中国南方地区卫生资源与居民健康的时空关系

卫生资源是维护居民健康的物质基础,居民健康水平与卫生资源水平密切相关。采用空间变异系数、GIS空间分析、地理加权回归等分析方法,对2000—2015年中国南方地区的卫生资源与居民健康的时空关系进行研究,结果表明：① 过去15年间,中国南方地区绝大多数地市（96.02%）的卫生资源水平都是持续提高的;卫生资源水平的空间差异逐渐减小,均等化程度不断提升,表现为最高区不断扩大,最低区不断缩小,空间变异系数下降23.29%;川西高原、长江三角洲、珠江三角洲为卫生资源水平最高区。② 过去15年间,中国南方地区所有地市的居民健康水平都是持续提高的;居民健康水平呈现出自东向西梯度降低的空间分异,最高区不断扩张,最低区不断收缩,空间差异大幅减小,空间变异系数下降了64.62%。③ 中国南方地区的居民健康水平与卫生资源水平呈中度显著正相关（r=0.49）,但在不同的地市,卫生资源水平对居民健康水平的贡献是不一样的,呈现出显著的空间异质性影响。     

塔里木河流域生态系统健康评价指标体系的构建

流域生态系统健康评价研究是目前生态学研究的一个新概念、新问题,旨在探讨在人类强烈活动干扰下遭忖受严重污染与退化的流域生态系统的健康问题,生态系统健康是人类与环境间的相互协调关系及实现生态可持续发展的重要基础.依据野外调查资料、遥感影像和社会经济数据,分析表明：水资源是决定塔里木河流域生态系统健康与否的关键因素,人类对水资源的不合理开发利用是导致本流域生态环境恶化的根本原因.因此从水资源、生物多样性、生态系统的弹性和经济社会几方面的健康出发,选取相应的一系列指标,构建了塔里木河流域生态系统健康评价指标体系,并确立了各指标健康程度的度量标准.从而为本流域的生态环境管理提供可参考的理论基础.     

Incorporating geographies of health into public policy debates: The GeoHealth Laboratory

Abstract:  The restricted influence of geographers in the policy arena has been the source of some angst. This paper reports on a new initiative at the University of Canterbury, which aims to strengthen geography's contribution to health policy debates in New Zealand. The GeoHealth Laboratory is a joint initiative between the Department of Geography and Public Health Intelligence group at the Ministry of Health that seeks to provide a pathway for the integration of health geography research into policy development. This new facility aligns the expertise in health geography, GIS and other spatial analytical methods with policy-relevant research priorities. An overview of the strategic aims of the GeoHealth Laboratory is provided along with some examples of recent research activities that are contributing to understandings of the health landscape in New Zealand. It is argued that such partnerships provide important opportunities for geographers to engage with policy-relevant issues.     

日常活动视角下居民健康影响的性别差异——以广州为例

中国城市化转型背景下,居民的公共健康成为城市地理研究的一个热点。越来越多研究关注健康的性别差异,但基于日常活动视角分析居民健康的影响因素和路径的性别差异研究较为缺乏。因此,作者尝试通过构建结构方程模型探讨不同性别群体居民属性、建成环境、日常活动对健康影响的差异。研究发现：全职男性、全职女性与非全职女性的自评健康存在显著差异,得分依次降低;健康影响因素和影响路径存在性别差异,女性日常活动受到更多约束,其健康更大程度受所住社区周边建成环境和日常活动的影响;女性亚群体之间的健康及影响路径也存在差异;在考虑居民健康性别差异的同时,需要重视就业状况对健康的影响。日常活动视角能揭示居民属性和建成环境对健康影响的路径,有助于理解居民健康影响的性别差异。本文拓宽了健康影响因素的研究框架,对转型背景下改善建成环境,减少日常活动约束,关注健康的性别差异具有重要的现实意义。     

荒漠生态系统健康评价的探索

生态系统健康是生态系统可持续的基础,也是人类环境健康与可持续发展的基础。荒漠生态系统是荒漠区的典型生态系统,是荒漠区人类环境和社会发展的基础。本文在生态系统健康分析的基础上,对荒漠生态系统健康的定义、特征、指标和标准及评价方法进行了一些定性探索,对我国荒漠生态系统的健康状况做了简要评价。     

