胶东三山岛断裂构造蚀变岩三维控矿规律研究与海域超大型金矿的发现

三山岛北部海域金矿床位于胶东西北部三山岛成矿带之内,为一严格受断裂构造控制的超大型破碎带蚀变岩型金矿床。该次找矿预测并获重大突破的预测依据如下：(1)三山岛断裂蚀变矿化带,受NNE和NEE两组方向的区域构造控制,复合叠加呈“N”字形分布。陆上断裂蚀变矿化带接近海域,并没有间断,推测在三山岛北部延伸至海区。(2)焦家和三山岛两断裂蚀变矿化带,具有统一的三维控岩控矿规律。焦家断裂蚀变金矿带向西倾斜,控矿构造和矿化富集程度显示阶梯状分布,其中矿体向南西侧伏,矿体在剖面上呈左行右列式分布;而三山岛断裂蚀变金矿带向东倾斜,其中矿体向NE侧伏,矿体在剖面上呈右行左列式分布。依据陆内构造控岩控矿规律预测海域未知矿体的分布规律,获得了良好的验证。(3)三山岛金矿到焦家金矿的勘探剖面显示,两个控矿构造岩相带倾向相反,但是都在下盘花岗岩区段集中交代蚀变成矿。这一认识为确定深部成矿靶区提供了准确的地质依据。(4)地球物理勘查结果显示,三山岛矿带的重力和磁力异常指出沿“N”字形构造从陆地向海区延伸,这成为预测的重要依据。总之,三山岛北部海域金矿床目前业已取得找矿重大突破。矿床为焦家式破碎蚀变岩型金矿,属中生代燕山晚期岩浆热液脉型矿床,其深部及外围仍具有良好的找矿前景。     

胶东金矿深部找矿主要成果和关键理论技术进展

系统总结了胶东金矿深部找矿的主要成果,回顾了胶东金矿的主要找矿理论认识和找矿方法技术发展历程。目前,胶东地区深、浅部累计探明金矿资源储量超过4500t,其中,500~2000m深度的深部金资源储量逾2700t,单矿床规模大于等于100t的超大型金矿床累计资源储量超过2900t,以破碎带蚀变岩型为主的金矿床资源储量逾3900t。探明了千吨级焦家巨型金矿床和三山岛巨型金矿床。对成矿模式的认识,经历了从受小构造控制的石英脉型金矿到受区域性大断裂控制的蚀变岩型金矿,再到深部阶梯式成矿的逐步扩展的发展过程。对成矿机制的认识,由绿岩带型金矿、多源长期成矿、岩浆热液金矿、幔源成矿、造山型金矿等发展为热隆伸展成矿。对矿床类型的认识,综合焦家式破碎带蚀变岩型金矿、玲珑式石英脉型金矿及其他多种类型金矿认识,提出了胶东型金矿的概念。找矿方法技术由早期的常规方法技术,发展为现今的高精度、大探测深度找矿方法技术。     

