Mineral Province,Pará, Brazil

Quantifying the abundance and physicochemical properties of minerals using reflectance spectroradiometry in the visible, near infrared and shortwave infrared (400–2500 nm) regions is an important tool in mineral exploration. In this study, the reflectance spectra of drill cores from the world-class N4WS iron deposit located in the Carajás Mineral Province, Brazil, were obtained. These spectra were validated using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) geochemical analyses and thin sections. The reflectance spectra were collected using a FieldSpec 3 spectroradiometer (ASD, Boulder, Colorado, USA) in 10 drill cores. The mineralogy of the deposit is mainly hematite, with lesser amounts of magnetite, goethite, quartz, kaolinite, gibbsite, smectite, talc, carbonate and chlorite. The mineralogy of the iron deposit was extracted from the spectral data using the geometry (depth and wavelength) of absorption features across the reflectance spectrum removed from the continuum. The depth of the absorption features is proportional to the mineral abundance, and the wavelength is proportional to the mineral chemical composition. The diagnostic absorption features of each mineral were used to determine the mineral abundance and composition. The final products include the abundance of iron (hydro) oxide (11.6% root-mean-square error [RMSE] Fe₂O₃); abundance of aluminous clays (RMSE 6% Al₂O₃); abundance of talc (8% RMSE MgO); identification of clay type (kaolinite, montmorillonite or gibbsite); composition of carbonate (dolomite vs. calcite); and composition of chlorite (Mg vs. Fe). The mineral abundance and composition results provided an effective characterisation of the ore, protore and host rocks and showed variations within the ore body.     

马坑铁矿钻孔岩心红外光谱特征及蚀变分带特征研究

红外反射光谱技术可无损、快速、批量地识别出硅酸盐、硫酸盐、碳酸盐等矿物,近年来在矿物学研究、地质勘探与找矿、矿山选冶等方面取得了较显著进展。尤其是热红外波段（6000~14500nm）可识别出辉石、石榴子石、橄榄石等蚀变矿物以及长石、石英等造岩矿物,对于矽卡岩型、铜镍硫化物型以及石英脉型等矿床地质找矿、矿床成因研究等具有重要意义。本文通过对国家实物地质资料馆馆藏的马坑铁矿钻孔岩心进行短波-热红外反射光谱测量与分析,总结马坑铁矿各蚀变矿物光谱特征,并快速厘定了该矿床的蚀变矿物类型及组合特征。马坑铁矿蚀变矿物主要有石榴子石、辉石、碳酸盐、绿泥石、绢（白）云母、角闪石、绿帘石、蒙脱石、石膏等。石榴子石热红外光谱特征是在9199nm、9730nm、10500nm及11100nm处具有明显的反射特征,辉石热红外光谱特征主要是在11500nm和12150nm处具有明显的吸收特征。红外光谱分析表明蚀变矿物在空间上呈现出明显的分带性,蚀变矿物组合及分布严格受围岩岩性和热液交代的双重控制。通过红外反射光谱蚀变矿物组合特征研究,“石榴子石+辉石”可作为矽卡岩型矿床的标型矿物组合,蚀变分带特征也反映了主矿体从高温到低温的变化过程;结合矿床地质特征,推断出马坑铁矿为典型的层控矽卡岩型矿床。本研究可为矽卡岩型矿床的成矿规律认识和找矿勘探等方面提供科学支撑。     

钻孔岩心红外光谱-便携式XRF-磁化率测试在攀西太和钒钛磁铁矿床勘查中的应用

近年来,红外光谱技术因其可以绿色、快速、无损、精确探测矿物和提高勘查效率而备受关注.攀西超大型太和钒钛磁铁矿床位于镁铁质-超镁铁质层状岩体中,该矿床的典型矿物的红外光谱特征研究相对缺乏,制约了勘查效率的提高.本文应用便携式傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对四川太和钒钛磁铁矿床钻孔ZK1307岩心开展热红外光谱测试工作,并辅以便携式...     

An infrared study of clay minerals, 2. The identification of kaolinite-group clays in deep-sea sediments

The kaolinite-group mineral in deep-sea sediments is usually identified as kaolinite, and occasionally as halloysite. A study has been made of the infrared spectra of these two minerals; their absorption bands have been described, and compared to those of the other principal clay groups, i.e., illites, montmorillonites and chlorites, found in deep-sea sediments. It is shown that kaolinite and halloysite have diagnostic absorption bands at ca. 915 cm^?1 and ca. 3700 cm^?1. These bands are made the basis of a rapid infrared technique for the identification of kaolinite and or halloysite in deep-sea sediments.     