Pastoral mobility, sedentarization and accessibility of health services in the northeast Badia of Jordan

The World Health Organisation (WHO) has attempted to achieve ‘Health for All by the Year 2000’. However, this aim has been limited in its success and significant levels of poor health remain. The WHO concede this and have revised their slogan: ‘Health for All in the Twenty-First Century’. One of the central problems has been social and geographical inequity of development and, importantly, that health services are inaccessible to large segments of the population in many developing countries. To this end, the Jordanian government has attempted to improve accessibility in rural communities by providing an extensive network of basic rural health clinics. However, a significant factor impeding this goal has been that much of the population is dispersed and that many practise pastoral nomadism. This paper reviews the extent to which rural clinical services have been made accessible to the nomadic and sedentarizing population of the northeast Jordan Badia.     

近15年来国外居民健康的邻里影响研究进展——基于CiteSpace软件的可视化分析

为了全面地分析国外居民健康的邻里影响研究新进展,基于CiteSpace可视化工具,分析Web of Science数据库中2002―2016年以来613篇主题为“居民健康的邻里影响”的文献,以揭示影响居民健康的重要环境因素,为中国健康城市规划提供依据。研究发现：1）近15年来国外居民健康的邻里影响研究关注度持续上升,研究主题集中,主要关注建成环境和社会环境2个方面;2）建成环境和社会环境一方面通过塑造居民交通出行方式、体育锻炼习惯、饮食习惯、生活态度以及心理状态等路径作用于居民健康,另一方面通过压力的累积、资源获取的受限等对健康产生影响;3）目前研究方法主要通过横向研究构建健康行为、相关疾病与环境要素之间的多元量化模型来实现,纵向研究较少。最后对中国居民健康的邻里影响研究提出3点建议。     

论人类健康可持续发展

健康是人类生存和发展的基础,提高人类健康水平是可持续发展的一项重要目标。在可持续发展系统内,人类健康是判断人与自然以及人与人之间关系和谐与否的标尺;人类健康可持续发展是人类杜会可持续发展的基础。人类健康可持续发展要求在满足当代人健康需求的同时又不损害后代人满足其健康需求的能力;在满足本区域人群健康需求的同时又不损害其他区域满足其人群健康需求的能力;在促进生态、经济、社会朝可持续方向发展的同时,自身在生理、心理、社会幸福感方面也获得全面发展。现代文明发展道路应是生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好、生命健康的发展道路。     

Looking back and moving forward: Health geography in Aotearoa and beyond

Health geography in Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ) has had a major impact on international sub‐disciplinary debates. It is timely to celebrate our domestic health geography achievements and alert ourselves to the challenges ahead. This reflection article provides a brief overview of Aotearoa NZ's maturing health geography community and includes the reflections of a panel discussion held during the bi‐annual NZ Geographical Society conference in 2016. We argue that the eclectism of health geography in NZ and beyond is both the sub‐discipline's major strength and challenge.     

全球环境变化与人类健康

全球环境变化与人类健康研究是目前地球系统科学研究关注的热点问题之一,引起了越来越多机构和科学家的重视,并且已取得了一定的研究成果。本文介绍了全球环境变化研究的内容和意义及目前全球环境变化的研究体系;总结了在全球气候变化、臭氧层损耗、生物多样性的丧失、土地荒漠化和干旱、环境污染、全球化以及城市化等多方面给人类健康带来的影响;概括了目前关于全球环境变化与人类健康研究的热点领域以及我国开展全球环境变化与健康研究的主要问题。     

Research Ethics,Trauma and Self-care: reflections on disaster geographies

In this Research Note, I reflect on researcher trauma in the discipline of geography, and explore ways to build a framework for researcher self-care by facilitating conversations about mental health in collaboration with Human Research Ethics Committees, Professional and Organisational Development Services and Workplace Health and Safety units.     