胶东三山岛北部海域超大型金矿床的发现及其构造 岩浆背景

胶东是我国最重要的黄金基地,近年来深部和海域隐伏区找矿又取得重大突破。尤其是,在莱州三山岛北部发现了海域超大规模金矿床。这一矿床与位于其南侧的三山岛矿区的深部主矿体相互连接,实际上为同一矿体,矿体全长超过3km,最大斜深超过1.7km,金资源总量超过500t,是我国规模最大的单一金矿体。矿床赋存于三山岛断裂下盘,为破碎带蚀变岩型金矿。其规模最大的4号矿体,赋存标高-796~-1736m,矿体走向长1446m,倾向最大延深1072m,平均厚度30.91m,平均品位5.23g/t。矿床由浅部矿体群和深部矿体群组成,二者均分布于控矿断裂倾角平缓和由陡变换的转折部位,构成由浅部至深部的台阶式分布特征,称之为阶梯式成矿模式。浅部第一台阶矿体赋存于-600m标高深度以上,矿体倾角25°~50°;深部第二台阶矿体赋存于-1000m标高以下,矿体倾角35°~40°。第一台阶与第二台阶的矿化特征有差异,后者矿体资源量多、规模大、厚度厚、品位高。控矿断裂——三山岛断裂的产状变化大,沿走向S形拐弯特征明显,沿倾向总体上显示浅部倾角陡深部倾角缓的铲式特点,且呈现倾角陡、缓交替变化规律,形成阶梯式断层。断裂下盘变形强,构造带厚度大;沿倾斜方向由浅部至深部,断裂带宽度变大、韧性变形特征增强、成矿空间增大,矿体厚度增大。这些特征指示,三山岛断裂具有铲式正断层性质。三山岛断裂的形成可能与郯庐断裂活动有关,郯庐断裂于早白垩世发生左行走滑时,在其东侧产生SEE向的伸展作用,形成了包括三山岛断裂在内的胶东地区的伸展构造。胶东侏罗—白垩纪岩浆活动强烈,玲珑型花岗岩、郭家岭型花岗岩、伟德山型花岗岩、崂山型花岗岩的地球化学特征研究表明,该区经历了由华北-扬子构造体系向欧亚-太平洋构造体系和由挤压机制向伸展机制的转换,由EM1型富集地幔向EM2型富集地幔演变。金矿的同位素年龄与壳幔混合源伟德山型花岗岩及相关中基性脉岩的形成时代一致,均形成于早白垩世。早白垩世岩浆活动在金成矿中起到了"热机"作用,使围岩中的金活化,并将地幔中的金携带上来,提供了部分成矿物质。白垩纪,中国东部软流圈上涌,构造岩浆活动强烈。在胶东地区,受早白垩世壳幔混合型大规模深部岩浆热隆影响,侏罗纪形成的壳源型玲珑岩基强烈隆升,其上覆的变质岩层发生大幅度拆离滑脱,形成拆离断层,三山岛断裂、焦家断裂和招平断裂均是热隆-伸展体制下的铲形下滑断裂,属拆离断层的组成部分。这种热隆-伸展构造为金矿成矿提供了有利条件,岩浆活动为金矿形成提供了适宜的物源、热源和流体,伸展拆离构造为金矿成矿提供了有利空间,构造、岩浆、流体的耦合造成了胶东型金矿大规模成矿作用。     

山东省焦家矿区深部超大型金矿床及其对“焦家式”金矿的启示

通过三年的地质勘查研究,发现了山东焦家矿区深部105吨特大型金矿床,圈定了89个矿体,归并为4个矿体群,其中Ⅰ-1号主矿体沿焦家断裂主裂面分布。焦家矿区共探获金矿资源储量230多吨,成为世界级超大规模金矿床。通过焦家深部金矿床和浅部金矿床对比研究,揭示了新的金矿成矿规律:浅部金矿床和深部金矿床之间为无矿间隔或弱矿化带;金矿床矿体厚大部位在剖面上产于焦家断裂由陡变缓转折点下部;焦家带金矿床构成了沿"一条构造带、二段矿化富集带、三层矿化蚀变带"产出的矿床模式。通过同位素年龄测定,焦家断裂断层泥的K-Ar年龄为131.05～123.53Ma和48.57～41.18Ma,早期指示断裂构造的主要形成期与金矿的主成矿期同步;晚期金矿的同位素年龄略晚于郭家岭花岗岩年龄,略早于崂山花岗岩年龄,位于伟德山花岗岩年龄值高峰段内,说明伟德山花岗岩岩浆活动是导致"焦家式"金矿成矿的直接因素。     

综合物探技术在三山岛断裂带与焦家断裂带深部成矿模式中的应用

焦家断裂带与三山岛断裂带,是胶东西jE部著名的金矿成矿带。利用综合物探资料,对三山岛断裂与焦家断裂带之间与金成矿关系密切的早前寒武纪变质岩系和中生代花岗岩的空间分布关系进行了重新划分。利用高磁、重力、大地电磁（MT）和可控源音频大地电磁（CSAMT）综合研究剖面,研究探索焦家断裂与三山岛断裂带深部断裂构造的分布关系及成矿模式。系统总结了两带金矿地球物理特征及成矿规律和找矿标志,并进行了深部成矿预测,提出了6处深部成矿靶区。其中Au4预测靶区,深孔验证见到厚大金矿体,取得了良好的地质科研效果,为胶西北地区深部地质找矿方向提供了重要依据。     