滇东磷矿床中粘土矿物的研究

滇东磷矿床中粘土矿物分布比较广泛,在震旦系到寒武系各地层中均有分布。本文仅讨论下寒武统渔户村组中谊村段磷矿层夹层及顶、底板页岩中的粘土矿物。经化学分析、X射线衍射、红外吸收光谱分析、差热分析及电子显微镜分析,确定长区磷矿床中的粘土矿物主要是伊利石和伊利石/蒙脱石不规则混层矿物,其次为高岭石、变埃洛石,含少量海绿石。通过对混层矿物的研究,为本区矿物间的转化、沉积环境及成岩作用的探讨提供了重要的资料。     

方解石-白云石-菱镁矿的中远红外光谱学特征研究

利用拉曼光谱和红外光谱研究了方解石、白云石和菱镁矿的光谱学特征,探究了影响三种矿物红外辐射性能的因素。三种矿物的拉曼光谱(Raman)、中红外吸收光谱(MIR)、远红外吸收光谱(FIR)显示随着矿物中镁含量的增大将会影响CO₃^2-的面外弯曲振动(ν₂)、反对称伸缩振动(ν₃)和平面内弯曲振动(ν₄),使各光谱特征峰均向高频端迁移。基于黑体辐射定律以及在80 ℃、400~2 000 cm^-1矿物的辐射能量谱,结果显示方解石、白云石、菱镁矿的发射率依次减少(0.951,0.938,0.895)。三种矿物的红外吸收光谱和发射光谱中的振动位置均受CO₃^2-基频的显著影响,在1 300~1 650 cm^-1均产生宽的低吸收带,该吸收带与CO₃^2-的反对称伸缩振动相关,且吸收带范围(202,236,272 cm^-1)与发射率之间呈负相关关系。因此,当最强化学键的振动出现在发射光谱窄的吸收带范围内会产生相对较高的辐射能和发射率。此外,矿物的晶体结构也会影响发射率,大的离子半径、键长和晶胞体积将降低辐射过程中能量的吸收,增强辐射特性。综上研究结果,方解石、白云石和菱镁矿的拉曼光谱和红外光谱揭示了金属原子的相对质量对光谱学特征的显著影响,其发射率可能受到C—O键的反伸缩振动范围、最强吸收带控制的最低发射率以及矿物晶体结构的共同影响。这项研究呈现了必要的光谱信息和热发射率数据以识别特定的碳酸盐矿物,为类似矿物的光谱特征研究奠定了基础;同时为进一步认识地壳中大量的碳酸盐矿物提供了研究方法,也为地外勘探的深入研究给予相关的理论基础。     

鄂尔多斯盆地白垩系粘土矿物的分布特征及其沉积-成岩环境意义

系统地分析了鄂尔多斯盆地白垩系粘土矿物的特征及其沉积、成岩环境意义。研究结果表明:白垩系砂岩、泥质岩的粘土矿物组合以I+C+I/S型、I+C型为主,具有高伊利石含量,较高绿泥石、伊/蒙混层矿物含量的粘土矿物组成特点;其中泥质岩粘土矿物主要为陆源碎屑成因,次为沉积成岩过程中形成的自生粘土矿物,而砂岩粘土矿物兼有陆源碎屑成因和沉积成岩过程自生成因的特征;白垩系沉积时气候总体特征为干旱—半干旱,但局部时段发生干—湿气候波动而处于短暂的湿热气候环境;白垩系沉积物源富含长石等硅酸盐矿物,沉积物质主要自北、南、西向盆地内部搬运沉积;白垩系沉积和埋藏成岩过程中水介质整体上具有盐度较高,偏碱性,富K+、Fe2+、Mg2+的特点,且总体上盆地南部水介质中的这些指标都高于北部。     

Preliminary studies on the characterization of clay minerals in the Sundarban mangrove core sediments,West Bengal,India

Clay mineral found in rivers, estuaries, and marine sedimentary environments is an important group of minerals which is the by-product of chemical weathering. The main constituents of this fine-grained sediment include mudstones, clay stones, and shales. This is probably the first report of a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) investigation on the clay minerals to characterize them in the Sundarban mangrove core sediments of Moipith Matla and Belamati Island. This study was carried out in the selected stretch for FTIR and SEM analyses. The study reveals the dominant association of kaolinite with subordinate amount of quartz, illite, and chlorite. The abundance of kaolinite, illite, chlorite, and clay with quartz helps in increasing the sediment in the island region. The geochemical and mineralogical evolution of mangrove sediment results in the interaction of biotic and abiotic parameters, whose balance is conditioned by the climate that governs the hydrologic regime, the sedimentation dynamics, and of the organic matter. This study on the characterization of clay provides substantial impact in the water-holding capacity, productivity, and mineralogical and chemical transformation in order to establish much more and intermediate equilibrium between marine influence and continental contribution, as a part of the estuarine environment.     