医学地理和环境健康研究的主要领域与进展

通过对近年国内外医学地理和环境健康相关领域的文献检索分析发现,人口健康是当前国际地理学和环境科学研究的核心内容之一,其研究趋势可以归纳为以下几个方面:①重视全球环境变化对人类健康的影响。包括全球大气组成改变(气候变化和臭氧层耗散)对健康的影响、土地利用/土地覆被变化与健康、全球环境变化与传染病、食物生产系统改变与健康和城市化与健康等;②环境健康风险评估领域进一步拓展,除重金属、持久性有机污染物等有毒有害污染物的健康风险外,有关生态、灾害和场地环境污染对健康影响的综合风险评估日益受到重视;③重视社会人文因素与自然因素交互作用对健康的影响,特别是经济发展和城市化过程中收入、产品和服务分配不均造成的卫生不公平对健康的影响;④重视人口老龄化过程的时空差异及其对社会的影响和老龄人口的健康、医疗与养老需求及其可达性研究;⑤地理信息系统和模型等技术被广泛用于疾病和健康的空间数据管理、空间分布规律和空间影响因素分析等领域,并为疾病监测、卫生管理和卫生规划提供了强有力的技术支撑。随着国内在相关领域需求和国际交流的增加,我国近年的相关研究有了较大的发展并得到国际社会的认可,医学地理作为一门学科,在我国人口健康研究中正发挥越来越重...     

生态健康评价在温地管理中的应用

本文系统地闸述了生态系统健康的内涌、评价方法及其与湿地管理的密切联系,论述了生态系统健康评价在湿地管理中的应用途径,进而找出我国湿地健康评价不能适应快速发展的湿地管理的问题所任.生态系统健康是湿地管理的目的和基础,生态健康评价是实现湿地可持续管理的工具,生态健康评价不仅可以对湿地生态系统健康的整体状况进行综介评估和预测,而且可以应用于单个指标评价的健康状况排序,能够确定湿地管理措施实施的先后顺序,恢复行为的有效性,提高湿地综合管理能力,是开展湿地管珲工作的重要工具.     

我国农村合作医疗的地区模式

农村合作医疗是我国农村主要的医疗保障形式。但是由于我国各地社会经济发展水平不平衡，中央政府的扶持政策也有所不同，合作医疗出现了多种不同的地区模式。高收入地区、中等收入地区及低收入地区的合作医疗在筹资方式、管理方式和补偿方式上都各有特点。     

生态健康评价在湿地管理中的应用

本文系统地阐述了生态系统健康的内涵、评价方法及其与湿地管理的密切联系,论述了生态系统健康评价在湿地管理中的应用途径,进而找出我国湿地健康评价不能适应快速发展的湿地管理的问题所在。生态系统健康是湿地管理的目的和基础,生态健康评价是实现湿地可持续管理的工具,生态健康评价不仅可以对湿地生态系统健康的整体状况进行综合评估和预测,而且可以应用于单个指标评价的健康状况排序,能够确定湿地管理措施实施的先后顺序,恢复行为的有效性,提高湿地综合管理能力,是开展湿地管理工作的重要工具。     

中国保健食品的结构特征及其发展趋向

保健食品是具有与生物防御、生物节律调整、防止疾病、恢复健康等有关的功能因素,经设计加工,对生物体有明显调整功能的食品。我国保健食品始于1980年,20年来,随着国民经济的发展和科学技术水平的提高,保健食品的生产和消费也迅速发展。截止2002年底,全国保健食品生产企业848家,当年具有批准文号的产品共1 474种。本文对保健食品的功能、区域、产品原料、所有制、产品剂型、质量管理等方面进行了分析。分析表明:从产品功能看,主要集中于免疫调节功能、调节血脂、抗疲劳的产品,这3类产品共占全部保健食品市场的61.7%;从区域特征看,半数以上的企业仍集中在沿海地区;从保健食品原料分类看,以中草药原料为主,占44.5%;从所有制结构看,民营企业为主,已占全部保健食品企业的17.9%;从产品剂型结构看,胶囊剂(软/硬)是主打剂型,占56.4%;科技投入占当年产品销售收人的2.3%;全国仅有13.1%企业通过GMP和ISO体系认证。最后分别从中老年、中青年和青少年3个消费群提出了今后保健食品的发展方向。     