胶东西北部金矿床深部资源潜力与找矿方向

[摘摇要]结合胶东地区近年来金矿勘查的重大突破,通过对控矿断裂构造网络、成矿流体来源、成 矿深度估算和剥蚀程度的综合分析,认为胶东地区具有良好的区域金成矿地质条件和深部找矿前景。 胶东地区具有三山岛、焦家、招平3 条主要的控矿断裂和众多次级断裂,构成成矿流体活动和金矿床就 位的构造网络。成矿流体具有壳幔混合特征,暗示成矿作用深部延伸潜力可观。近年来的勘查实践已 经发现众多深部资源,证明胶东地区深部找矿切实可行。通过流体包裹体压力和花岗岩形成深度综合 分析,认为胶东金矿床成矿深度上限为2～3 km,成矿深度下限5～8 km,后期剥蚀程度不超过3 km,因 此区域上3 km 以浅甚至5 km 以浅均具有找矿前景。三山岛断裂与焦家断裂深部可能在4 km 左右深 度交汇,其交汇部位可能发育隐伏的巨型金成矿带。     

胶东三山岛金矿构造控矿规律研究

胶东西北部是我国重要的金矿聚集区,矿床类型以石英脉型和破碎带蚀变岩型为主。发育在三山岛–仓上断裂内部的三山岛金矿床是胶东西北部蚀变岩型金矿的典型代表。最新的勘探结果显示,三山岛金矿在大于2 km的垂深处仍有很好的金矿化,而且三山岛金矿的一个显著特点是主矿体均发育在断裂内部的断层泥之下,断裂的形成和演化对金矿床的形成及矿体的空间分布具有重要的控制作用。作者通过不同尺度的构造分析后发现,在三山岛金矿床形成过程中,区域构造应力场的状态发生过明显的转变,由成矿前的右行张扭,转变为成矿初期的NNW-SSE向挤压左行剪切应力场,三山岛主断裂也在成矿期发生左行挤压逆冲活动,主断裂封闭,主断裂内的断层泥逐渐形成,封堵成矿热液于断层泥之下,形成三山岛矿区大规模的破碎带蚀变岩型矿化。     

胶东型金矿床控矿构造及成矿模式

胶东型金矿床受断裂构造控制，断裂控矿规律一直是地质勘查和研究的重点问题。为深入研究断裂对金成矿的控制作用，本文基于大量矿床勘查和地质调查资料，通过对典型断裂剖面和断裂与矿体空间关系的构造解析，判断了成矿期断裂的性质和应力状态，讨论了断裂产状变化的控矿机理，提出了胶东型金矿新的构造成矿模式。将胶东主要控矿断裂分为Ⅰ级缓倾角断裂、Ⅱ级陡倾角断裂和Ⅲ级陡倾角张裂脉，三者分别控制了破碎带蚀变岩型、复合类型和石英脉型金矿床。金矿体主要赋存于断裂产状转折部位，蚀变岩型矿体赋存于断裂的倾角变缓部位，石英脉型矿体赋存于断裂倾角变陡部位。缓倾角断裂控制的矿体具有总体侧伏角小、富矿柱侧伏角大的“双向”侧伏特征。矿体产状与断裂产状的关系指示，三山岛、焦家和招平三条控矿断裂成矿期均属右行正滑或右行张扭性，金牛山断裂具有左行正滑特征。根据金矿体产状分析的胶西北金成矿小区区域构造应力场σ1为294°∠82°和269°∠78°，焦家断裂的σ1为300°∠67°、311°∠78°和321°∠81°，招平断裂北段σ1为130°∠65°和138°∠69°，反映了胶西北玲珑花岗岩体分布区域总体以垂向主压应力为主，其东、西两侧的边界断裂处的主压应力方位分别沿SE向和NW向指向岩体，成矿期断裂处于NW—SE向拉张状态。胶东东部邓格庄金矿田的σ1为287°∠0°，以水平主压应力为主。综合分析认为，产状变化的具张扭性质的断裂是金的有利赋矿构造，断裂的产状变化对金矿体具有明显的控制作用，断裂结构和流体性状的变化是金矿阶梯成矿的关键因素，断裂沿走向和倾向的产状转折联合控制了金矿体的侧伏。胶东地区早白垩世深部大量岩浆岩快速侵位，导致地壳强烈隆升产生伸展构造，来自不同深度和层次岩浆房及不同源区的岩浆梯次上侵，为深部含金流体活化、迁移提供了热动力条件和流动通道，含金流体到达地壳浅部在断裂产状变化的减压扩容空间卸载成矿。     