Weathering of volcanic tuff rocks caused by moisture expansion

Moisture expansion in natural building stones is considered one of the most important factors affecting their weathering and deterioration. The processes that may be responsible for the expansion under determinate relative humidity (hygric dilatation) and water-saturated conditions (hydric dilatation) are generally attributed to the presence of swellable clay minerals. In contrast to this assumption, our investigations show that moisture expansion also takes place in volcanic tuff building stones almost free from clay minerals. To provide a deeper understanding of the processes, swelling and deterioration were performed on 14 volcanic tuffs used as important building stones of different ages, compositions and weathering stages from Mexico, Germany and Hungary. The investigations undertaken include extensive chemical, petrophysical and fabric analyses. The samples show a wide range of effective porosity, microporosity, capillary water absorption, moisture expansion, and CEC values. High moisture expansion does not seem to depend on clay mineral content alone. We also observed that there is no significant effect on dilatation if clay minerals are present but only form a thin coat on the outer shell of bigger pores. Moreover, we identified a correlation between microporosity, average pore radius and moisture expansion. The investigations highlight the fact that moisture expansion cannot only be attributed to swellable clay minerals, and suggest that the presence and accumulation of micropores and their average radius and distribution play an important role for non-clay associated swelling intensity, which can most probably be attributed to the disjoining pressure.     

贵州碳酸盐岩红土中的粘土矿物及其形成机理

本文运用Ｘ射线衍射、红外光谱、差热、透射电镜和扫描电镜等方法对贵州碳酸盐岩红土中的粘土矿物进行了系统研究。高岭石和０．７ｎｍ埃洛石是碳酸盐岩红土中的主要粘土矿物，其次为伊利石、蛭石、绿泥石、绿泥石／蛭石混层矿物，水铝英石和三水铝石等。     

大别山区石英质玉宝石矿物学特征研究

大别山区石英质玉属新近发现的一种石英质玉（简称＂大别山玉＂）,具色彩绚丽、质地细腻温润等特点。利用偏光显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、X射线粉末衍射、化学分析、红外光谱分析等方法,重点对＂大别山玉＂的矿物组成、化学成分、物理光学性质、微结构、红外吸收光谱等特征进行研究。结果表明,＂大别山玉＂具较典型的微粒-细粒结构,主要矿物为石英,含少量的绢云母、绿泥石、萤石、黄铁矿及其它粘土矿物等次要矿物,实属石英质玉;其化学成分相对较纯,主成分为SiO2,含少量的Al2O3,CaO,MgO,Fe2O3,FeO,K2O等;其红外反射光谱以Si—O非对称伸缩振动致特征的1177,1104 cm-1谱带、Si—O—Si对称伸缩振动致800,781cm-1分裂谱带以及由Si—O弯曲振动致492 cm-1较强谱带和542 cm-1弱谱带为特征。同时,还对＂大别山玉＂的结晶度及水的赋存状态一并给予了探讨。     

顾及太空风化效应的虹湾地区矿物含量反演

月表矿物含量反演是研究月球地质起源和演化的关键.太空风化作用普遍发生在月球表面,对矿物纯净光谱造成了不可忽视的影响,它弱化光谱吸收特征, 降低反射率,影响矿物含量遥感反演精度.基于Relab光谱库和Hapke辐射传输模型,将月表 4种矿物(单斜辉石、斜方辉石、斜长石、橄榄石)的二向性反射率转换成同向性的单次散射反照率,然后计算矿物的光学常数;再根据亚微观金属铁SMFe(submicroscopic metallic iron)的质量分数模拟6种不同程度太空风化效应,得到端元矿物的反射率光谱;最后基于上述方法,利用多端元线性分解方法和M3(moon mineralogy mapper,月球矿物绘图仪)高光谱数据反演不同风化程度下的矿物含量,得到月表虹湾地区辉石、斜长石、橄榄石3种矿物的含量分布.实验表明,利用多端元线性分解可以有效模拟太空风化效应对矿物光谱的影响,是研究太空风化效应影响下矿物识别及含量反演的一种行之有效的方法.      