新冠肺炎疫情下健康码政策的空间扩散机制分析

新冠肺炎疫情作为突发公共卫生事件,在全球范围造成了灾难性后果。自2020年2月,中国各地政府出于防控疫情蔓延和促进复工复产的目的,相继出台健康码政策,迄今已成为中国有效防控疫情的重要手段和经验。本文通过对全国295个地级及以上市的健康码政策扩散时间及其影响因素进行事件史分析,探究该项首创于地方政府的应急政策迅速扩散至全国范围的时空过程及其机制。研究发现：① 数字化水平和经济实力优越的城市采取健康码政策的反应速度更快。② 邻近城市政府间的“学习”和“竞争”行为会提高健康码政策扩散速度,而省级政府的垂直指导压力所发挥的作用不显著。③ 政策企业家是加快健康码政策扩散的有力推手。④ 各市疫情状况以及与疫情热点地区的地理距离会对健康码政策扩散产生影响。本文通过分析新冠肺炎疫情背景下健康码政策的扩散动因,为理解公共危机情境下应急政策的制定和扩散机制提供经验总结和政策启示。     

Regional differences in the health status of Chinese residents: 2003–2013

Health inequality is an increasing concern worldwide. Using the coefficient of variation, Theil index, exploratory spatial data analysis, and spatial panel econometric model, we examined the regional inequality, spatio-temporal dynamic patterns, and key factors in the health status of Chinese residents from 2003 to 2013. We found that China’s residential health index (RHI) decreased from 0.404 to 0.295 in 2003–2013 at an annual rate of 2.698%. Spatially, resident health status, based on the RHI, has improved faster in the western region than in the eastern and central regions. Inequality in resident health status continued to increase between 2003 and 2013; inequality between regions decreased, but health status inequality expanded within regions. Furthermore, disparities in health status grew faster in western regions than in the eastern and central regions. The spatial distribution of resident health status formed a “T-shaped” pattern across China, decreasing from east to center then to the west with a symmetric decrease north and south. Using the change in Moran’s I from 2003 to 2008 and 2013, we found that the distribution of resident health status across China has narrowed. All the hot spots and cold spots have decreased, but they are also stable. Resident health status formed a stable cold spot in the western regions, while the east coastal area formed a stable hot spot. Selected explanatory variables have significant direct impacts on resident health status in China: increasing per capita GDP, per capita spending on health, and urbanization, and improving environmental quality all lead to better resident health status. Finally, we highlight the need for additional research on regional inequality of resident health status across multiple time, spatial, and factor domains.     

Community Development Approaches to Heart Health Promotion: A Geographical Perspective

This paper reports results of a qualitative study of community development approaches to heart health promotion in Ontario. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) represents a substantial proportion of the burden of illness experienced by western industrialized countries. Biomedical research has implicated lifestyle choices and socioeconomic conditions as primary determinants of CVD. There has been a resultant shift from curative to preventive/health promoting strategies to reduce this burden of illness. The Canadian Heart Health Initiative-Ontario Project (CHHIOP), a two-stage (quantitative and qualitative) longitudinal study, was designed to address issues of heart health promotion through the investigation and strengthening of community-based heart health activities in both the formal and informal public health systems. The study reported on in this paper forms one part of the qualitative stage and focuses on how community relationships and community development approaches play out in local contexts to shape the reality of (heart) health promotion practice. Analysis of key informant interviews using Ethnograph illustrates the centrality of community context, the lack of a common understanding of key concepts (e.g., community development), and the emergence of a shift in health agencies' ways of doing business characterized by increased partnering and collaboration in the delivery of (heart) health promotion programs. Local perspectives and the dynamics of intra-community relations were allowed to emerge through the use of qualitative approaches implying a need for place-sensitive (heart) health promotion strategies.     

Policy at the margins: developing community capacity in a rural Health Action Zone

The imperative to engage with communities and employ a community development approach is an integral part of the national agenda under New Labour. However, a large part of the literature and experience that informs contemporary policy and practice draws on the urban realm. This paper draws on the evaluation of a rural Health Action Zone to explore the extent to which national policy can facilitate local approaches to community health development within a rural context. Despite avowed support for innovation and evidence-based learning, it finds a continued emphasis on consensual tactics, low-cost solutions and traditional methods of ranking deprivation.