三山岛金矿床载金硫化物特征及其地质意义

三山岛金矿床和焦家金矿床虽然均为“焦家式金矿”的典型代表,但两者的矿物共生组合、载金硫化物矿物成分特点、金矿物的成色,以及围岩蚀变类型、强度,矿化阶段的发育情况等都有明显的差异。三山岛金矿床的毒砂、砷黝铜矿含量较高,黄铜矿的Cu／Fe、方铅矿的Pb／S也较高。这些特征与三山岛金矿的多金属硫化物阶段更发育的事实一致,反映了该矿床可能在矿床(或矿体)分带方面表现了比焦家金矿较浅部较外围的特征,这对深部远景具有指示意义。     

胶东焦家金矿带3000m深部成矿特征及其地质意义

近年来,胶东焦家金矿带深部找矿取得了重大突破,控制深度一般在2000m左右。为进一步研究焦家金矿带3000m深部成矿特征,本团队在莱州吴一村地区成功实施了深度3266. 06m的科研深钻,新发现金矿体6层,累计见矿厚度20. 87m,平均品位1. 85×10-6,最高品位13. 65×10-6。该深钻有效验证了胶东金矿3000m深部的资源潜力,被誉为"中国岩金第一见矿深钻"。据研究预测,深钻控制的吴一村预测区2000～4000m区间推断金矿资源量约900t,整个胶东地区2000～4000m区间推断金矿资源量4000t左右。焦家断裂带从浅部到深部倾角逐步变缓,焦家金矿带深部从破碎特征、蚀变矿化特征、构造岩类型等方面与浅部及中深部存在差异,具有分带性,一般从外向内分为碎裂状花岗岩、黄铁绢英岩化花岗质碎裂岩、黄铁绢英岩化碎裂岩、断层泥等带;焦家金矿带深部黄铁绢英岩仅局部出现在破碎蚀变最强部位,不连续,常呈条带状、透镜状出现;深部矿体主要位于主断裂面(断层泥)的上部,打破了以往研究认为断层泥在成矿过程中起隔挡成矿热液的作用、矿体位于其下部的局限认识,这些新认识对于正确构建找矿模型、确定深部找矿有利部位、成矿预测以及资源潜力评价等方面具重要意义。根据矿相学观察和测试研究,可将成矿阶段划分为Ⅰ石英-黄铁矿阶段、Ⅱ金-黄铁绢英岩化阶段、Ⅲ金-石英-多金属硫化物阶段和Ⅳ石英-重晶石-碳酸盐矿物阶段;深部矿体黄铁矿原位硫同位素测定及综合研究表明,成矿物质总体来源于中生代活化再造的前寒武纪变质基底,也有深源流体与地壳围岩强烈交换的特征,同时也显示地表水的参与,应该是燕山期地幔大幅度上涌,岩石圈迅速减薄,造成大规模陆壳重熔活化和岩浆活动,形成新的岩浆-流体-成矿系统,最终参与成矿。     

The university and the city

Universities were originally urban institutions with a vocational mission, though later some of them lost these categories. The outstanding cases of university-industrial synergy are all American: Highway 128 around Boston, Silicon Valley in the San Francisco bay Area, and Los Angeles Aerospace Alley. They display common features, notably their dependence on defence contracts during the Cold war, but there are differences in the subsequent history. Europe and Japan provide more negative examples: the English M4 corridor west of London, the French Cité Scientifique Ile-de-France Sud and the Japanese science town of Tsukuba have all been less successful than their American counterparts, though Cambridge seems to have been an exception; interestingly, its origins were different.     