Discrete and functional-geometric methods of infrared spectroscopy of minerals using reference samples

Different methods of infrared spectroscopy applied to the analysis of mineral phases using spectra of reference samples are compared. Traditionally (discretely), the IR spectrum is processed as pairs of numbers characterizing frequencies and intensities of separate bands. The major advantage of such an approach is the opportunity to visualize fine crystallochemical features within groups of related minerals. An alternative technique is based on functional-geometric analysis, dealing with the spectral curve as a whole. This approach is based on the minimization of root-mean square deviations and opens up wide possibilities for the identification of minerals by their IR spectra. The crux of the functional-geometric method is the determination of a linear combination of standard spectra with nonnegative coefficients that ensures the best (in terms of integral functional comparison) approximation of the analyzed spectral curve. As a rule, the spectra of minerals with the closest crystallochemical relationships with the examined sample make the greatest contribution to this resolution. Numerous examples of application of the discrete and functional-geometric methods are described.     

便携式短波红外矿物分析仪(PIMA)在西藏墨竹工卡县驱龙铜矿区矿物填图中的应用

介绍了应用国内近两年新引进的便携式短波红外矿物分析仪(Portable Infrared Mineral Analyser，简称PIMA)在西藏驱龙铜矿区所做的矿物填图的工作情况，以及依据PIMA测试所获得的光谱数据进行矿物识别的初步研究成果。通过野外对探槽TC0701和TC1101系统采样和对应的光谱测试分析，识别出了与矿化和矿体有直接关系的蚀变指示矿物硬石膏(anhydrite)。在矿物识别过程中，提取到了可以作为矿区标准光谱的白云母等矿物的纯光谱曲线，并且在野外验证过程中确认了航天图像(Hyperion)上解译的零星分布的蚀变矿物绿泥石的存在。     

Sediment colour reflectance spectroscopy as a proxy for wet/dry cycles at Lake El'gygytgyn,Far East Russia,during Marine Isotope Stages 8 to 12

Marine Isotope Stage 11 has been proposed as an analogue for the present interglacial interval; yet, terrestrial climate records from both this region and time interval are rare. The sediments deposited at Lake El'gygytgyn (67°30′N, 172°5′E) in Far East Russia contain a 3·56 Ma record of climate variability. This study presents a high‐resolution record of sediment colour change from Marine Isotope Stage 8 to 12 (ca 275 to 475 ka) and demonstrates the link between lake catchment processes and climate variability. The hue colour parameter, calculated from data collected via colour reflectance spectroscopy in the visible spectrum (380 to 720 nm), exhibits correspondence with global climate records. Determining the source of sediment colour changes was achieved through detailed mineralogical and sedimentological methods, and linked to colour changes through a series of colour sensitivity tests. Mineralogical data, measured by X‐ray diffraction, reveal fluctuations in concentrations of clay minerals corresponding to colour changes. Further analyses of the clay mineral assemblages show no change in relative clay mineral abundances, yet demonstrate a lake catchment dominated by physical weathering processes. Using measured mineral abundances, reconstructions of sediment colour based on colour reflectance mineral standards link mineral and clay mineral content to overall sediment colour. Colour sensitivity tests demonstrate the ability of iron oxide minerals to stain sediments red. Additionally, colour sensitivity to organic matter content was tested, suggesting that organic content drives variability in the red portion of the spectrum and darkens the overall colour signal. Sediment colour is then ultimately linked to physical weathering of bedrock minerals, with small amounts of chemical weathering producing iron oxides during wet intervals. Fluctuations in the sediment colour reveal a high‐resolution record of wet/dry cycles, and provide new information about wet periods for the Russian Arctic region not yet understood from other lake proxy records.     

铀与某些粘土矿物之间关系的初步研究

60年代初苏联的研究了蒙脱石、高岭石、蛭石、铝土矿、钠长石等对铀的吸附作用及这些矿物吸附铀与作用时间、温度、氢离子、溶液铀浓度之间的关系。认为粘土吸附铀与这些矿物的离子交换性能密切相关,且其吸附容量从蒙脱石向钠长石逐渐减少。     

Identification of chlorite and chlorite-related minerals in sediments

A scheme is presented for the identification and classification of chlorite and related minerals in sediments which is mainly based on X-ray characteristics of the orginal sample and the sample heated at 350°C and treated with K⁺ and with glycerol. Examples are given. It is emphasized that additional data about clay mineral genesis, electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy and chemical analyses are needed for the ordening of a certain mineral in the proposed scheme. Many names of minerals so far found to occur in the clay separate of sediments proved to be synonymous (52 of a total of 88) and thus should be abandoned. They only give confusion and needlessly increase the many difficulties which already exist in the identification, classification and quantitative determination of this complicated group of minerals of about 36 well defined specimens which may be found in sediments.