The farmer,the worker and the MP

The territorial dimension of the digital divide is usually considered as a phenomenon that penalizes the peripheral regions, especially in terms of regional economic development. Taking into account the territorial networking of ICT (Information & Communication Technologies) infrastructures—particularly high-speed networks—provides what is probably the principal reason for such a perception. This is particularly true considering that the most-peripheral regions and those with the smallest population densities are also the poorest in terms of ICT infrastructures. In Western countries, however, the digital divide is no longer the result of network-related problems. Nowadays, the issue of the skills required to adequately exploit the potential of ICT is at the forefront. Yet this evolution is likely to lead to an inversion of the inequalities between the centre and the periphery, as populations without such skills—recent immigrants, the unemployed, the illiterate, people with little education or on low incomes and other socially marginalized people—are generally concentrated in urban centres. Consequently, the priority for reducing inequalities of access to ICT resources is no longer the provision of high-performance ICT infrastructures for peripheral regions, but rather the implementation of continuing education and social action policies within the urban centres.     

The oceans and the physics of the Earth

The Earth is the only terrestrial planet to have seas, by which it is covered to the extent of seventy percent. The oceans determine the climate of the Earth and it is through them that life and civilization have evolved, but they also have major influence on physical processes in the solid Earth. Tidal friction leads to the Earth's spin slowing down with a consequent recession of the Moon from the Earth, while the presence of the oceans controls the tectonic evolution of the Earth through the formation of oceanic crust, the erosion of land and the accumulation of sediment, the formation of mountains and the establishment of isostatic balance.     

The inner core and the geodynamo

Using energy and entropy constraints applicable to the Earth's core, the heat flow at the core–mantle boundary (CMB) needed to sustain a given total dissipation in the core can be computed. Reasonable estimates for the present Joule dissipation in the core gives a present heat flow of 6 to 10 TW at the CMB. Palaeointensity data acquired from rocks younger than 3.5 Ga provide support that the Joule dissipation in the core before inner core crystallization was between today's value and four times lower than today. Prior to inner core crystallization (around 1 Ga), the magnetic field was maintained by thermal convection driven by core cooling, and our calculations of the two extreme cases predict that the heat flow at the CMB at that time was either 14 to 24 TW in the case of constant dissipation, or essentially the same as today in the lower field intensity case.     

The rain forest and the farmer

The world's tropical rain forests are being cleared at an ever-increasing and alarming rate. If their destruction continues, such forests will virtually disappear over the next half century, with grave consequences to mankind.The major exploirers of the humid tropical forests are timber companies, also crop and livestock farmers. Arguably, the greatest threat come from the many millions of small-scale farmers. If sizeable islands of original rain forest are to be preserved for scientific study and balanced ecological utilization, the rising demands for timber, subsistencee crop and grazing land will need to be satisfied in ways other those currently practised.An overall goal is the integrated development of resources within areas of secondary tropical forest and savanna woodland. If small farmers are to be encouragedto remainin such areas, successful techniques need to be devised to ensure virtually continuous cropping. The strategy of utilizing fast-growing suitable trees as nutrient pumps and for branch mulching is described. The use of appropriate minitaturized equipment and zero tillage is also advocated.It is not intended that these and other measures should provide a permanent blueprint for more intensive small-scale farming in the humid tropics. The penetration of more sophisticated systems subsumed under the Green Revolution should continue. It may be Discovered ultimately that an amalgam of traditional and new practices will best achieve the objective of raising the rural poor of the Third World above the meageress and meanness of their present predicament.     

The age of the Earth and the oldest rocks

The ages of rocks and minerals can be determined by measuring the accumulation of the products of radioactive decay within them. The results provide a time–scale for the Earth and for the major geological events which have shaped the Earth's continental crust since it first started to separate from the mantle at least 3700 million years ago. The Earth itself is about 4600 million years old.     

The Maltese food system and the Mediterranean

The paper seeks to understand the Maltese food system in the context of its history and its geographical position within a broad Mediterranean setting of food production, processing, marketing and consumption. Although it has characteristics in common with Spain, Italy and Greece, Malta has some unusual features derived from its colonial heritage and its long-standing dependence upon imported foodstuffs. The future is uncertain because full membership of the European Union might threaten agricultural prosperity and indigenous food manufacturing. A systems of provision approach to the study of the Maltese food system would be an appropriate framework for further research.